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Medical Terminology II
Study Guide Unit 2
Chapters 15
1. See supplement page.
2. Define the following anatomical and physiological terms:
acetabulum – the cup-shaped hollow in the hipbone into which the head of the femur fits to form a balland-socket joint
articular cartilage – facilitates movement on the opposing bone surfaces
calcaneous – heel bone
carpals – wrist bones
chiropractor - Chiropractic is a health care profession that focuses on diagnosis, treatment and
prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system
clavicle – collar bone
femur – upper leg bone - thigh bone
fibula – small lower leg bone
humerus – upper arm bone
malleous – process on ankle
mandibular bone – lower jawbone
maxillary bone – upper jawbone
metacarpals – hand bones
metatarsals – foot bones
olecranon – elbow
orthopedist – specialist in correcting deformities of the skeletal system
osseous tissue – the porous calcified substance from which bones are made
osteoblasts – immature bone cells
osteocytes – bone cells
patella – knee cap
periosteum – dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and
serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles
phalanges – finger bones
radius – lower arm bone (inner bone near thumb)
scapula – shoulder bone
tarsals – toe bones
tibia – shin bone
ulna – lower arm bone (outer bone near elbow)
vertebrae – an individual irregular bone in the spinal or vertebral column
xiphoid process – A pointed cartilage attached to the lower end of the breastbone or sternum
synovial joints – freely movable joints with synovial membranes
bursae – A closed fluid-filled sac that functions to provide a gliding surface to reduce friction between
tissues of the body.
tendons – The connective tissue by which a muscle attaches to bone
ligaments – A ligament is a tough band of connective tissue that connects two bones
striated muscle – skeletal muscles that move all bones
smooth muscle – muscle that moves internal organs such as the digestive tract
visceral muscle – internal organ muscles
cardiac muscle – fibrous, striated muscle tissue found in the heart
fascia – fibrous tissue that separates muscles – sheeting around muscle tissue
3. Briefly describe the following types of muscular actions:
abduction – movement away from the body
adductions – movement toward the body
dorsiflexion – decreasing angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends backward
extension – increasing the angle between two bones – straightening out a limb
flexion – decreasing the angle between two bones – bending a limb
plantar flexion – motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground – pointing toes
pronation – down position
rotation – circular movement around an axis (central point)
supination – up position
4. Briefly describe the following pathological conditions and fractures:
ankylosing spondylitis – arthritis (stiffening of the joints) of the vertebrae
bunion – abnormal swelling of the medial aspect of the joint between the big toe and the first
metatarsal bone
carpal tunnel syndrome – compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes
between the ligament & the bones & tendons of the wrist
dislocation – displacement of a bone from its joint
Ewing sarcoma – malignant long bone cancer
exostosis – outside bone - benign growth on the outside of the bone
crepitus – sound of two bones rubbing together
ganglion – a fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist
gouty arthritis – Inflammation & painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
Lyme disease – a recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, malaise, and neurologic &
cardiac symptoms - caused by a tick
muscular dystrophy – group of hereditary conditions that cause degeneration and weakness of the
muscles
osteogenic sarcoma – cancer of the osteoblasts
osteomalacia – softening of the bones caused by calcium or phosphorus deficiency – known as
RICKETS in children
osteomyelitis – inflammation of bone marrow secondary to infection
osteoporosis - common in women from lack of estrogen that leads to a decrease in bone density
polymyositis - inflammation of the muscle fibers
rheumatoid arthritis – autoimmune disease – enlargement of the synovial membranes in the small
joints
slipped disc – abnormal protrusion of a disc in the spine into the neural canal or spinal nerves
sprain – trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments
systemic lupus erythematosus – chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joint, skin,
kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs
talipes – club foot – congenital disease caused by foot being in odd position while forming in womb.
closed fracture – break of a bone that is enclosed within the skin
Colles fracture – fracture/dislocation of the wrist
comminuted fracture – break of the bone into man pieces
compression fracture – compression of vertebra together
fracture – traumatic break of a bone
greenstick fracture – a break in a bone that is not completely through the bone (partially broken)
impacted fracture – break where two bones run into each other
open fracture – break of a bone that is not enclosed in the skin
pathological fracture – disease mediated fracture – break caused by a sickness
5. Briefly describe the following laboratory tests and clinical procedures:
arthrography - process of taking an x-ray after injection of a contrast material in the joint
arthroplasty – surgical repair of a joint
arthroscopy – visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope and camera
bone scan – uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
electromyography – process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical
stimulation
erythrocyte sedimentation rate – measures the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a
test tube
serum calcium – measurement of calcium level in serum
serum phosphokinase – (should be serum creatine kinase) enzyme that increases in blood when
there is damage in a muscle
uric acid test – gout test to check for elevated levels of uric acid (hyperurecemia)
closed reduction – non-surgical reset of a fracture
open reduction – surgical reset of a fracture
reduction – reset of a fracture
6. Provide the meaning of the following abbreviations:
C1-C7 – cervical vertebrae 1 - 7
Ca - calcium
CPK (CK) – measurement of an enzyme (creatine kinase) in serum used to detect damage in a muscle
CTS – carpal tunnel syndrome
DTR – deep tendon reflexes
EMG - electromyography
IM - intramuscular
L1-L5 – lumbar vertebra 1 - 5
ortho - orthopedics
RA – rheumatoid arthritis
RF – test for the presence of an antibody found in patient with rheumatoid arthritis
ROM – range of motion
SLE - systemic lupus erythematosus – chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joint,
skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs
T1-T12 – thoracic vertebrae 1 - 12
TMJ – temporomandibular joint
7. Word list. Apply the following terms by writing then correctly in a sentence and spelling them correctly.
atrophy – decrease in size of an organ or tissue
cartilage – smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints
clavicle – collar bone
Colles fracture - fracture/dislocation of the wrist
crepitus – sound of two bones rubbing together
decalcification – lack of calcium in the bones
electromyography - process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical
stimulation
exotosis – outside bone - benign growth on the outside of the bone
kyphosis – hump back
lordosis – lower curvature of the spine toward the anterior becoming exaggerated – makes you lean
backward
orthopedic – pertaining to skeletal deformity, disorder, or injury.
osteomalacia– softening of the bones caused by calcium or phosphorus deficiency
osteomyelitis - inflammation of bone marrow
scoliosis – vertical curvature of the spine
spondylolisthesis – slipped vertebra