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Page 2 of 20 Test Canvas: Learning and Memory Create Question Upload Questions Reuse Question Question Settings Description Instructions Total Questions 117 Total Points 0 Select: All None Delete Points Select by Type: - Question Type - Update Hide Question Details 1. Multiple Choice: “Behavior reeks of purpose&rdqu... Question Points: 0 “Behavior reeks of purpose” was the maxim of: Answer B. F. Skinner. Edward Thorndike. Edward Tolman. John B. Watson. 2. Multiple Choice: According to Aristotle's principle of... Question Points: 0 According to Aristotle's principle of frequency, the ideas of “chair” and “table” are linked because: Answer we see chairs and tables together at the same time. we see chairs and tables together in the same place. we see chairs and tables together very often. both chairs and tables are furniture commonly found in kitchens. 3. Multiple Choice: According to ________, attending a so... Question Points: 0 According to ________, attending a soccer game might activate a memory of having attended a hockey game the previous day because there would be an association between some of the components the two events have in common. Answer William James Charles Darwin René Descartes Francis Galton. 4. Multiple Choice: After a pigeon learns to peck at a gr... Question Points: 0 After a pigeon learns to peck at a green light, the pigeon also pecks at a light that is a slightly different shade of green. This is an example of: Answer the learning curve. the law of effect. extinction. generalization. 5. Essay: An experimenter is interested in dete... Points: 0 Question An experimenter is interested in determining whether Drug X will improve people's memories. She administers Drug X to one group and nothing to another group, and then measures how well each group can recall a passage of text. Explain how experimenter bias and subject bias could be problems in this study. How could each problem be overcome? Answer Grading criteria: Experimenter bias--if the experimenter knows which group received the drug, she might read the passage more slowly/clearly and/or evaluate their answers more leniently. Subject bias-if participants know the purpose of the study, they might act accordingly (e.g., those who receive the drug may try harder). A blind design will overcome the subject bias problem, and a double-blind design will overcome both problems. Page 3 of 20 6. Essay: As you read a textbook, you do not co... Points: 0 Question As you read a textbook, you do not consciously try to keep track of where all of the information is located. Yet, when you need to look something up, you often have a good sense of where you saw it in the textbook. What is latent learning, and how is it demonstrated by this example? Answer Grading criteria: Define latent learning (learning that takes place even when there is no specific training to obtain or consequence to avoid); in the example, there is no intent to learn and no need to demonstrate learning of where information is located; it is only when the information is needed that you show that you have learned where it is. 7. Multiple Choice: B.F. Skinner discovered that when ani... Question Points: 0 B.F. Skinner discovered that when animals are given intermittent reinforcements, they: Answer respond less than when they are rewarded on every trial. do not respond at all. respond for the first few trials but then stop responding. respond at least as well as when they are rewarded on every trial. 8. Multiple Choice: Barry was in a car accident in which ... Question Points: 0 Barry was in a car accident in which he was not wearing a seatbelt. He was not injured, and now, based on this experience, he believes that seatbelts are unnecessary. Barry exhibits the views of: Answer empiricism. nativism. associationism. dualism. 9. Multiple Choice: Behaviorism focuses on the study of: Question Points: 0 Behaviorism focuses on the study of: Answer brain processes. internal thoughts. intentions. observable behaviors. 10. Multiple Choice: Behaviorism places the greatest empha... Question Points: 0 Behaviorism places the greatest emphasis on which of the following? Answer interpersonal relationships unconscious emotions observable behavior mental processes 11. Multiple Choice: Bill believes he has a training progr... Question Points: 0 Bill believes he has a training program that can help people improve their memories. He administers his training to one group of people (group A), while another group (group B) receives no training. He then compares the two groups' performance on a memory test. In this example, group A is the ______ group. Answer experimental control confound hypothesis 12. Multiple Choice: Bonita believes we learn about the mi... Question Points: 0 Page 4 of 20 Bonita believes we learn about the mind mainly by using logic and intuition; Miguel believes it would be better to measure the activity of the brain. Bonita is following the philosophy of _____, while Miguel is following the philosophy of __________. Answer Aristotle; Locke Plato; Aristotle Descartes; Plato James; Locke 13. Multiple Choice: Cancer patients can develop an aversi... Question Points: 0 Cancer patients can develop an aversion to foods they eat right before undergoing chemotherapy. Although the foods themselves do not initially cause feelings of illness, pairing them with chemotherapy, which does cause patients to feel sick, leads to the foods becoming associated with these same feelings. This is an example of: Answer classical conditioning. instrumental conditioning. the law of effect. extinction. 14. Multiple Choice: Charles Darwin observed that finches ... Question Points: 0 Charles Darwin observed that finches on different islands had different types of beaks that were most suited to coping with the environment of their particular island. From this insight, he concluded that: Answer life on earth is immutably fixed. life on earth is evolving. animals were created in their present form by God. animals migrate to locations that are most suitable. 15. Multiple Choice: Charles Darwin proposed three criteri... Question Points: 0 Charles Darwin proposed three criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection. Which of the following is an example of the criterion of relevance to survival? Answer Giraffe necks can range from short to long across members of the species. Finch beaks range in shape from thin to thick. Fawns with camouflaging spots will be protected from predators. Giraffe neck length is a trait passed from parent to offspring. 16. Multiple Choice: Classical conditioning involves: Question Points: 0 Classical conditioning involves: Answer learning that one stimulus predicts an important event. studying lists of short nonsense words. learning to make responses in order to obtain rewards or avoid punishment. studying how to build computers to perform behaviors requiring human intelligence. 17. Multiple Choice: Connectionist models propose that lea... Question Points: 0 Connectionist models propose that learning and memory involve: Answer the storage and manipulation of symbols and labeled links. networks of uniform and unlabeled connections. random sampling of possible elements associated with a stimulus. a one-step process of going from ignorance to knowledge in a single trial. 18. Essay: Describe how Ivan Pavlov used classic... Points: 0 Page 5 of 20 Question Describe how Ivan Pavlov used classical conditioning to study salivation in dogs. Answer Grading criteria: Include description of bell-followed-by-food stimulus and measurement of increased salivation in response to the bell alone. 19. Essay: Describe the methods Hermann Ebbingha... Question Describe the methods Hermann Ebbinghaus used for studying memory. Answer Grading criteria: Include descriptions of relearning, variation of delay between study and test, and measuring outcomes in terms of time savings. 20. Essay: Describe the retention curve measured... Question Describe the retention curve measured by Hermann Ebbinghaus. Answer Grading criteria: The curve shows the percent savings for relearning a list at various delays; it must indicate that there is a strong savings for short delays and these savings quickly decline over time as well as that most forgetting occurs early on. By itself a graph would not be sufficient to answer this question, although it could be used to supplement a description. 21. Essay: Draw a graph that shows two learning ... Question Draw a graph that shows two learning curves: one demonstrating gradual, incremental learning, and the other demonstrating learning by insight. Answer Grading criteria: Y-axis label refers to responses (e.g., “number of responses”); x-axis label refers to number of trials; insight curve must show a sudden increase in amount learned; gradual learning curve should show a smooth increase; see Figure 1.9a. 22. Essay: Draw a normal distribution showing a ... Question Draw a normal distribution showing a distribution of scores on a memory test. Be sure to label both axes. Answer Grading criteria: Bell-shaped curve; y-axis labeled Percent of Scores, Percent of People, Probability, and so forth.; x-axis labeled Memory Score, or something similar. 23. Multiple Choice: Edward Tolman's research on the forma... Question Points: 0 Points: 0 Points: 0 Points: 0 Points: 0 Edward Tolman's research on the formation of cognitive maps in rats was important because it: Answer demonstrated that learning is based on stimulus-response association. emphasized the importance of studying the role of internal representations in learning. enabled him to devise a comprehensive mathematical model of animal learning. demonstrated the importance of insight in learning. 24. Multiple Choice: Emily believes that babies learn lang... Question Points: 0 Emily believes that babies learn language simply by being rewarded for making the correct languagelike sound in response to something they hear. Her idea about learning language is MOST similar to the ideas of: Answer B. F. Skinner. Edward Tolman. Herbert Simon. George Miller. 25. Multiple Choice: Eugenics is a program for: Question Points: 0 Eugenics is a program for: Answer reducing the influence of confounding variables. encouraging procreation only among the most fit members of society. ensuring a bell-shaped distribution of behavioral traits. generating testable hypotheses. 26. Essay: Explain why B. F. Skinner's form of b... Points: 0 Page 6 of 20 Question Explain why B. F. Skinner's form of behaviorism is called radical behaviorism. Answer Grading criteria: Convey the notion that Skinner believed all behavior was a result of learned responses—e.g., even things like emotion and language involve simply making a learned response to a stimulus. 27. Essay: Explain why Edward Tolman was conside... Question Answer Explain why Edward Tolman was considered a neo-behaviorist. Grading criteria: He believed in the importance of both internal representations and rigorous experimental control. 28. Multiple Choice: Galton predicted that people who were... Question Points: 0 Points: 0 Galton predicted that people who were prayed for more would be healthier and live longer than people who were prayed for less. This prediction is known as a(n): Answer correlation. hypothesis. confound. bell-shaped curve. 29. Multiple Choice: Gary attended a party and bumped into... Question Points: 0 Gary attended a party and bumped into a friend he had not seen in years. Seeing the friend immediately triggered memories of things they had done together. Which idea about memory does this example demonstrate? Answer nativism dualism associationism empiricism 30. Multiple Choice: George Miller demonstrated that short... Question Points: 0 George Miller demonstrated that short-term memory capacity for digits was: Answer between 10 and 20 digits. virtually unlimited. about 3 digits. between 7 and 9 digits. 31. Multiple Choice: George Miller discovered that the ave... Question Points: 0 George Miller discovered that the average digit span is: Answer about 15. exactly 3. about 7. more than 20. 32. Essay: Give an example of how a parent might... Question Give an example of how a parent might make use of the law of effect to get a child to clean up her room. Answer Grading criteria: Must describe either positive consequences for cleaning up (e.g., a food reward, money, praise), or negative consequences for not cleaning up (e.g., grounding, taking away TV privileges). 33. Multiple Choice: Gordon Bower believed that: Question Gordon Bower believed that: Answer learning is a gradual, incremental process. Points: 0 Points: 0 Page 7 of 20 it is important to look at the average of learning scores. learning can be explained by a mathematical model. All of the answers are correct. 34. Multiple Choice: Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgettin... Question Points: 0 Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by: Answer measuring how long it took to relearn a previously learned list. measuring how long it took him to learn a list perfectly. seeing how long a list he could remember after hearing the list just once. counting the number of times he needed to hear a list before he could recall it perfectly. 35. Essay: How can Charles Darwin's theory of na... Points: 0 Question How can Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection be applied to human learning and memory? Answer Grading criteria: Convey main ideas that behavioral traits, as well as physical ones, are subject to evolutionary pressures, and that the ability to learn and remember is adaptive. Ideally, give examples of how these are adaptive qualities. 36. Essay: How would Aristotle's three principle... Points: 0 Question How would Aristotle's three principles of association explain how people come to associate dog and cat? Answer Grading criteria: 1) Contiguity--we see dogs and cats together or hear stories that include both dogs and cats; 2) frequency--we experience both words or concepts together many times; 3) similarity--dogs and cats are both furry, pets, animals, and so forth. 37. Essay: How would a behaviorist approach to s... Question Answer How would a behaviorist approach to studying language differ from a cognitive approach to studying language? Grading criteria: Behaviorism focuses only on explicitly observable behavior and stimuli—in the case of language, a behaviorist would focus on the physical aspects of the words and sounds presented (e.g., tone, frequency, etc.), the types of responses made (what words are spoken), and the presence or absence of rewards and punishments for saying the correct words. The cognitive approach focuses on internal factors--in the case of language, the cognitive focus would be on thought processes underlying speech and comprehension, reasoning about text meaning, and neural processing of auditory and visual signals (letters, words, etc.) 38. Essay: How would a distributed representatio... Question Answer Points: 0 How would a distributed representation account for why we naturally consider an office chair and a kitchen chair as types within the more general category of “chair?” Grading criteria: Convey understanding that a distributed representation uses the same set of nodes to represent both concepts. Each type of chair activates a set of nodes; there will be areas of overlap between the nodes that are activated, and this overlap constitutes the more general concept. 39. Multiple Choice: Humans and animals do not always make... Question Points: 0 Points: 0 Humans and animals do not always make the same response to the same stimuli. Which theory provides an explanation for this apparent randomness in learning? Answer Hull's mathematical model stimulus sampling theory information theory radical behaviorism 40. Multiple Choice: If I say “black”, it migh... Question If I say “black”, it might make you think of the word “white.” The connection in your memory between these concepts is known as: Answer associationism. dualism. empiricism. Points: 0 Page 8 of 20 nativism. 41. Multiple Choice: If a person learns a task by insight,... Question Points: 0 If a person learns a task by insight, we expect performance to: Answer increase gradually across trials. show a sudden jump on one particular trial and remain high thereafter. show a sudden jump on one particular trial and then gradually decline. remain relatively constant across all trials. 42. Multiple Choice: If a rat receives a food reward whene... Question Points: 0 If a rat receives a food reward whenever it presses a lever, the likelihood of the rat pressing the lever will increase. This is an example of: Answer classical conditioning. generalization. the law of effect. savings. 43. Multiple Choice: If dogs are presented with a bell fol... Question Points: 0 If dogs are presented with a bell followed by food, they quickly learn to salivate in response to the bell. If the bell is then presented without any food, what happens to the salivation response? Answer It becomes gradually stronger. It becomes gradually weaker. It stops immediately. It continues at the same strength. 44. Multiple Choice: If experimenters play a very loud buz... Question Points: 0 If experimenters play a very loud buzzer, a rat will be startled. If they repeatedly flash a light before the buzzer is played, the rat will eventually be startled by the light alone. This is an example of: Answer generalization. classical conditioning. the law of effect. instrumental conditioning. 45. Multiple Choice: If rats are allowed to freely explore... Question Points: 0 If rats are allowed to freely explore a maze without being given a food reward, and later are put in the maze again with a food reward in the goal box, the rats: Answer learn the maze as quickly as rats that have never been exposed to the maze. learn the maze more quickly than rats that have never been exposed to the maze. learn the maze more slowly than rats that have never been exposed to the maze. are unable to learn the maze. 46. Multiple Choice: If you are driven to school by your f... Question If you are driven to school by your friend each day, you will probably learn the route and be able to drive it yourself later on, even though you are never rewarded for driving it. This is an example of: Answer generalization. latent learning. the law of effect. a placebo effect. Points: 0 Page 9 of 20 47. Multiple Choice: If you believe that all babies are bo... Question Points: 0 If you believe that all babies are born with the potential to become great musicians, you would agree with the ideas of: Answer Plato. Gottfried Leibniz. John Locke. Francis Galton. 48. Multiple Choice: If you believe that people's abilitie... Question Points: 0 If you believe that people's abilities are inherited, you agree with the ideas of: Answer John Locke. Aristotle. Francis Galton. John Watson. 49. Essay: If you have to study for an exam, wha... Question If you have to study for an exam, what are three things you can do that will help improve your memory for the material? Answer Grading criteria: Answer should discuss three of the “Top Ten Tips for a Better Memory.” 50. Multiple Choice: In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, th... Question Points: 0 Points: 0 In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, the length of delay between learning and relearning was the: Answer independent variable. dependent variable. confounding variable. placebo. 51. Multiple Choice: In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, wh... Question Points: 0 In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, what was the dependent variable? Answer length of delay between learning and relearning length of time it took to relearn a list length of the list being learned amount of practice done before being tested 52. Multiple Choice: In Ebbinghhaus's retention curve: Question Points: 0 In Ebbinghhaus's retention curve: Answer the greatest savings occurred with short delays between learning and relearning. most forgetting occurred when relearning took place after about 150 hours. forgetting occurred very gradually over several days. the greatest savings occurred when relearning took place after about 100 hours. 53. Multiple Choice: In Watson's studies, which of the fol... Question In Watson's studies, which of the following was found to impair rats' ability to navigate through mazes they had previously learned? Answer blinding the rats removing the rats' whiskers Points: 0 Page 10 of 20 eliminating all odors in the maze rotating the maze 54. Multiple Choice: In a distributed representation, info... Question Points: 0 In a distributed representation, information is stored in the: Answer pattern of activation across many nodes. activity of a single node. comparison of the activity between two nodes. timing of the activation of two nodes. 55. Multiple Choice: In a double-blind experimental design: Question Points: 0 In a double-blind experimental design: Answer the participant knows the hypothesis being tested. the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested. both the participant and the experimenter know the hypothesis being tested. neither the participant nor the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested. 56. Multiple Choice: In a normal distribution: Question Points: 0 In a normal distribution: Answer most scores will occur in the high range. most scores will occur in the low range. most scores will fall in the middle range. scores will be evenly spread across the entire range. 57. Multiple Choice: In psychological studies, the group t... Question Points: 0 In psychological studies, the group that receives the treatment is called the: Answer control group. experimental group. correlational group. confound group. 58. Multiple Choice: In studying memory, Ebbinghaus was co... Question Points: 0 In studying memory, Ebbinghaus was concerned that his data would be affected by the fact that he was more familiar with some words than others. He avoided this problem by using: Answer real words that were familiar but very short. real words that were unfamiliar to him. three-letter nonsense words. strings of digits. 59. Multiple Choice: In the movie Trading Places, a millio... Question In the movie Trading Places, a millionaire bets his brother that he can turn a beggar and thief into an upstanding citizen, and turn a wealthy moral man into a common criminal, just by altering the circumstances and environment of the two men. This view reflects the ideas of: Answer John Watson. Charles Darwin. Plato. Points: 0 Page 11 of 20 René Descartes. 60. Multiple Choice: In which type of learning do organism... Question Points: 0 In which type of learning do organisms learn to respond in order to obtain or avoid important consequences? Answer classical conditioning instrumental (operant) conditioning latent learning connectionist learning 61. Multiple Choice: Jenny has three children. She believe... Question Points: 0 Jenny has three children. She believes that as long as she treats them exactly the same, they will all grow up to have the same personality and intelligence level. Jenny's idea resembles that of which philosopher? Answer Plato René Descartes Gottfried Leibniz John Locke 62. Multiple Choice: John Watson's research was: Question Points: 0 John Watson's research was: Answer admired by both the scientific community and the popular press. criticized for its cruelty to animals. rejected by the entire scientific community. praised for its focus on the inner workings of the mind. 63. Multiple Choice: John Watson's studies of rats running... Question Points: 0 John Watson's studies of rats running through mazes demonstrated that rats had learned to use_____ to navigate. Answer their vision and hearing an automatic set of motor habits their sense of smell their whiskers 64. Essay: Many people have had the experience o... Points: 0 Question Many people have had the experience of déjà vu, in which, on encountering a particular situation, they have a strong feeling that it has happened to them before. How might such a feeling be accounted for by William James's model of association? Answer Grading criteria: Convey the idea that the current situation being encountered shares many elements in common with another situation that a person has experienced previously; because those common elements are activated, a “memory” or feeling of familiarity is evoked. 65. Multiple Choice: Marty's dog always sits when Marty op... Question Points: 0 Marty's dog always sits when Marty opens the cupboard to get the dog a biscuit. How would a behaviorist describe the dog's behavior? Answer The dog thinks that if he sits, he will get a biscuit. The dog is hungry, so his instincts tell him to sit. The dog expects to get a biscuit when Marty opens the cupboard. The dog sits when Marty opens the cupboard. Points: 0 Page 12 of 20 66. Multiple Choice: Mary wants to encourage her son to wo... Question Mary wants to encourage her son to work harder in school. She has decided to reward him with money for good grades, and punish him by adding extra chores for bad grades. Mary's approach is most similar to the ideas of which of the following? Answer Edward Thorndike Ivan Pavlov Herbert Simon David Rumelhart 67. Multiple Choice: Mathematical psychology was establish... Question Points: 0 Mathematical psychology was established by: Answer Edward Tolman. William James. B. F. Skinner. W. K. Estes. 68. Multiple Choice: Megan has decided to drop out of her ... Question Points: 0 Megan has decided to drop out of her English class because she feels that no matter how hard she works, she is just not capable of learning the material. Megan exhibits the views of: Answer empiricism. nativism. associationism. dualism. 69. Multiple Choice: One problem with Ebbinghaus's studies... Question Points: 0 One problem with Ebbinghaus's studies was: Answer he did not manipulate any variables. he used a double-blind design. he used a blind design. there was a possibility of subject bias. 70. Multiple Choice: Pavlov paired a bell with food until ... Question Points: 0 Pavlov paired a bell with food until a dog learned to salivate in response to the bell. To produce extinction, Pavlov: Answer rang the bell more quietly. paired the bell with a different kind of food. stopped ringing the bell. paired the bell with the absence of food. 71. Essay: People raised in different cultures o... Points: 0 Question People raised in different cultures often exhibit different behaviors (e.g., perceptual, social, motivational, etc.) How would an empiricist account for such differences across cultures? How would a nativist account for the differences? Answer Grading criteria: Convey understanding that empiricists emphasize that the differences are learned from the environment, while nativists emphasize that the differences are inborn. 72. Multiple Choice: René Descartes believed that the: Question René Descartes believed that the: Answer mind controls the body. Points: 0 Page 13 of 20 mind and body are governed by the same laws. body works through a system of reflex arcs. All of the answers are correct. 73. Multiple Choice: René Descartes: Question Points: 0 René Descartes: Answer was an empiricist. introduced the idea of associationism. claimed that a newborn's mind was a blank slate. believed in dualism. 74. Multiple Choice: Sets of statements devised to explain... Question Points: 0 Sets of statements devised to explain a collection of facts are called: Answer data. theories. associations. symbols. 75. Multiple Choice: Someone who believes that humans and ... Question Points: 0 Someone who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different from each other would agree with the views of: Answer Plato. Charles Darwin. Aristotle. Francis Galton. 76. Essay: Someone who is highly trained in dist... Points: 0 Question Someone who is highly trained in distinguishing different faces might still make occasional mistakes when presented with a particular face. How might this be explained by stimulus sampling theory? Answer Grading criteria: According to this theory, each stimulus (face) consists of many elements; as the faces are learned, only some of those elements are sampled (randomly) on each trail; and only the sampled elements become associated with the response. It may happen that on a particular trial, a subset of the elements is activated that has not yet been strongly linked to the correct response, thus leading to such an error. 77. Essay: Suppose a dog is classically conditio... Points: 0 Question Suppose a dog is classically conditioned to salivate in response to a metronome ticking at 90 beats per minute. We can then measure the amount of salivation produced when we present a metronome ticking at 80 beats per minute, and 100 beats per minute. In this example, what is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? Answer Grading criteria: IV = tick rate, DV = amount of salivation. 78. Multiple Choice: Suppose a student is trained to press... Question Points: 0 Suppose a student is trained to press the “A” key when a high-pitched tone is played and the “B” key when a low-pitched tone is played. Even after hundreds of trials of training, the student will probably still occasionally press the wrong button. How can this be explained by stimulus sampling theory? Answer The student is tired and more prone to mistakes after so many trials. After a while, the student may temporarily forget which key is the correct one. The connection between the tone and the key deteriorates after repeated presentation. The tone activates a subset of elements that are not yet linked to the correct key. 79. Multiple Choice: Suppose two moths are colored such th... Points: 0 Page 14 of 20 Question Suppose two moths are colored such that they blend in with the trees in the forest where they live. If one moth's coloring blends in much better than the other, that moth will have less chance of being eaten by predators, and will therefore be more likely to reproduce, thus passing its beneficial coloring on to its offspring. This is an example of: Answer natural selection. a reflex arc. eugenics. the law of effect. 80. Multiple Choice: Suppose you are trying to learn a lis... Question Points: 0 Suppose you are trying to learn a list of words. It takes you eight minutes to learn the list the first time you try. You return the next day and study the list again, and find that it takes you only two minutes. How much of a time savings has occurred? Answer 25% 75% 100% 125% 81. Multiple Choice: Suppose you encounter construction wh... Question Points: 0 Suppose you encounter construction while driving home. You cannot take your normal route, but have no trouble in determining an alternate route that will get you home. This ability is MOST like the behavior of animals in which researcher's studies? Answer John. B. Watson Edward Tolman Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner 82. Multiple Choice: That Ebbinghaus served as his own par... Question Points: 0 That Ebbinghaus served as his own participant was problematic because: Answer his expectations might have influenced the results. he could not manipulate an independent variable. his studies were double-blind. he didn't have any experimenter bias. 83. Multiple Choice: The idea that rats have a cognitive m... Question Points: 0 The idea that rats have a cognitive map of a maze is supported by the finding that rats: Answer only learn to navigate the maze if a food reward is given at the end. cannot navigate the maze if their usual route is blocked. can navigate the maze even if they start from a novel position. require only one trial to learn the layout of a maze. 84. Multiple Choice: The law of effect predicts which of t... Question The law of effect predicts which of the following? Answer If we play a tone and then give a dog food, the dog will eventually salivate in response to the tone. If a child is bitten by a large black dog, she will start to fear all dogs, not just large black dogs. If a teenager is grounded for staying out past his curfew, he will come home on time in the future. If you can remember a list of words for a few hours after studying it, you will be less likely to forget the list later on. Points: 0 Page 15 of 20 85. Multiple Choice: The person who developed the form of ... Question Points: 0 The person who developed the form of learning known as classical conditioning is: Answer Francis Galton. Ivan Pavlov. Hermann Ebbinghaus. John B. Watson. 86. Multiple Choice: The person who first attempted to dev... Question Points: 0 The person who first attempted to develop a comprehensive mathematical model of animal learning was: Answer Edward Thorndike. Ivan Pavlov. John B. Watson. Clark Hull. 87. Multiple Choice: The principle that the mind and body ... Question Points: 0 The principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics and governed by its own laws, is called: Answer associationism. contiguity. dualism. nativism. 88. Multiple Choice: The specifics of Clark Hull's equatio... Question Points: 0 The specifics of Clark Hull's equations for learning: Answer have never been very influential. were rejected early on but are highly relevant today. were important early on and continue to be influential today. are not considered relevant today. 89. Multiple Choice: The theory of evolution is relevant t... Question Points: 0 The theory of evolution is relevant to the study of learning and memory because: Answer learned information is passed on to offspring. the type of information people learn varies across individuals. people are born as “blank slates.” learning is useful in allowing organisms to adapt to the environment. 90. Multiple Choice: The view that all the ideas we have a... Question Points: 0 The view that all the ideas we have are the result of experience is called: Answer associationism. dualism. empiricism. nativism. 91. Multiple Choice: What was Gordon Bower's concern regar... Question What was Gordon Bower's concern regarding reporting average learning curves for a large group of people? Points: 0 Page 16 of 20 Answer The average may demonstrate incremental learning even if all individuals demonstrate learning by insight. The results may not be generalizable to other groups of people. The average fails to distinguish between slow and quick learners. The results from lab experiments may not apply to the real world. 92. Multiple Choice: Which idea suggests that humans funct... Question Points: 0 Which idea suggests that humans function by blindly producing preprogrammed learned responses to environmental stimuli? Answer information theory learning by insight neo-behaviorism radical behaviorism 93. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a good ... Question Points: 0 Which of the following is NOT a good way to remember something? Answer Repeat the information many times. Pay attention when you are first learning the information. Focus on just one sense, such as vision or hearing. Get enough sleep. 94. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT one of ... Question Points: 0 Which of the following is NOT one of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection? Answer The trait must be inheritable. The trait must be able to be learned. The trait must vary. The trait must make the individual more fit to survive. 95. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example ... Question Points: 0 Which of the following is an example of a stimulus in René Descartes' reflex arc? Answer a person being tapped on the shoulder spirits flowing from the shoulder to the brain spirits being reflected back from the brain to the muscles a person turning around to see who has tapped him on the shoulder 96. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is true? Question Points: 0 Which of the following is true? Answer Philosophers gain insight through scientific experiments. The study of learning and memory has always been a scientific pursuit. Insights gained through philosophy are more important than those gained through science. Today people who study learning and memory consider themselves to be scientists. 97. Multiple Choice: Which of the following people believe... Question Which of the following people believed that human ability is due to a combination of both nature and nurture? Answer Gottfried Leibniz Points: 0 Page 17 of 20 Plato John Locke Aristotle 98. Multiple Choice: Which of the following researchers is... Question Points: 0 Which of the following researchers is considered a behaviorist? Answer Gordon Bower George Miller David Rumelhart Clark Hull 99. Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a proponen... Question Points: 0 Which of the following was a proponent of associationism? Answer Gottfried Leibniz René Descartes William James Plato 100. Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a reason t... Question Points: 0 Which of the following was a reason that behaviorism lost its appeal? Answer Its methods were not precise enough. It focused too much on internal representations. It could not explain higher-level cognitive processes. Its ideas could not be specified mathematically. 101. Multiple Choice: Which of the following was considered... Question Points: 0 Which of the following was considered a nativist? Answer Aristotle René Descartes John Locke William James 102. Multiple Choice: Which of the following was considered... Question Points: 0 Which of the following was considered an empiricist? Answer Plato Charles Darwin Francis Galton Aristotle 103. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would argue th... Question Which of the following would argue that the complex idea of “dog” is comprised of a combination of simpler ideas such as “furry”, “bark,” and “friendly”? Answer René Descartes Plato John Locke Points: 0 Page 18 of 20 Gottfried Leibniz 104. Multiple Choice: Which subfield of psychology focuses ... Question Points: 0 Which subfield of psychology focuses on human abilities such as thinking, language, and reasoning? Answer classical conditioning neo-behaviorism cognitive psychology behaviorism 105. Multiple Choice: While most bacteria are eliminated by... Question Points: 0 While most bacteria are eliminated by antibiotics, some can possess mutations that are resistant to antibiotics, leading to more drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Such a mutation is an example of which of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection? Answer The trait must be inheritable. The trait must be able to be learned. The trait must vary. The trait must make the individual more fit to survive. 106. Multiple Choice: Who adapted information theory to psy... Question Points: 0 Who adapted information theory to psychology? Answer George Miller W. K. Estes Gordon Bower Clark Hull 107. Multiple Choice: Who believed that children are born a... Question Points: 0 Who believed that children are born a “blank slate?” Answer Gottfried Leibniz Plato John Locke René Descartes 108. Multiple Choice: Who believed that rats were forming a... Question Points: 0 Who believed that rats were forming a “cognitive map” when they learned to navigate through a maze? Answer Clark Hull Ivan Pavlov. John B. Watson Edward Tolman 109. Multiple Choice: Who conducted the first rigorous expe... Question Who conducted the first rigorous experimental studies of human memory? Answer William James Francis Galton Charles Darwin Hermann Ebbinghaus Points: 0 Page 19 of 20 110. Multiple Choice: Who introduced the term “eugeni... Question Points: 0 Who introduced the term “eugenics”? Answer Francis Galton Charles Darwin Erasmus Darwin John Locke 111. Multiple Choice: Who proposed connectionist models of ... Question Points: 0 Who proposed connectionist models of the mind? Answer Clark Hull Gordon Bower David Rumelhart George Miller 112. Multiple Choice: Who proposed the extreme form of beha... Question Points: 0 Who proposed the extreme form of behaviorism known as radical behaviorism? Answer B. F. Skinner John B. Watson Clark Hull Edward Thorndike 113. Multiple Choice: Who proposed the idea that learning r... Question Points: 0 Who proposed the idea that learning relies on networks of uniform and unlabeled connections? Answer Herbert Simon W.K. Estes Edward Tolman David Rumelhart 114. Multiple Choice: Who proposed the law of effect? Question Points: 0 Who proposed the law of effect? Answer Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson Edward Thorndike B. F. Skinner 115. Multiple Choice: Who was the founder of behaviorism? Question Points: 0 Who was the founder of behaviorism? Answer John B. Watson Edward Thorndike B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov 116. Multiple Choice: Whose book described a Utopian societ... Question Whose book described a Utopian society in which socially desirable behaviors would be maintained through behaviorist training techniques? Answer John B. Watson Points: 0 Page 20 of 20 B. F. Skinner Edward Tolman Clark Hull 117. Multiple Choice: Why was Charles Darwin's view of natu... Question Points: 0 Why was Charles Darwin's view of natural selection controversial? Answer It suggested that there was not a major distinction between man and other species. Darwin had no data to back up his claims. Nobody believed that traits could be inherited. All of the answers are correct. Select: All None Delete Points Select by Type: - Question Type - Update Hide Question Details ←OK