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(was not actually a war!!!) Yalta Conference February 1945 Churchill, Stalin, and FDR Stalin wanted Germany divided into zones. Churchill disagrees. FDR is mediator because he wants Soviet Union to help defeat Japan. Stalin’s support for creation of United Nations. Yalta Conference Compromise Germany temporarily divided into four zones. ○ American, British, French, and Soviet Stalin promised “free and unfettered elections” in Soviet occupied territory. Stalin agreed to join war with Japan. ○ Atomic bomb has not been tested yet. Stalin agrees to participate in UN. United Nations August 1945, 50 nations meet in San Francisco to establish the UN. Today the headquarters are in New York City. Harry S Truman Became president 13 days before UN conference. Very different from FDR. Would have to deal with experienced leaders. Potsdam Conference July 1945 Atomic bomb will be tested while Truman at meeting. Stalin, Truman, Churchill (Altee) Stalin did not allow free elections like he promised at Yalta. Truman wants free elections to ensure spread of democracy and so American businesses can expand. Potsdam Conference Satellite nations are dependent on and dominated by Soviet Union. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland. Stalin: Communism and Capitalism are not compatible. Soviets focus on building weapons not consumer goods. Containment Policy February 1946 Time to stop “babying the Soviets” Containment Policy Take measures to prevent extension of Communist rule in other countries. George F. Kennan – American diplomat in Moscow Containment guided Truman’s foreign policy making Churchill and “iron curtain” Truman Doctrine “It must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” Congress agreed and the U.S. sent $400 million to Turkey and Greece to keep them from communist takeover. Marshall Plan Proposed by Secretary of State, George Marshall Provided aide to all European nations who needed it 16 European countries received almost $13 billion to rebuild 1952 - Western Europe flourishing and Communist Party losing appeal Western Berlin Reunification France, Great Britain, and U.S. wanted to reunify Germany and Berlin. Soviets wanted Germany to remain weak. Soviets cut off West Berlin and started starving them (enough food for 5 weeks) Hoped Western nations would abandon Berlin or stop reunification. Question of Berlin What should America do about the situation in Berlin? Western Berlin Reunification Berlin Airlift American and British flew 227,000 airlifts in 327 days. Supplied food, medicine, fuel, and XMAS presents to West Berlin. Boosted American prestige Hurt Soviet prestige and eventually lifted the blockade Election of 1948 Democrat: Harry Truman For Civil Rights Republican: Thomas Dewey Dixiecrat: Strom Thurmond Southern Democrats against Civil Rights. One of closest elections. Many thought Dewey won when they went to bed. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Purpose: Stop Soviet aggression with defensive military alliances; standing military at all times Countries: Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, U.S., and Canada First time U.S. entered into a military alliance during peacetime Cold War ended U.S. isolationism China Mao Zedong: Communist Ruled in North China Relied on financial aid from Soviet Union Promise of land reform appealed to peasants China Chiang Kai-Shek: Nationalist Ruled in South China Relied on financial aid from U.S. Chinese Peasants turn to Communist Party, Nationalists flee to Taiwan U.S. favored Nationalists because they opposed communism Soviet Union Taiwan Korean War Korea owned by Japan from 1910 – 1945 38th parallel was imaginary line bisecting Korea Japanese north of 38th parallel surrendered to Soviets Japanese south of 38th parallel surrendered to U.S. Korean War North Korea Kim Il Sung: Democratic Republic of Korea South Korea Syngman Rhea: Republic of South Korea U.S. supports South Korea when North Korea attacks Korean War 1949 - U.S. and Soviets withdraw their troops Leave North and South to figure it out North and South claim right to rule all of Korea North Korea attacks in 1950 Truman related aggression to WW II and how no one tried to stop it then Korean War UN adopted American Resolution to help South Korea Soviet Union could have vetoed, but were boycotting UN Douglas MacArthur given command of UN and South Korean troops Korean War North Korea pushes UN & S. Korean troops to Pusan Korean War MacArthur drives them back across 38th parallel MacArthur then invades North Korea Korean War China Reacts Would not let Americans come to border, Yalu River UN & S. Korean forces get close to Yalu & 300,000 Chinese attack Korean War Push UN & S. Korean forces back to 38th parallel MacArthur’s Recommendations - 1951 Blockade Chinese coast Use atomic bomb on China Russia exploded atomic bomb in 1949 Use Chiang Kai-Shek’s troops in China Truman rejects Attacking China would start WW III MacArthur & Limited War Upset because he could not fight total war Tried to go over Truman’s head Truman relieved him of command Americans supported MacArthur After Congressional investigation of MacArthur, people thought Truman did right thing Panmunjom: July 1953 Armistice between North and South Korea signed. Loyalty Review Board Purpose: Investigate government employees and dismiss those found to be disloyal (3.2 million investigated) Disloyal was never defined. Not allowed to see evidence against you or know who accused you. House Un-American Activities Committee Purpose: Rid Hollywood of suspected Communists. Hollywood Ten 10 of 43 witnesses from film industry would not cooperate with HUAC. Sent to prison. Blacklist: List of people who had a Communist background. Could no longer work in film. McCarren Act Loyalty Review Board did not go far enough. Congress wants to make it unlawful to plan action against U.S. Truman vetoed. “In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they hold.” Congress passed over veto. Alger Hiss Hiss accused of selling secrets to Soviets. Could not prove. Hiss convicted of perjury, lying under oath, and sent to jail. Rosenbergs 1950 accused of selling A-bomb secrets to Soviets. Convicted and electrocuted. Senator Joseph McCarthy Wanted to be reelected as Wisconsin Republican Senator. Needed an issue to focus attention on him. Charged that Communist were taking over government. Claimed Democrats were guilty of treason for allowing Communist infiltration. Senator Joseph McCarthy Republicans in Congress did nothing because 1952 presidential election was close. Wanted the public to see them as strong anticommunists. Vietnam 1950 - America supporting France as they fight Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam America supported Ho Chi Minh when he fought against the Japanese during WW II Now Truman gives France nearly $15 million to defeat him U.S. intended on keeping Communism out of Vietnam Republican 1953-1960 Election of 1952 Republican: Dwight D. Eisenhower Vice President: Richard Nixon “I Like Ike” H-Bomb Atom Bomb: Atom split. Hydrogen Bomb: Atoms fused. 67 times more powerful than those dropped on Japan. H-Bomb 1949 Soviets exploded atomic bomb. U.S. began research on hydrogen bomb. November 1, 1952: U.S. explode first thermonuclear device, H-bomb. August 1953: Soviets explode H-bomb. H-Bomb First H-bomb, “Mike” Mushroom cloud 8 miles across 27 miles high 80 million tons of earth vaporized Nuclear Testing & Nuclear Drill H-Bomb "I was on a ship that was thirty miles away, and we had this horrible white stuff raining down on us. I got 10 rads [100 chest x-rays] of radiation from it. It was pretty frightening. There was a huge fireball with these turbulent rolls going in and out. The thing was glowing. It looked to me like a diseased brain up in the sky. It spread until the edge of it looked as if it was almost directly overhead. It was a much more awesome sight than a puny little atomic bomb. It was a pretty sobering and shattering experience.“ Marshall Rosenbluth, a U.S. theoretical physicist Nuclear Age Soviet and America had nuclear capabilities. Americans fearful of nuclear strike from Soviets. Civil Defense put out information in case of nuclear attack. Bert the Turtle: Duck and Cover Nikita Khrushchev Stalin dies in 1953. Khrushchev becomes head of Soviet Communist Party (peaceful co-existence) John Foster Dulles Brinkmanship: U.S. would keep peace by promising to use all its force against any aggressor. CIA Formed to gather information and overthrow governments unfriendly to U.S. CIA 1951 - Iran’s prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh took oil fields owned by British and gave them to Iranians (Britain stopped by Iranian oil in return) U.S. feared Mossedegh might look to Soviets for help 1953 - CIA gave millions to anti-Mossedegh supporters to help the Shah of Iran return to power CIA 1954 - Guatemala’s government gave land to peasants Eisenhower believed Guatemalan government had Communist ties CIA trained an army that would invade Guatemala and take over President of Guatemala ousted and leader of army became dictator Warsaw Pact Military alliance between Soviet Union and satellite nations because West Germany rearmed and joined NATO Geneva Summit 1955 U.S. and Soviets meet in Geneva, Switzerland U.S. wants open skies Soviets reject Eisenhower Doctrine U.S. would defend Middle East against attacks from Communists Sputnik I October 4, 1957: first unmanned satellite to enter Earth’s orbit (Soviet) Americans felt inferior to Soviets U.S. schools focus on math, science, and foreign language Sputnik & Space Race U-2 Incident After failure of Geneva Summit, CIA began spying of Soviets with U-2 plane. 1960 U.S. nervous about U-2 American press knew about U-2 missions. Soviets were aware of flights. Summer 1960 U.S. and Soviets scheduled to hold arms race conference. U-2 Incident Eisenhower agrees to one more flight of U-2 prior to meeting. Francis Gray Powers pilot of U-2 on May 1, 1960. Plane shot down by Soviets and Powers’ parachutes into Soviet territory. U-2 Incident Eisenhower denies spying Claims U-2 is a weather plane Eisenhower finally admits spying on Soviets Khrushchev wants an apology and promise to stop U-2 flights Eisenhower agrees to stop U-2 flights but will not apologize U-2 Incident Khrushchev calls off summit and withdraws invitation to Eisenhower to visit Soviet Union Tensions between Soviets and U.S. grow Cuba 1959 Fidel Castro overthrows Fulgencio Batista. Castro takes control of American businesses in Cuba. Trade is cut off between U.S. and Cuba. Cuba turns to Soviets for aid. Anti-Castro Cubans fled to America. Cuba Eisenhower approves CIA to train Cuban refugees to fight Castro. Late 1960 Cuban refugees almost ready to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. John F. Kennedy elected president in 1960, becomes president in 1961 Vietnam 1953 Eisenhower becomes president and continues to give aid to France. By now America had agreed to a stalemate in Korea, so wanted to stop spread of Communism in Vietnam. 1954 Domino Theory When one country falls to Communism, surrounding countries will also fall. Vietnam 1954 French overrun by Vietminh. Geneva Accords held to try and create peace in Vietnam through elections. 1956 elections canceled because Communist might win, U.S. supports. Democrat 1960-1963 Election of 1960 What helped Kennedy win. First televised debate between presidential candidates. ○ Kennedy looked and spoke better than Nixon ○ “That night, image replaced the printed word as the natural language of politics.” Russell Baker Kennedy takes Office “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.” JFK inaugural address 1961 “Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.” JFK inaugural address 1961 Kennedy takes Office Wanted to redefine nation’s nuclear strategy. Increased defense spending. Created special forces, Green Berets. Wanted U.S. to be able to fight a non-nuclear war. Kennedy & Cuba Fidel Castro Took power over Cuba in 1959 Seized control of Am. & British oil refineries. Relied on aide from Soviet Union Cubans who disagreed with Castro moved to U.S. Kennedy & Cuba Bay of Pigs 1960 President Eisenhower authorized the CIA to train Cuban exiles to invade Cuba. 9 days after JFK became president he learned of the operation and approved it. Kennedy & Cuba April 1961 1400 Cuban exiles landed at Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) 20,000 Cuban troops with Soviet tanks and planes defeated them. JFK accepted blame and paid $53 million in food and medicine to free survivors. Kennedy & Cuba Americans “looked like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies, and incompetents to the rest.” Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 U.S. discovered Soviets building missile bases in Cuba. Kennedy informed the nation of Soviet missiles in Cuba. Cuban Missile Crisis For 6 days in October 1962 the world faced nuclear war. America imposed a naval blockade on Cuba. Soviets backed off. Khrushchev agreed to take missiles out of Cuba if America promised not to invade. Berlin Crisis 1961 West Berlin was a “showcase of democracy” 20% of East Germans fled to West Berlin. Khrushchev wanted to close all access to West Berlin Kennedy refused. Berlin Crisis August 1961 construction of the Berlin Wall begins. Wall becomes an ugly symbol of Communism. Torn down in 1989. Easing Tensions April 1963 a direct telephone line was installed from the Kremlin to the White House. Late 1963 U.S. and Soviets agreed to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere. Limited Test Ban Treaty. Vietnam 1961 Kennedy supports South Vietnam’s leader Ngo Dien Diem with money as well as military advisors. 1963 16,000 U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam. 1963 U.S. supported overthrow of Diem. Before Kennedy died he said he was going to withdraw U.S. forces from Vietnam. Race to the Moon April 12, 1961 Soviet cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, was first man in space. Race to the Moon JFK announced to Congress The U.S. “should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth.” Race to the Moon National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Constructed launch facilities in FL. Constructed mission control in TX. Race to the Moon Alan Shepard, first American in space. 1961 Race to the Moon John Glenn, first American to orbit Earth. 1962 Race to the Moon July 20, 1969 Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin Land on Moon “The Eagle has landed.” “One small step for man. One giant leap for mankind.” Dallas: Nov. 22, 1963 JFK & Jacqueline came to TX to gain support from Democrats. Dallas: Nov. 22, 1963 As JFK, Jacqueline, TX Governor Connally, and Connally’s wife rode through Dealy Plaza in Dallas, TX. JFK was shot. Dallas: Nov. 22, 1963 Limo rushed JFK to hospital where he died. Dealy Plaza Dallas, TX Zapruder Film JFK Motorcade Route Dallas: Nov. 22, 1963 Zapruder Film LBJ took the oath of office to become president on Air Force One. Jacqueline was standing beside him in blood stained clothes. Dallas: Nov. 22, 1963 Lee Harvey Oswald charged with assassination. Dallas: Nov. 22, 1963 November 24, Oswald was shot and killed by Jack Ruby. Warren Commission: 1963 Established to investigate the Kennedy assassination. Concluded that JFK was shot by Oswald 1979 a Congressional committee reinvestigated the case and said JFK was probably shot by Oswald, but it was possible that there were two shooters. Conspiracy Theories Cuban refugees angry after Bay of Pigs. Communists sponsored attack. CIA conspiracy. Mafia ordered the assassination. The American Dream in the Fifties Americans shift from blue-collar work to white-collar work. Businesses Conglomerate: Businesses diversify by buying smaller businesses. Franchise: Company that can offer similar product in many locations. ○ McDonalds, Fast Food. The American Dream in the Fifties Baby Boom: 1946 – 1964 Baby born every 7 seconds. Why? Dr. Jonas Salk Vaccine against poliomyelitis (polio). The American Dream in the Fifties Dr. Benjamin Spock Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care Parents should talk to children. Mothers should stay at home. The Good Wife’s Guide The American Dream in the Fifties Consumerism: Material goods equal success. Automobile mania: Car became necessity for commuting to work. Symbol of individual. Planned Obsolescence: Goods designed to become obsolete. America becoming, “throwaway society” Baseball 1947 Jackie Robinson first African-American to play in Major League Baseball. Played in the Negro Leagues prior to 1947. 1949 voted National Leagues MVP. Inducted into Baseball Hall of Fame. Baseball Pop Culture Mass Media: TV spread news, ideas, & pictures fast. FCC: Gov’t agency to regulate TV, Telephone, Telegraph, and Radio (Federal Communications Commission). Pop Culture Milton Berle: Texaco Star Theatre (Comedy) Pop Culture Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz: “I Love Lucy” Pop Culture Mickey Mouse Club & Howdy Doody Show: Children shows that attracted loyal young fans. Nagged parents to buy products on show. Pop Culture Alfred Hitchcock: Horror films. Pop Culture Many feared that TV would take away from movie and radio audiences. Radio turned from shows to music, news, and weather. Movies had advantages like color, big screen, and sound. Pop Culture Beatniks: Nonconformity cared little for material goods. Pop Culture Rock ‘n’ Roll: New type of music born out of rhythm and blues. Many adults condemned because it would lead to teenage delinquency and immorality. Pop Culture Little Richard Pop Culture Chuck Berry Pop Culture Bill Haley and the Comets Pop Culture Elvis Presley: “King of Rock ‘n’ Roll” Pop Culture American Bandstand: Dick Clark Pop Culture Nat King Cole: First African American to have weekly series on national TV. Pop Culture Lena Horne Pop Culture Harry Belafonte Pop Culture Sydney Poitier Pop Culture Miles Davis Pop Culture Dizzy Gillespie