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1. Multiple Choice: “Behavior reeks of purpose&rdqu...
Question
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“Behavior reeks of purpose” was the maxim of:
Answer
B. F. Skinner.
Edward Thorndike.
Edward Tolman.
John B. Watson.
2. Multiple Choice: According to Aristotle's principle of...
Question
Points: 0
According to Aristotle's principle of frequency, the ideas of “chair” and “table” are linked because:
Answer
we see chairs and tables together at the same time.
we see chairs and tables together in the same place.
we see chairs and tables together very often.
both chairs and tables are furniture commonly found in kitchens.
3. Multiple Choice: According to ________, attending a so...
Question
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According to ________, attending a soccer game might activate a memory of having attended a hockey
game the previous day because there would be an association between some of the components the
two events have in common.
Answer
William James
Charles Darwin
René Descartes
Francis Galton.
4. Multiple Choice: After a pigeon learns to peck at a gr...
Question
Points: 0
After a pigeon learns to peck at a green light, the pigeon also pecks at a light that is a slightly different
shade of green. This is an example of:
Answer
the learning curve.
the law of effect.
extinction.
generalization.
5. Essay: An experimenter is interested in dete...
Points: 0
Question
An experimenter is interested in determining whether Drug X will improve people's memories. She
administers Drug X to one group and nothing to another group, and then measures how well each
group can recall a passage of text. Explain how experimenter bias and subject bias could be problems
in this study. How could each problem be overcome?
Answer
Grading criteria: Experimenter bias--if the experimenter knows which group received the drug, she
might read the passage more slowly/clearly and/or evaluate their answers more leniently. Subject bias-if participants know the purpose of the study, they might act accordingly (e.g., those who receive the
drug may try harder). A blind design will overcome the subject bias problem, and a double-blind design
will overcome both problems.
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6. Essay: As you read a textbook, you do not co...
Points: 0
Question
As you read a textbook, you do not consciously try to keep track of where all of the information is
located. Yet, when you need to look something up, you often have a good sense of where you saw it in
the textbook. What is latent learning, and how is it demonstrated by this example?
Answer
Grading criteria: Define latent learning (learning that takes place even when there is no specific training
to obtain or consequence to avoid); in the example, there is no intent to learn and no need to
demonstrate learning of where information is located; it is only when the information is needed that you
show that you have learned where it is.
7. Multiple Choice: B.F. Skinner discovered that when ani...
Question
Points: 0
B.F. Skinner discovered that when animals are given intermittent reinforcements, they:
Answer
respond less than when they are rewarded on every trial.
do not respond at all.
respond for the first few trials but then stop responding.
respond at least as well as when they are rewarded on every trial.
8. Multiple Choice: Barry was in a car accident in which ...
Question
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Barry was in a car accident in which he was not wearing a seatbelt. He was not injured, and now,
based on this experience, he believes that seatbelts are unnecessary. Barry exhibits the views of:
Answer
empiricism.
nativism.
associationism.
dualism.
9. Multiple Choice: Behaviorism focuses on the study of:
Question
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Behaviorism focuses on the study of:
Answer
brain processes.
internal thoughts.
intentions.
observable behaviors.
10. Multiple Choice: Behaviorism places the greatest empha...
Question
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Behaviorism places the greatest emphasis on which of the following?
Answer
interpersonal relationships
unconscious emotions
observable behavior
mental processes
11. Multiple Choice: Bill believes he has a training progr...
Question
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Bill believes he has a training program that can help people improve their memories. He administers his
training to one group of people (group A), while another group (group B) receives no training. He then
compares the two groups' performance on a memory test. In this example, group A is the ______
group.
Answer
experimental
control
confound
hypothesis
12. Multiple Choice: Bonita believes we learn about the mi...
Question
Points: 0
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Bonita believes we learn about the mind mainly by using logic and intuition; Miguel believes it would be
better to measure the activity of the brain. Bonita is following the philosophy of _____, while Miguel is
following the philosophy of __________.
Answer
Aristotle; Locke
Plato; Aristotle
Descartes; Plato
James; Locke
13. Multiple Choice: Cancer patients can develop an aversi...
Question
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Cancer patients can develop an aversion to foods they eat right before undergoing chemotherapy.
Although the foods themselves do not initially cause feelings of illness, pairing them with
chemotherapy, which does cause patients to feel sick, leads to the foods becoming associated with
these same feelings. This is an example of:
Answer
classical conditioning.
instrumental conditioning.
the law of effect.
extinction.
14. Multiple Choice: Charles Darwin observed that finches ...
Question
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Charles Darwin observed that finches on different islands had different types of beaks that were most
suited to coping with the environment of their particular island. From this insight, he concluded that:
Answer
life on earth is immutably fixed.
life on earth is evolving.
animals were created in their present form by God.
animals migrate to locations that are most suitable.
15. Multiple Choice: Charles Darwin proposed three criteri...
Question
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Charles Darwin proposed three criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection. Which of the
following is an example of the criterion of relevance to survival?
Answer
Giraffe necks can range from short to long across members of the species.
Finch beaks range in shape from thin to thick.
Fawns with camouflaging spots will be protected from predators.
Giraffe neck length is a trait passed from parent to offspring.
16. Multiple Choice: Classical conditioning involves:
Question
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Classical conditioning involves:
Answer
learning that one stimulus predicts an important event.
studying lists of short nonsense words.
learning to make responses in order to obtain rewards or avoid punishment.
studying how to build computers to perform behaviors requiring human intelligence.
17. Multiple Choice: Connectionist models propose that lea...
Question
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Connectionist models propose that learning and memory involve:
Answer
the storage and manipulation of symbols and labeled links.
networks of uniform and unlabeled connections.
random sampling of possible elements associated with a stimulus.
a one-step process of going from ignorance to knowledge in a single trial.
18. Essay: Describe how Ivan Pavlov used classic...
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Question
Describe how Ivan Pavlov used classical conditioning to study salivation in dogs.
Answer
Grading criteria: Include description of bell-followed-by-food stimulus and measurement of increased
salivation in response to the bell alone.
19. Essay: Describe the methods Hermann Ebbingha...
Question
Describe the methods Hermann Ebbinghaus used for studying memory.
Answer
Grading criteria: Include descriptions of relearning, variation of delay between study and test, and
measuring outcomes in terms of time savings.
20. Essay: Describe the retention curve measured...
Question
Describe the retention curve measured by Hermann Ebbinghaus.
Answer
Grading criteria: The curve shows the percent savings for relearning a list at various delays; it must
indicate that there is a strong savings for short delays and these savings quickly decline over time as
well as that most forgetting occurs early on. By itself a graph would not be sufficient to answer this
question, although it could be used to supplement a description.
21. Essay: Draw a graph that shows two learning ...
Question
Draw a graph that shows two learning curves: one demonstrating gradual, incremental learning, and
the other demonstrating learning by insight.
Answer
Grading criteria: Y-axis label refers to responses (e.g., “number of responses”); x-axis label refers to
number of trials; insight curve must show a sudden increase in amount learned; gradual learning curve
should show a smooth increase; see Figure 1.9a.
22. Essay: Draw a normal distribution showing a ...
Question
Draw a normal distribution showing a distribution of scores on a memory test. Be sure to label both
axes.
Answer
Grading criteria: Bell-shaped curve; y-axis labeled Percent of Scores, Percent of People, Probability,
and so forth.; x-axis labeled Memory Score, or something similar.
23. Multiple Choice: Edward Tolman's research on the forma...
Question
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Edward Tolman's research on the formation of cognitive maps in rats was important because it:
Answer
demonstrated that learning is based on stimulus-response association.
emphasized the importance of studying the role of internal representations in learning.
enabled him to devise a comprehensive mathematical model of animal learning.
demonstrated the importance of insight in learning.
24. Multiple Choice: Emily believes that babies learn lang...
Question
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Emily believes that babies learn language simply by being rewarded for making the correct languagelike sound in response to something they hear. Her idea about learning language is MOST similar to
the ideas of:
Answer
B. F. Skinner.
Edward Tolman.
Herbert Simon.
George Miller.
25. Multiple Choice: Eugenics is a program for:
Question
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Eugenics is a program for:
Answer
reducing the influence of confounding variables.
encouraging procreation only among the most fit members of society.
ensuring a bell-shaped distribution of behavioral traits.
generating testable hypotheses.
26. Essay: Explain why B. F. Skinner's form of b...
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Question
Explain why B. F. Skinner's form of behaviorism is called radical behaviorism.
Answer
Grading criteria: Convey the notion that Skinner believed all behavior was a result of learned
responses—e.g., even things like emotion and language involve simply making a learned response to a
stimulus.
27. Essay: Explain why Edward Tolman was conside...
Question
Answer
Explain why Edward Tolman was considered a neo-behaviorist.
Grading criteria: He believed in the importance of both internal representations and rigorous
experimental control.
28. Multiple Choice: Galton predicted that people who were...
Question
Points: 0
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Galton predicted that people who were prayed for more would be healthier and live longer than people
who were prayed for less. This prediction is known as a(n):
Answer
correlation.
hypothesis.
confound.
bell-shaped curve.
29. Multiple Choice: Gary attended a party and bumped into...
Question
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Gary attended a party and bumped into a friend he had not seen in years. Seeing the friend
immediately triggered memories of things they had done together. Which idea about memory does this
example demonstrate?
Answer
nativism
dualism
associationism
empiricism
30. Multiple Choice: George Miller demonstrated that short...
Question
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George Miller demonstrated that short-term memory capacity for digits was:
Answer
between 10 and 20 digits.
virtually unlimited.
about 3 digits.
between 7 and 9 digits.
31. Multiple Choice: George Miller discovered that the ave...
Question
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George Miller discovered that the average digit span is:
Answer
about 15.
exactly 3.
about 7.
more than 20.
32. Essay: Give an example of how a parent might...
Question
Give an example of how a parent might make use of the law of effect to get a child to clean up her
room.
Answer
Grading criteria: Must describe either positive consequences for cleaning up (e.g., a food reward,
money, praise), or negative consequences for not cleaning up (e.g., grounding, taking away TV
privileges).
33. Multiple Choice: Gordon Bower believed that:
Question
Gordon Bower believed that:
Answer
learning is a gradual, incremental process.
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it is important to look at the average of learning scores.
learning can be explained by a mathematical model.
All of the answers are correct.
34. Multiple Choice: Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgettin...
Question
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Hermann Ebbinghaus measured forgetting by:
Answer
measuring how long it took to relearn a previously learned list.
measuring how long it took him to learn a list perfectly.
seeing how long a list he could remember after hearing the list just once.
counting the number of times he needed to hear a list before he could recall it perfectly.
35. Essay: How can Charles Darwin's theory of na...
Points: 0
Question
How can Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection be applied to human learning and memory?
Answer
Grading criteria: Convey main ideas that behavioral traits, as well as physical ones, are subject to
evolutionary pressures, and that the ability to learn and remember is adaptive. Ideally, give examples of
how these are adaptive qualities.
36. Essay: How would Aristotle's three principle...
Points: 0
Question
How would Aristotle's three principles of association explain how people come to associate dog and
cat?
Answer
Grading criteria: 1) Contiguity--we see dogs and cats together or hear stories that include both dogs
and cats; 2) frequency--we experience both words or concepts together many times; 3) similarity--dogs
and cats are both furry, pets, animals, and so forth.
37. Essay: How would a behaviorist approach to s...
Question
Answer
How would a behaviorist approach to studying language differ from a cognitive approach to studying
language?
Grading criteria: Behaviorism focuses only on explicitly observable behavior and stimuli—in the case of
language, a behaviorist would focus on the physical aspects of the words and sounds presented (e.g.,
tone, frequency, etc.), the types of responses made (what words are spoken), and the presence or
absence of rewards and punishments for saying the correct words.
The cognitive approach focuses on internal factors--in the case of language, the cognitive focus would
be on thought processes underlying speech and comprehension, reasoning about text meaning, and
neural processing of auditory and visual signals (letters, words, etc.)
38. Essay: How would a distributed representatio...
Question
Answer
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How would a distributed representation account for why we naturally consider an office chair and a
kitchen chair as types within the more general category of “chair?”
Grading criteria: Convey understanding that a distributed representation uses the same set of nodes to
represent both concepts. Each type of chair activates a set of nodes; there will be areas of overlap
between the nodes that are activated, and this overlap constitutes the more general concept.
39. Multiple Choice: Humans and animals do not always make...
Question
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Humans and animals do not always make the same response to the same stimuli. Which theory
provides an explanation for this apparent randomness in learning?
Answer
Hull's mathematical model
stimulus sampling theory
information theory
radical behaviorism
40. Multiple Choice: If I say “black”, it migh...
Question
If I say “black”, it might make you think of the word “white.” The connection in your memory between
these concepts is known as:
Answer
associationism.
dualism.
empiricism.
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nativism.
41. Multiple Choice: If a person learns a task by insight,...
Question
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If a person learns a task by insight, we expect performance to:
Answer
increase gradually across trials.
show a sudden jump on one particular trial and remain high thereafter.
show a sudden jump on one particular trial and then gradually decline.
remain relatively constant across all trials.
42. Multiple Choice: If a rat receives a food reward whene...
Question
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If a rat receives a food reward whenever it presses a lever, the likelihood of the rat pressing the lever
will increase. This is an example of:
Answer
classical conditioning.
generalization.
the law of effect.
savings.
43. Multiple Choice: If dogs are presented with a bell fol...
Question
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If dogs are presented with a bell followed by food, they quickly learn to salivate in response to the bell.
If the bell is then presented without any food, what happens to the salivation response?
Answer
It becomes gradually stronger.
It becomes gradually weaker.
It stops immediately.
It continues at the same strength.
44. Multiple Choice: If experimenters play a very loud buz...
Question
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If experimenters play a very loud buzzer, a rat will be startled. If they repeatedly flash a light before the
buzzer is played, the rat will eventually be startled by the light alone. This is an example of:
Answer
generalization.
classical conditioning.
the law of effect.
instrumental conditioning.
45. Multiple Choice: If rats are allowed to freely explore...
Question
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If rats are allowed to freely explore a maze without being given a food reward, and later are put in the
maze again with a food reward in the goal box, the rats:
Answer
learn the maze as quickly as rats that have never been exposed to the maze.
learn the maze more quickly than rats that have never been exposed to the maze.
learn the maze more slowly than rats that have never been exposed to the maze.
are unable to learn the maze.
46. Multiple Choice: If you are driven to school by your f...
Question
If you are driven to school by your friend each day, you will probably learn the route and be able to
drive it yourself later on, even though you are never rewarded for driving it. This is an example of:
Answer
generalization.
latent learning.
the law of effect.
a placebo effect.
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47. Multiple Choice: If you believe that all babies are bo...
Question
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If you believe that all babies are born with the potential to become great musicians, you would agree
with the ideas of:
Answer
Plato.
Gottfried Leibniz.
John Locke.
Francis Galton.
48. Multiple Choice: If you believe that people's abilitie...
Question
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If you believe that people's abilities are inherited, you agree with the ideas of:
Answer
John Locke.
Aristotle.
Francis Galton.
John Watson.
49. Essay: If you have to study for an exam, wha...
Question
If you have to study for an exam, what are three things you can do that will help improve your memory
for the material?
Answer
Grading criteria: Answer should discuss three of the “Top Ten Tips for a Better Memory.”
50. Multiple Choice: In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, th...
Question
Points: 0
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In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, the length of delay between learning and relearning was the:
Answer
independent variable.
dependent variable.
confounding variable.
placebo.
51. Multiple Choice: In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, wh...
Question
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In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory, what was the dependent variable?
Answer
length of delay between learning and relearning
length of time it took to relearn a list
length of the list being learned
amount of practice done before being tested
52. Multiple Choice: In Ebbinghhaus's retention curve:
Question
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In Ebbinghhaus's retention curve:
Answer
the greatest savings occurred with short delays between learning and relearning.
most forgetting occurred when relearning took place after about 150 hours.
forgetting occurred very gradually over several days.
the greatest savings occurred when relearning took place after about 100 hours.
53. Multiple Choice: In Watson's studies, which of the fol...
Question
In Watson's studies, which of the following was found to impair rats' ability to navigate through mazes
they had previously learned?
Answer
blinding the rats
removing the rats' whiskers
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eliminating all odors in the maze
rotating the maze
54. Multiple Choice: In a distributed representation, info...
Question
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In a distributed representation, information is stored in the:
Answer
pattern of activation across many nodes.
activity of a single node.
comparison of the activity between two nodes.
timing of the activation of two nodes.
55. Multiple Choice: In a double-blind experimental design:
Question
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In a double-blind experimental design:
Answer
the participant knows the hypothesis being tested.
the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested.
both the participant and the experimenter know the hypothesis being tested.
neither the participant nor the experimenter knows the hypothesis being tested.
56. Multiple Choice: In a normal distribution:
Question
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In a normal distribution:
Answer
most scores will occur in the high range.
most scores will occur in the low range.
most scores will fall in the middle range.
scores will be evenly spread across the entire range.
57. Multiple Choice: In psychological studies, the group t...
Question
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In psychological studies, the group that receives the treatment is called the:
Answer
control group.
experimental group.
correlational group.
confound group.
58. Multiple Choice: In studying memory, Ebbinghaus was co...
Question
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In studying memory, Ebbinghaus was concerned that his data would be affected by the fact that he was
more familiar with some words than others. He avoided this problem by using:
Answer
real words that were familiar but very short.
real words that were unfamiliar to him.
three-letter nonsense words.
strings of digits.
59. Multiple Choice: In the movie Trading Places, a millio...
Question
In the movie Trading Places, a millionaire bets his brother that he can turn a beggar and thief into an
upstanding citizen, and turn a wealthy moral man into a common criminal, just by altering the
circumstances and environment of the two men. This view reflects the ideas of:
Answer
John Watson.
Charles Darwin.
Plato.
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René Descartes.
60. Multiple Choice: In which type of learning do organism...
Question
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In which type of learning do organisms learn to respond in order to obtain or avoid important
consequences?
Answer
classical conditioning
instrumental (operant) conditioning
latent learning
connectionist learning
61. Multiple Choice: Jenny has three children. She believe...
Question
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Jenny has three children. She believes that as long as she treats them exactly the same, they will all
grow up to have the same personality and intelligence level. Jenny's idea resembles that of which
philosopher?
Answer
Plato
René Descartes
Gottfried Leibniz
John Locke
62. Multiple Choice: John Watson's research was:
Question
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John Watson's research was:
Answer
admired by both the scientific community and the popular press.
criticized for its cruelty to animals.
rejected by the entire scientific community.
praised for its focus on the inner workings of the mind.
63. Multiple Choice: John Watson's studies of rats running...
Question
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John Watson's studies of rats running through mazes demonstrated that rats had learned to use_____
to navigate.
Answer
their vision and hearing
an automatic set of motor habits
their sense of smell
their whiskers
64. Essay: Many people have had the experience o...
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Question
Many people have had the experience of déjà vu, in which, on encountering a particular situation, they
have a strong feeling that it has happened to them before. How might such a feeling be accounted for
by William James's model of association?
Answer
Grading criteria: Convey the idea that the current situation being encountered shares many elements in
common with another situation that a person has experienced previously; because those common
elements are activated, a “memory” or feeling of familiarity is evoked.
65. Multiple Choice: Marty's dog always sits when Marty op...
Question
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Marty's dog always sits when Marty opens the cupboard to get the dog a biscuit. How would a
behaviorist describe the dog's behavior?
Answer
The dog thinks that if he sits, he will get a biscuit.
The dog is hungry, so his instincts tell him to sit.
The dog expects to get a biscuit when Marty opens the cupboard.
The dog sits when Marty opens the cupboard.
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66. Multiple Choice: Mary wants to encourage her son to wo...
Question
Mary wants to encourage her son to work harder in school. She has decided to reward him with money
for good grades, and punish him by adding extra chores for bad grades. Mary's approach is most
similar to the ideas of which of the following?
Answer
Edward Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
Herbert Simon
David Rumelhart
67. Multiple Choice: Mathematical psychology was establish...
Question
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Mathematical psychology was established by:
Answer
Edward Tolman.
William James.
B. F. Skinner.
W. K. Estes.
68. Multiple Choice: Megan has decided to drop out of her ...
Question
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Megan has decided to drop out of her English class because she feels that no matter how hard she
works, she is just not capable of learning the material. Megan exhibits the views of:
Answer
empiricism.
nativism.
associationism.
dualism.
69. Multiple Choice: One problem with Ebbinghaus's studies...
Question
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One problem with Ebbinghaus's studies was:
Answer
he did not manipulate any variables.
he used a double-blind design.
he used a blind design.
there was a possibility of subject bias.
70. Multiple Choice: Pavlov paired a bell with food until ...
Question
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Pavlov paired a bell with food until a dog learned to salivate in response to the bell. To produce
extinction, Pavlov:
Answer
rang the bell more quietly.
paired the bell with a different kind of food.
stopped ringing the bell.
paired the bell with the absence of food.
71. Essay: People raised in different cultures o...
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Question
People raised in different cultures often exhibit different behaviors (e.g., perceptual, social, motivational,
etc.) How would an empiricist account for such differences across cultures? How would a nativist
account for the differences?
Answer
Grading criteria: Convey understanding that empiricists emphasize that the differences are learned
from the environment, while nativists emphasize that the differences are inborn.
72. Multiple Choice: René Descartes believed that the:
Question
René Descartes believed that the:
Answer
mind controls the body.
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mind and body are governed by the same laws.
body works through a system of reflex arcs.
All of the answers are correct.
73. Multiple Choice: René Descartes:
Question
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René Descartes:
Answer
was an empiricist.
introduced the idea of associationism.
claimed that a newborn's mind was a blank slate.
believed in dualism.
74. Multiple Choice: Sets of statements devised to explain...
Question
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Sets of statements devised to explain a collection of facts are called:
Answer
data.
theories.
associations.
symbols.
75. Multiple Choice: Someone who believes that humans and ...
Question
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Someone who believes that humans and animals are fundamentally different from each other would
agree with the views of:
Answer
Plato.
Charles Darwin.
Aristotle.
Francis Galton.
76. Essay: Someone who is highly trained in dist...
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Question
Someone who is highly trained in distinguishing different faces might still make occasional mistakes
when presented with a particular face. How might this be explained by stimulus sampling theory?
Answer
Grading criteria: According to this theory, each stimulus (face) consists of many elements; as the faces
are learned, only some of those elements are sampled (randomly) on each trail; and only the sampled
elements become associated with the response. It may happen that on a particular trial, a subset of the
elements is activated that has not yet been strongly linked to the correct response, thus leading to such
an error.
77. Essay: Suppose a dog is classically conditio...
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Question
Suppose a dog is classically conditioned to salivate in response to a metronome ticking at 90 beats per
minute. We can then measure the amount of salivation produced when we present a metronome ticking
at 80 beats per minute, and 100 beats per minute. In this example, what is the independent variable?
What is the dependent variable?
Answer
Grading criteria: IV = tick rate, DV = amount of salivation.
78. Multiple Choice: Suppose a student is trained to press...
Question
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Suppose a student is trained to press the “A” key when a high-pitched tone is played and the “B” key
when a low-pitched tone is played. Even after hundreds of trials of training, the student will probably still
occasionally press the wrong button. How can this be explained by stimulus sampling theory?
Answer
The student is tired and more prone to mistakes after so many trials.
After a while, the student may temporarily forget which key is the correct one.
The connection between the tone and the key deteriorates after repeated presentation.
The tone activates a subset of elements that are not yet linked to the correct key.
79. Multiple Choice: Suppose two moths are colored such th...
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Question
Suppose two moths are colored such that they blend in with the trees in the forest where they live. If
one moth's coloring blends in much better than the other, that moth will have less chance of being
eaten by predators, and will therefore be more likely to reproduce, thus passing its beneficial coloring
on to its offspring. This is an example of:
Answer
natural selection.
a reflex arc.
eugenics.
the law of effect.
80. Multiple Choice: Suppose you are trying to learn a lis...
Question
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Suppose you are trying to learn a list of words. It takes you eight minutes to learn the list the first time
you try. You return the next day and study the list again, and find that it takes you only two minutes.
How much of a time savings has occurred?
Answer
25%
75%
100%
125%
81. Multiple Choice: Suppose you encounter construction wh...
Question
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Suppose you encounter construction while driving home. You cannot take your normal route, but have
no trouble in determining an alternate route that will get you home. This ability is MOST like the
behavior of animals in which researcher's studies?
Answer
John. B. Watson
Edward Tolman
Ivan Pavlov
B. F. Skinner
82. Multiple Choice: That Ebbinghaus served as his own par...
Question
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That Ebbinghaus served as his own participant was problematic because:
Answer
his expectations might have influenced the results.
he could not manipulate an independent variable.
his studies were double-blind.
he didn't have any experimenter bias.
83. Multiple Choice: The idea that rats have a cognitive m...
Question
Points: 0
The idea that rats have a cognitive map of a maze is supported by the finding that rats:
Answer
only learn to navigate the maze if a food reward is given at the end.
cannot navigate the maze if their usual route is blocked.
can navigate the maze even if they start from a novel position.
require only one trial to learn the layout of a maze.
84. Multiple Choice: The law of effect predicts which of t...
Question
The law of effect predicts which of the following?
Answer
If we play a tone and then give a dog food, the dog will eventually salivate in response to the tone.
If a child is bitten by a large black dog, she will start to fear all dogs, not just large black dogs.
If a teenager is grounded for staying out past his curfew, he will come home on time in the future.
If you can remember a list of words for a few hours after studying it, you will be less likely to forget
the list later on.
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Page 15 of 20
85. Multiple Choice: The person who developed the form of ...
Question
Points: 0
The person who developed the form of learning known as classical conditioning is:
Answer
Francis Galton.
Ivan Pavlov.
Hermann Ebbinghaus.
John B. Watson.
86. Multiple Choice: The person who first attempted to dev...
Question
Points: 0
The person who first attempted to develop a comprehensive mathematical model of animal learning
was:
Answer
Edward Thorndike.
Ivan Pavlov.
John B. Watson.
Clark Hull.
87. Multiple Choice: The principle that the mind and body ...
Question
Points: 0
The principle that the mind and body exist as separate entities, each with different characteristics and
governed by its own laws, is called:
Answer
associationism.
contiguity.
dualism.
nativism.
88. Multiple Choice: The specifics of Clark Hull's equatio...
Question
Points: 0
The specifics of Clark Hull's equations for learning:
Answer
have never been very influential.
were rejected early on but are highly relevant today.
were important early on and continue to be influential today.
are not considered relevant today.
89. Multiple Choice: The theory of evolution is relevant t...
Question
Points: 0
The theory of evolution is relevant to the study of learning and memory because:
Answer
learned information is passed on to offspring.
the type of information people learn varies across individuals.
people are born as “blank slates.”
learning is useful in allowing organisms to adapt to the environment.
90. Multiple Choice: The view that all the ideas we have a...
Question
Points: 0
The view that all the ideas we have are the result of experience is called:
Answer
associationism.
dualism.
empiricism.
nativism.
91. Multiple Choice: What was Gordon Bower's concern regar...
Question
What was Gordon Bower's concern regarding reporting average learning curves for a large group of
people?
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Page 16 of 20
Answer
The average may demonstrate incremental learning even if all individuals demonstrate learning by
insight.
The results may not be generalizable to other groups of people.
The average fails to distinguish between slow and quick learners.
The results from lab experiments may not apply to the real world.
92. Multiple Choice: Which idea suggests that humans funct...
Question
Points: 0
Which idea suggests that humans function by blindly producing preprogrammed learned responses to
environmental stimuli?
Answer
information theory
learning by insight
neo-behaviorism
radical behaviorism
93. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a good ...
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following is NOT a good way to remember something?
Answer
Repeat the information many times.
Pay attention when you are first learning the information.
Focus on just one sense, such as vision or hearing.
Get enough sleep.
94. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT one of ...
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following is NOT one of Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through
natural selection?
Answer
The trait must be inheritable.
The trait must be able to be learned.
The trait must vary.
The trait must make the individual more fit to survive.
95. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an example ...
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following is an example of a stimulus in René Descartes' reflex arc?
Answer
a person being tapped on the shoulder
spirits flowing from the shoulder to the brain
spirits being reflected back from the brain to the muscles
a person turning around to see who has tapped him on the shoulder
96. Multiple Choice: Which of the following is true?
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following is true?
Answer
Philosophers gain insight through scientific experiments.
The study of learning and memory has always been a scientific pursuit.
Insights gained through philosophy are more important than those gained through science.
Today people who study learning and memory consider themselves to be scientists.
97. Multiple Choice: Which of the following people believe...
Question
Which of the following people believed that human ability is due to a combination of both nature and
nurture?
Answer
Gottfried Leibniz
Points: 0
Page 17 of 20
Plato
John Locke
Aristotle
98. Multiple Choice: Which of the following researchers is...
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following researchers is considered a behaviorist?
Answer
Gordon Bower
George Miller
David Rumelhart
Clark Hull
99. Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a proponen...
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following was a proponent of associationism?
Answer
Gottfried Leibniz
René Descartes
William James
Plato
100. Multiple Choice: Which of the following was a reason t...
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following was a reason that behaviorism lost its appeal?
Answer
Its methods were not precise enough.
It focused too much on internal representations.
It could not explain higher-level cognitive processes.
Its ideas could not be specified mathematically.
101. Multiple Choice: Which of the following was considered...
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following was considered a nativist?
Answer
Aristotle
René Descartes
John Locke
William James
102. Multiple Choice: Which of the following was considered...
Question
Points: 0
Which of the following was considered an empiricist?
Answer
Plato
Charles Darwin
Francis Galton
Aristotle
103. Multiple Choice: Which of the following would argue th...
Question
Which of the following would argue that the complex idea of “dog” is comprised of a combination of
simpler ideas such as “furry”, “bark,” and “friendly”?
Answer
René Descartes
Plato
John Locke
Points: 0
Page 18 of 20
Gottfried Leibniz
104. Multiple Choice: Which subfield of psychology focuses ...
Question
Points: 0
Which subfield of psychology focuses on human abilities such as thinking, language, and reasoning?
Answer
classical conditioning
neo-behaviorism
cognitive psychology
behaviorism
105. Multiple Choice: While most bacteria are eliminated by...
Question
Points: 0
While most bacteria are eliminated by antibiotics, some can possess mutations that are resistant to
antibiotics, leading to more drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Such a mutation is an example of which of
Charles Darwin's proposed criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection?
Answer
The trait must be inheritable.
The trait must be able to be learned.
The trait must vary.
The trait must make the individual more fit to survive.
106. Multiple Choice: Who adapted information theory to psy...
Question
Points: 0
Who adapted information theory to psychology?
Answer
George Miller
W. K. Estes
Gordon Bower
Clark Hull
107. Multiple Choice: Who believed that children are born a...
Question
Points: 0
Who believed that children are born a “blank slate?”
Answer
Gottfried Leibniz
Plato
John Locke
René Descartes
108. Multiple Choice: Who believed that rats were forming a...
Question
Points: 0
Who believed that rats were forming a “cognitive map” when they learned to navigate through a maze?
Answer
Clark Hull
Ivan Pavlov.
John B. Watson
Edward Tolman
109. Multiple Choice: Who conducted the first rigorous expe...
Question
Who conducted the first rigorous experimental studies of human memory?
Answer
William James
Francis Galton
Charles Darwin
Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Page 19 of 20
110. Multiple Choice: Who introduced the term “eugeni...
Question
Points: 0
Who introduced the term “eugenics”?
Answer
Francis Galton
Charles Darwin
Erasmus Darwin
John Locke
111. Multiple Choice: Who proposed connectionist models of ...
Question
Points: 0
Who proposed connectionist models of the mind?
Answer
Clark Hull
Gordon Bower
David Rumelhart
George Miller
112. Multiple Choice: Who proposed the extreme form of beha...
Question
Points: 0
Who proposed the extreme form of behaviorism known as radical behaviorism?
Answer
B. F. Skinner
John B. Watson
Clark Hull
Edward Thorndike
113. Multiple Choice: Who proposed the idea that learning r...
Question
Points: 0
Who proposed the idea that learning relies on networks of uniform and unlabeled connections?
Answer
Herbert Simon
W.K. Estes
Edward Tolman
David Rumelhart
114. Multiple Choice: Who proposed the law of effect?
Question
Points: 0
Who proposed the law of effect?
Answer
Ivan Pavlov
John B. Watson
Edward Thorndike
B. F. Skinner
115. Multiple Choice: Who was the founder of behaviorism?
Question
Points: 0
Who was the founder of behaviorism?
Answer
John B. Watson
Edward Thorndike
B. F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
116. Multiple Choice: Whose book described a Utopian societ...
Question
Whose book described a Utopian society in which socially desirable behaviors would be maintained
through behaviorist training techniques?
Answer
John B. Watson
Points: 0
Page 20 of 20
B. F. Skinner
Edward Tolman
Clark Hull
117. Multiple Choice: Why was Charles Darwin's view of natu...
Question
Points: 0
Why was Charles Darwin's view of natural selection controversial?
Answer
It suggested that there was not a major distinction between man and other species.
Darwin had no data to back up his claims.
Nobody believed that traits could be inherited.
All of the answers are correct.
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