Download HELLENIC PANORAMA

4th LYCEUM OF SERRES
GRADE A CLASS
PROJECT TEAM “HELLENIC PANORAMA”
2011-2012
Ardanioti E., Balkatzopoulou S., Bolla A.,
Bompota E., Chatzi M.X., Gatsiou E., Gostovt G.,
Kanakari J., Karazisi M., Katsaouni M., Kiloglou G.,
Kyrmanidou-Rekalidou I., Mallia G., Massiou T.,
Melachroinos G., Moisidou K., Papavasileiou V.,
Savvidis K., Theocharidis E., Vasileiadou S.
Supervisor: Argyro Kokkinaki
SERRES, GREECE
2012
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PREFACE
This short version of the book in English is one of the final products of the
project “Hellenic Panorama” that was conducted in Grade A class of the
4th Lyceum of Serres from January 2012 until May 2012.
The purpose of the project was to draw the students’ attention to
internet research by involving them actively in project activities. The
main reason that students have decided to plan and implement the
specific topic, Hellenic Panorama, was their wish to familiarize foreign
students, who participate in the Comenius Project “I am a child, I want
to be recognized”, with various aspects of Greek culture in order to
improve their knowledge of Greek civilization and everyday life.
20 students assigned in teams of four developed their IT knowledge and
improved their English language skills conducting research on the
Internet and synthesizing both in Greek and English language a simple
guide to Greece.
We hope that partner students take a look at the published material that
we have produced and gain an inside of our country while enjoying a
mental journey to Greece through space and time.
Argyro Kokkinaki
(Philologist, Greek Language Literacy)
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CONTENTS
Part 1.
Chapter 1.
Preface
Geography and History of Greece
General Information about Greece
Konstantinos Savvidis
2
4
4
Chapter 2.
Greek Mythology
Giorgos Melachroinos
11
Chapter 3.
Greek History from Bronze Age to Roman
Conquest
Greek History from Byzantine Empire to
Modern Greek State
Ioanna Kanakari
16
Iliana Kyrmanidou-
20
Chapter 4.
Rekalidou
Part 2.
Chapter 5.
Art and Science in Greece
Art in Ancient Greece
Maria Katsaouni
26
26
Chapter 6.
Monuments and Museums of Greece
Maria-Christina Chatzi
29
Chapter 7.
Science and Technology in Ancient Greece
Evagelos Theocharidis
41
Chapter 8.
Art in Modern Greece
Vasiliki Papavasileiou
44
Eleni Gatsiou
52
52
Sofia Vasileiadou
54
Chapter 11. Byzantine and Modern Greek Literature
Georgia Mallia
58
Chapter 12. Greek Theatre
Elsa Ardanioti
66
Part 4.
Natural Landscape in Greece
Chapter 13. Islands and Crete
Theodora Massiou
68
68
Chapter 14. Central Greece and Peloponnese
Giorgos Kiloglou
72
Chapter 15. Thessaly and Epirus
Giorgos Gostovt
74
Chapter 16. Macedonia and Thrace
Marianna Karazisi
76
Part 5.
Daily Life in Greece
Chapter 17. Greek Music
Sofia Balkatzopoulou
80
80
Chapter 18. Greek Food
Eleni Bompota
84
Chapter 19. Customs and Traditions in Greece
Kyriaki Moisidou
87
Chapter 20. Sports and Entertainment in Greece
Antonia Bolla
90
Part 3.
Chapter 9.
Greek Literature
Greek Language and Ancient Greek Epic
Poetry
Chapter 10. Ancient Greek Prose
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Part 1. Geography and History of Greece by Savvidis K., Melachroinos
G., Kanakari I. & Kyrmanidou-Rekalidou I.
ABSTRACT
Our work is about geography and history of Greece. First of all, we give some
general information about Greece. Then, we continue giving the most important
Greek myths and in the end we mention the main parts of our history.
Chapter 1. General Information about Greece
1.1 Location – Borders
Greece is located in the southeastern
Europe. It is the southern part of
Balkan Peninsula and it is surrounded
by the Mediterranean Sea. Greek
borders extend in a length of 1228
km. Greece has land borders
with Albania, the FYROM and
Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to
the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the
east of mainland Greece, the Ionian
Sea
to
the
west,
and
the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
1.2 Extent - Population
Greece has area of 131,957 square
kilometers and a population of
10,787,690 inhabitants, according to
Census of 2011. So, the population
density amounts to 81.75 inhabitants
per square kilometer. Additionally,
Greece is divided into nine
geographical
departments
for
historical and geographical reasons.
These geographical departments are:
1. Thrace
2. Macedonia
3. Epirus
4. Thessaly
5. Central Greece
6. Peloponnese
7. Crete
8. Ionian Islands
9. Aegean Islands
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1.3 Geography
Greece consists of a mountainous,
peninsular mainland jutting out
into the sea at the southern end of
the Balkans. Due to its highly
indented coastline and numerous
islands, Greece has the 11th
longest coastline in the world with
13,676 km. Greece features a vast
number of islands, 165 of which are
inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece
consists of mountains or hills,
making the country one of the
most mountainous in Europe.
Greece contains a number of lakes
and wetlands and is dominated by
the Pindus mountain
range.
Extensive plains are primarily
located in the prefectures of
Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. They constitute key economic regions as
they are among the few arable places in the country.
1.4 Climate
Generally speaking, Greece has a mild climate. The Greek climate can be divided into
the four aforementioned climate types:
Climate type
Characteristics
Influenced areas
Mountain climate
Heavy winters with snow, Mountainous regions in
cool summers
mainland and Crete
Transitional climate
Long winters with low Thessaly,
Macedonia,
temperatures, very warm Thrace
summers
Marine
Mediterranean Mild rainy winters, warm Islands and Ionian Sea
climate
and humid summers
coasts
Terrestrial Mediterranean Mild winters with little Islands and Aegean Sea
climate
rain, warm and dry coasts
summers
As far as precipitation is concerned, we have to say that the rainfalls do not last for
many days, even in the winter. It rains more in western Greece than in the rest
country.
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Terrestrial
Marine
Mediterranean Mediterranean
climate
climate
Transitional Mountain
climate
climate
1.5 Greek flag and Emblem
The national Greek flag contains nine white
and blue stripes. Every stripe represents to
a letter of the word “freedom” or to the
nine syllables of the Greek Motto “Freedom
or Death”.
The emblem of the Greek Republic consists of a
blue shield which bears a white cross in the
middle. The shield is surrounded by two laurel
branches. The emblem is used public
documents and also in the uniforms of police
and army.
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1.6 Useful information
Former country’s name
Official country’s name
Official language
Official religion
Capital
Large cities
Currency
Time zone
Internet TDL
International dialing code
International registration plates’ signal
Driving
National anniversaries
Hellas
Hellenic Republic
Greek
Christianism
Athens
Athens, Thessaloniki, Patras
Euro € (EUR)
UTC + 2
.gr & .eu (as a member of EU)
+30
GR
Right
25th March, 28th October
1.7 Governance - Administrative organization
In Greece, state power is manifested in three different ways:
 The legislative power, exercised by the House of Representatives and
President of the Republic.
 The executive power, exercised by the Government and President of the
Republic.
 The judicial power, exercised by the courts.
Greece is a parliamentary republic. The nominal head of state is the President of the
Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The President's
duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial.
Most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position
of Prime Minister belongs to the leader of the political party, which has the majority
of votes in the national elections. Also, Greece consists of thirteen administrative
regions, called peripheries which are subdivided into municipalities. The thirteen
administrative regions are:
1. East Macedonia and Thrace
2. Central Macedonia
3. West Macedonia
4. Epirus
5. Thessaly
6. Ionian Islands
7. West Greece
8. Central Greece
9. Attica
10. Peloponnese
11. North Aegean
12. South Aegean
13. Crete
There is also one autonomous
area, Mount Athos, which
borders the region of Central
Macedonia.
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1.8 Educational system
The education in Greece is free and compulsory for ten years. It is divided into three
levels: the primary, the secondary and the higher education.
Levels
primary
Duration
study
1-2 years
6 years
3 years
Study
Stages
Compulsory
Compulsory
Compulsory
Optional
Kindergarten
Primary school
Gymnasium
Lyceum
Technical3 years
vocational
educational schools
Highest Educational
4-6 years
Institutions
Highest
Technological
3.5-5 years
Educational
Institutions
secondary
Optional
Optional
higher
Optional
of
Ages (years)
4-6
6-12
12-15
15-18
18+
18+
1.9 Transportation system
Since the 1980s, the road
and rail network of Greece
has been significantly
modernized.
Important
works
include
the A2
(Egnatia Odos) motorway,
that
connects
northwestern
Greece
(Igoumenitsa)
with
northern and northeastern
Greece
(Kipoi);
and
the Rio–Antirio bridge, the
longest suspension cable
bridge in Europe (2250 m
or 7382 ft long), connecting the western Peloponnese from Rio with Antirio in
Central Greece.
The Athens Metropolitan Area in particular is served by some of the most modern
and efficient transport infrastructure in Europe, such as the Athens International
Airport, the privately run Attiki Odos motorway network and the expanded Athens
Metro system.
Most of the Greek islands and many main cities of Greece are connected by air
mainly from the two major Greek airlines, Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines. Maritime
connections have been improved with modern high-speed craft, including hydrofoils
and catamarans.
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Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other
European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new
suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens,
towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities
of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection
between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to
double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km network is underway. Finally, we have to
mention that four european motorways pass through Greece. These are the E 55, E
65, E 75 and E 90.
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1. 10 Dictionary
Greek
μηδέν
ένα
δύο
τρία
τέσσερα
πέντε
έξι
επτά
οκτώ
εννέα
δέκα
έντεκα
δώδεκα
Greek
Accent
0
miden
1
ena
2
dio
3
tria
4
tessera
5
pende
6
exi
7
epta
8
okto
9
ennea
10
deka
11
endeka
12
dodeka
Accent
Ναι
Ne
Όχι
Ohi
Γεια σου!
Gia sou!
Τι κάνεις;
Ti kanis?
Είμαι καλά, ευχαριστώ .
Ime kala, efcharisto.
Πως σε λένε;
Pos se lene?
Με λένε…
Me lene…
Από πού είσαι;
Apo pou ise?
Είμαι από…
Ime apo…
Πόσο χρονών είσαι;
Poso hronon ise?
Είμαι… χρονών.
Ime…hronon.
Χρόνια πολλά!
Hronia polla!
Τι ώρα είναι;
Ti ora ine?
Σου αρέσει η Ελλάδα;
Sou aresi i Ellada?
Θα ήθελα να μάθω Tha ithela na matho
Ελληνικά.
Ellinika.
Είμαι μαθητής.
Ime mathitis.
Καλημέρα!
Kalimera!
Καλό απόγευμα!
Kalo apogevma!
Καληνύχτα!
Kalinihta!
Αντίο!
Andio!
Δευτέρα
Deftera
Τρίτη
Triti
Τετάρτη
Tetarti
Πέμπτη
Pembti
Παρασκευή
Paraskevi
Σάββατο
Savvato
Κυριακή
Kiriaki
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English
zero
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nein
ten
eleven
twelve
English
Yes
No
Hello!
How are you?
I am fine, thanks.
What’s your name?
My name is…
Where are you from?
I am from…
How old are you?
I am… years old.
Happy birthday!
What time is it?
Do you like Greece?
I would like to learn
Greek.
I am a student.
Good morning!
Good afternoon!
Good night!
Bye!
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
10
Chapter 2. Greek Mythology
2.1 Definition, Sources, Affect
Greek mythology is the body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks,
concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and
significance of their own cult and ritual practices. They were a part of religion in
ancient Greece and are part of religion in modern Greece and around the world
as Hellenismos. Modern scholars refer to, and study the myths in an attempt to
throw light on the religious and political institutions of Ancient Greece, its
civilization, and to gain understanding of the nature of myth-making itself. Greek
mythology is embodied, explicitly, in a large collection of narratives, and implicitly in
Greek representational arts.
Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world, and details the lives
and adventures of a wide variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines and
mythological creatures. These accounts initially were disseminated in an oral poetic
tradition. Today the Greek myths are known primarily from Greek literature.
The
oldest known Greek literary sources, the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on
events surrounding the Trojan War. Myths are also preserved in the Homeric Hymns.
Greek mythology has exerted an extensive influence on the culture, the arts,
and the literature of Western civilization and remains part of Western heritage and
language. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived
inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance
and relevance in these mythological themes.
The discovery of the Mycenaean
civilization by the German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, in the nineteenth
century, and the discovery of the Minoan civilization in Crete by British
archaeologist, Sir Arthur Evans, in the twentieth century, helped to explain many
existing questions about Homer's epics and provided archaeological evidence for
many of the mythological details about gods and heroes. Although, the name of gods
and heroes have been revealed.
2.2 The beginning
Greek mythology has changed over time to accommodate the evolution of
their culture. Agricultural populations assigned a spirit to every aspect of nature.
These spirits assumed human forms and entered the local mythology as gods. Hesiod
in his cosmogony explains the creation of the world. In the beginning there was only
Chaos. Then the Earth and the Sky were born. After that, 12 Titans, 3 Hecatoncheires
and 3 Cyclops were born. From them, the 12 Olympian Gods have arisen.
2.3 The Olympian Gods and Goddesses

Dias or Zeus (Roman name: Jupiter) was the father of the gods
and the most important. He was the god of weather, hospitality
and he also decided for humans lives. Ancient Olympia was
devoted at him.
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
Hera was the sister and Dias’ wife. She protected marriage.

Poseidon was the moody god of the sea and the protector of each liquid
element.

Hermes was the twelve Olympian gods’ Postman, protector of trade and he
also transferred humans’ lives in Hades.

Aphrodite was the goddess of Beauty and Love. She was born in Cyprus
water.

Apollo was the god of sunlight, music, dance and oracular art. He was
therapist and the oracle in Delfi was devoted at him

Athena was the god of wisdom, defence and strategic warfare. Symbols
include the owl and the olive tree. According to myths she was born from
Dias’ head and this is the reason why she is so wise.






Ares, the fierce god of war and fight
Demeter, the goddess of land and agriculture
Artemis, the goddess of wild nature and hunting
Hephaestus, the ill-favoured god of fire and metallurgy
Hestia, the calm goddess of house
Dionysus, the joyful god of grapes, wine and theatre
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2.4 The most important Myths
Titanomachy
In the Greek mythology, Titanomachy was the war among Titans and the Olympian
Gods. Everything began when Kronos, the leader of the Titans, didn’t restore the
justice when he became king. Titans were instructed by Kronos and the Olympians
gods were instructed by Zeus (Dias). Ten years later the Olympian gods won. Dias
became the king of the sky and the wind, Poseidon became the king of the sea and
Hades became the king of the Hell. Titans went in tartar and the Olympian gods lived
on the top of Mount Olympus, the highest Greek mountain.
Prometheus
After Titanomachy, Dias ordered Prometheus to take
land and water and he created the first Human
generation. He gave them fire, which he stole it from
Olympus. So people improved their lives and invented
many things that finally Dias frightened. Dias was very
angry from humans violence. He decided to kill
everyone. Forty days it was raining until everybody was
dead. Prometheus advised his son to create a boat and
put inside his wife and a pair of each animal. After forty
days the stopped on the top of Parnassus. While they
were walking down the mountain they threw behind
them stones, from which a person was created. But
Dias became furious. He ordered to catch him and
enchain him in Caucasus, where every day an eagle ate
his liver. One day Hercules released him.
Europe’s kidnapping
When Europe became woman, she was in a
meadow and Zeus saw her and he fell in love. He
transformed into a bowl and approached her.
She was very brave and rode him. Then he
started flying above the sea. They were landed
on Crete. Minoas was born. Zeus travelled back
to Olympus and Europe married Crete’s king.
Minoas, Theseus, Minotaur, Daedalus and Icarus
Minoas was the king of Crete. His palace was in
Knossos. In the basement Daedalus and Icarus built a
labyrinth. There Minoas’ son Minotaur, a monster
with human body and head of a bowl, was living.
Minoas didn’t want nobody to know the plans of the
palace, so he imprisoned Daedalus and Icarus. They
tried to escape by making waxen wings. Icarus flew so
high that his wings stewed. He fell in the sea, which
took his name and the nearby island named Ikaria.
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Athenians ought to send every year ten rich
men and ten rich women in Crete in order to
be eaten by Minotaur. Once, Theseus, king
Aegean’s son was chosen. With Ariadnis’ help
he killed Minotaur. He returned in Athens
and separated Athens in ten ares. The Greek
sea named from his father as Aegean Sea.
Frixos, Elli and the Expedition of Argonauts
Nefeli in order to save her children from their
stepmother sent a gold ram at their home. The gold
ram was a gift from Hermes and it was going to carry
Frixos and Elli, the two children, on his back. While
they were flying above the sea, Elli fell over and since
nowadays the sea is called Hellespont. Frixos arrived in
Caucasus and devoted the ram in Poseidon and he
hung the skin on a tree. The expedition of Argonauts
was organised by Jason in order to take back the gold
skin. This expedition is related to the second biggest
Greek colonization.
Narcissus
Narcissus was a very handsome man. One day he
was sitting by the shoreline and he was watching
himself. He tried to catch it by sinking his arm in
the water but he couldn’t catch it. He fell into
depression. Finally Zeus transformed him into a
flower that took his name.
Hercules
As Hercules’
feats, there are
12
difficult
feats, which Hercules made in order to be forgiven
for the murder of his woman and children.
Hercules was Zeus kid. After a prediction of the
oracle in Delfi, he should do whatever Evristheas
would tell him. So he killed the Nemean lion,
destroyed the Lernaean Hydra, captured the
Ceryneian Hind alive, trapped the Erymanthian
boar, cleaned the Augean stables, butcher of the
Stymphalian birds, captured the Cretan bull,
rounded up the Mares of Diomedes, fetched
Hippolyta's girdle of gold, fetched the cattle of Geryon, fetched the golden apples of
the Hesperides and then he brought Cerberus from Tartarus.
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Persephone
Ancient Greeks in order to explain changes in seasons they create the following
myth: One day Persephone, Demeter’s daughter,
was walking in the fields, when the god of Hades saw
her and decided to kidnap her and marry her.
Demeter was so sad that se lost her daughter that
dried up all the fields. Finally they decided to stay
Persephone six month in the Earth (spring-summer,
when Demeter is happy and the fields are fertile) and
six month in the Hell (autumn-winter, when Demeter
is sad and the fields are infertile).
The Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War is a war between Greeks and Trojans around
Troy. As an occasion, it was the kidnapping of Eleni, Menelaus’ wife, who was king of
Sparta, by Pares, Hector’s
brother. According to mythology,
the goddess of discord, wanted to
learn which of the goddesses is
the most beautiful. Pares was the
judge. Aphrodite in order to win
promised Pares to give him Eleni,
who was very beautiful. Then
Aphrodite won. Pares kidnapped
Eleni and then Greeks started the
Trojan war.
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Chapter 3. Greek History from Bronze Age to Roman Conquest
3.1 Cycladic Civilization
Cycladic civilization (also known as Cycladic culture or The
Cycladic period) is an Early Bronze Age culture of the
Cyclades, Greece, in the Aegean Sea, spanning the period
from approximately 3000 BC-2000 BC. The significant Late
Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Cycladic culture is best known
for its schematic flat female idols carved out of the islands'
pure white marble.
3.2 Μinoan Civilization
The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that
arose on the island of Crete and flourished from
approximately the
27th century BC
to
the
15th
century BC. It was rediscovered at the
beginning of the 20th century through
the work of the British archaeologist
Arthur Evans. The palaces were the
centre of life's organisation in Crete.
Focus on the palace of Knossos have
discovered other important palaces, such
us Phaistos and Mallia. The first disaster
became in 1700 BC. However palaces
were constructed again, but more
impressive. The second disaster became in
1450 BC, so palaces were destroyed completely, except Knossos, which was
inhabited until Mycenaean domination.
3.3 Mycenaean Civilization
Mycenaean Greece (c. 1900 BC – c. 1100 BC) was a
cultural period of Bronze Age Greece taking its name
from the archaeological site of Mycenae in
northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese of southern
Greece. From Mycenaean civilization are famous
fortified citadels and funerary monuments. First
details for Mycenaean civilization are taken from
Homeric epics. First excavations were done from
Heinrich Schliemann. Highlight of the excavations was
the decoding of Linear B, which was used from specialized scribes in the palaces.
3.4 First and Second Greek Colonization
As the first Greek colonization population migrations and upheavals took place in
Hellenic area by the middle of 12th century to the end of 9th century. Greek tribes
spread to the western coast of Asia Minor. Greek tribes who spoke the dialect aioliki,
moved from Thessaly to the north-eastern Aegean islands and settled in Lesbos and
Tenedos, and the opposite coast of Asia Minor, named Aeolis.
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The Ionians moved to Samos, Chios and the opposite coast of Asia Minor where they
founded twelve new towns (poleis). It was spread at the expense of other tribes, so
the whole western coast of Asia Minor became known as Ionia .
Finally, follow the migration of the Dorians. This is the first Doric groups experienced
the sea. They settled in the southern Aegean islands, Crete and the southeast coast
of Asia Minor.
The second Greek colonization indicates forced movement of Greek tribes at the
area of Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea during the period of the 8th, 7th and 6th
century. The colonization is different from the first colonization because it was
organized by the business metropolis in contrast with the simple movement that
occurred during the first colonization. Many colonies were founded in this period
developed into cities, which were strong and independent of the metropolis.
3.5 Persian Wars
Percian Wars are the warfare between Greeks and Percians in the early 5th century.
Percian Wars were the first international wars of Greeks.
3.6 Athenian Democracy
Athenian democracy developed in the Greek city-state of Athens, comprising the
central city-state of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica, around 508 BC.
Athens is one of the first known democracies. Other Greek cities set up democracies,
and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable,
nor as well-documented as that of Athens. People vote on their behalf but vote on
legislation and executive bills in their own right. Solon (594 BC), Cleisthenes (508/7
BC), and Ephialtes (462 BC) all contributed to the development of Athenian
democracy. The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the
assembly. Also, ten prytanies, Boule and the court played an important role.
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3.7 Pericles
Pericles was born in 495 BC
in Holargos and was a
prominent and influential
Greek statesman, orator,
and general of Athens. The
era in which he was a master
of political life is called
“Golden Age” or “Age of
Pericles”, because he gave
Athens power, glory and
fame. Pericles was elected
general for 14 years. He accomplished to make a powerful Athenian navy and win
Percian. He died in 429 BC, because of a plague that hit the town.
3.8 Parthenon
The Parthenon is a temple on the
Athenian Acropolis, dedicated to the
Greek goddess Athena, whom the
people of Athens considered their
virgin patron. Its construction began in
447 BC when the Athenian Empire was
at the height of its power. It was
completed in 438 BC, although
decorations of the Parthenon continued until 432 BC. It is the most important
surviving building of Classical Greece. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring
symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's
greatest cultural monuments. The ninety-two metopes were carved in high relief, a
practice employed until then only in treasuries (buildings used to keep votive gifts to
the gods). The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon, above the main entrance,
depict the Gigantomachy. The subject of the west metopes is the legendary invasion
of Athens by the Amazons and the metopes of the south side show the Thessalian
Centauromachy.
3.9 Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War, 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by
democratic Athens and its empire against the oligarchic Peloponnesian League led by
Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. The first
phase is the Archidamian War, the second is a massive expeditionary force to attack
Syracuse and the final phase of the war, generally referred to either as the Decelean
War, or the Ionian War. After this war, Sparta became the leading power of Greece.
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3.10 Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great was a Greek king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient
Greece. He born in Pella in 356 BC and by the age of thirty, he had created one of the
largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the
Himalayas. He is considered one of history's most
successful commanders. Alexander's legacy includes the
cultural diffusion his conquests engendered. He founded
some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably
Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC,
without executing a series of planned campaigns that
would have begun with an invasion of Arabia.
3.11 Hellenistic Greece
In 146 BC Athens along with the rest of Greece was conquered by the Romans. The
conquerors show respect to the temples of Athens and give some autonomy to the
city. So while the rest of Greece falls into decline, Athens is in a period of prosperity
and prosperity. Historians set the battle of Chaeronea as the beginning of the war.
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Chapter 4. Greek history from Byzantine Empire to Modern Greek State
4.1 Byzantine history
Constantine the Great also known Saint Constantine,
was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Well known for
being the first Roman emperor to convert to
Christianity, Constantine and co-Emperor Licinius
issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed
religious tolerance of all religions throughout the
empire. The foremost general of his time, Constantine
defeated the emperors Maxentius and Licinius during
civil wars. He also fought successfully against the
Franks, Alamani, Visigoths, and Sarmatians during his
reign—even resettling parts of Dacia which had been abandoned during the previous
century. Constantine built a new imperial residence in place of Byzantium, naming it
New Rome. However, in Constantine's honour, people called it Constantinople,
which would later be the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over one thousand
years. Because of this, he is thought of as the founder of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Justinian I, commonly known as Justinian the Great,
was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his
reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness
and reconquer the lost western half of the classical
Roman Empire. His reign marked a blossoming of
Byzantine culture, and his building program yielded such
masterpieces as the church of Hagia Sophia, which was
to be the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity for
many centuries.
Heraclius was Byzantine Emperor from 610 to 641. He was
responsible for introducing Greek as the Eastern Empire's
official language. His rise to power began in 608, when he and
his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa,
successfully led a revolt against the unpopular usurper
Phocas.
Constantine XI Palaiologos, was the last reigning
Byzantine Emperor from 1449 to his death as member
of the Palaiologos dynasty. After his death in battle
during the fall of Constantinople, he became a
legendary figure in Greek folklore as the "Marble
Emperor". His death marked the final end of the
Roman Empire, which had continued in the East for
977 years after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
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4.2 Greek history from 17th century to 21st century
The Greek War of Independence
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution was a
successful war of independence waged by the
Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and
1832, with later assistance from several
European powers, Russia, United Kingdom
and France against the Ottoman Empire, who
were assisted by their vassals, the Eyalet of
Egypt and partly the Vilayet of Tunisia.
Following the fall of the Byzantine Empire to
the Ottoman Empire in 1453, most of Greece
came under Ottoman rule. During this time,
there were frequent revolts by Greeks attempting to gain independence. In 1814, a
secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating
Greece. After many fights Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in
May 1832.The Revolution is celebrated on 25 March by the modern Greek state,
which is a national day.
Important people of Revolution
Theodoros Kolokotronis was a Greek Field Marshal and the
pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence against
the Ottoman Empire. Kolokotronis' greatest success was the
defeat of the Ottoman army under Mahmud Dramali Pasha at
the Battle of Dervenakia in 1822. In 1825, he was appointed
commander-in-chief of the Greek forces in the Peloponnese.
Georgios Karaiskakis born was a famous Greek klepht,
armatolos, military commander, and a hero of the Greek War of
Independence
Manto Mavrogenous was a Greek heroine of
the Greek War of Independence. A rich
woman, she spent all her fortune for the
Hellenic cause. Under her encouragement, her European friends
contributed money and guns to the revolution.
Laskarina Bouboulina was a Greek naval
commander, heroine of the Greek War of
Independence in 1821, and posthumously an
Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy.
Athanasios Diakos a Greek military
commander during the Greek War of
Independence and a national hero, was born Athanasios Nikolaos
Massavetas in the village of Ano Mousounitsa, Phocis.
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Constantine Kanaris or Canaris was a Greek Prime Minister,
admiral and politician who in his youth was also a freedom
fighter, pirate, privateer and merchantman.
Andreas Vokos, nicknamed Miaoulis was
an admiral and politician who
commanded Greek naval forces during
the Greek War of Independence (18211829). Miaoulis was born in Euboea and settled on the island of
Hydra east of the Morea and was known among his fellow
islanders as a trader in corn who had gained wealth and made a
popular use of his money. He had been a merchant captain, and
was chosen to lead the naval forces of the islands when they rose against the
government of the Sultan.
Yannis Makriyannis (1797–1864) was a Greek merchant,
military officer, politician and author, best known today for
his Memoirs. Starting from humble origins, he joined the
Greek struggle for independence, achieving the rank of
general and leading his men to notable victories. Following
Greek independence, he had a tumultuous public career,
playing a prominent part in the granting of the first
Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece and later being
sentenced to death and pardoned.
Creation of the Greek state
The Protocol of London (1830) was the first diplomatic act
which signed by Powers and the Ottoman Empire and
recognizes the existence of the Greek independent State.
According to this, the Greek territory would include the land
located south of the line joining the rivers Achelous and
Sperchios. Then declared as capital Nafplion while was
preceded Aegina. Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (1776 –
1831) was a Greek diplomat of the Russian Empire and later
the first head of state of independent Greece.
Otto, Royal Prince of Bavaria, then Othon, King of Greece (1
June 1815 – 26 July 1867) was made the first modern King of
Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby
Greece became a new kingdom under the protection of the
Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and the Russian
Empire).
The 3 September 1843 Revolution was an uprising
by the Greek Army in Athens, supported by large
sections of the people, against the autocratic rule
of King Otto. The rebels, led by veterans of the
Greek War of Independence, demanded the
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granting of a constitution and the departure of the Bavarian officials that dominated
the government. The revolution succeeded, ushering the period of constitutional
monarchy in Greece.
Facts and personalities of recent Greek history
Charilaos Trikoupis (July 11, 1832 – April 1896) was a Greek
politician who served as a Prime Minister of Greece seven
times from 1875 until 1895.
The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, also called the Thirty Days'
War and known as the Black '97 in Greece, was a war fought
between the Kingdom of Greece and Ottoman Empire. Its immediate cause was the
question over the status of the Ottoman province of Crete, whose Greek majority
long desired union with Greece. As a result of the intervention of the Great Powers
after the war, an autonomous Cretan State under Ottoman suzerainty was
established the following year, with Prince George of Greece as its first High
Commissioner. This was the first war effort in which the military and political
personnel of Greece were put to test after the war of independence in 1821.
Eleftherios Venizelos (23 August 1864 – 18 March 1936) was
an eminent Greek revolutionary, a prominent and illustrious
statesman as well as a charismatic leader in the early 20th
century. Elected several times as Prime Minister of Greece and
served from 1910 to 1920 and from 1928 to 1932. Venizelos
had such profound influence on the internal and external
affairs of Greece that he is credited with being "the maker of
modern Greece", and he is still widely known as the
"Ethnarch".
The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe in 1912 and 1913. By the early 20th century, Montenegro, Bulgaria,
Greece and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire. But large
parts of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule. In 1912, these
countries formed the Balkan League. The First Balkan War broke out when the
League attacked Turkey on 8 October 1912 and was ended seven months later by
the Treaty of London. After five centuries, Turkey lost virtually all of its possessions in
the Balkans. The Second Balkan War broke out on 16 June 1913. Bulgaria was
dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in Macedonia, made in secret by its former
allies, Serbia and Greece, and attacked them. The Serbian and Greek armies repulsed
the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked into Bulgaria, while Romania and
Turkey also attacked Bulgaria and gained (or regained) territory. In the resulting
Treaty of Bucharest, Bulgaria lost most of the territories it had gained in the First
Balkan War.
Pavlos Melas (March 29, 1870–October 13, 1904) was an
officer of the Hellenic Army, and he was among the first who
organized and participated in the Greek Struggle for
Macedonia.
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World War I
World War I, which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from
its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a
major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11
November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in
two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United
Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the
Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had
taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war).These
alliances both reorganized (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations
entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60
million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than
9 million combatants were killed, largely because of great technological advances in
firepower without corresponding advances in mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest
conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes
such as revolutions in the nations involved.
Population exchange between Greece
and Turkey
The 1923 population exchange between
Greece and Turkey was based upon
religious identity, and involved the
Greek Orthodox citizens of Turkey and the Muslim citizens of Greece. It was a major
compulsory population exchange, or agreed mutual expulsion. The "Convention
Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" was signed at Lausanne,
Switzerland, on the 30th January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey. It
involved approximately 2 million people (around 1.5 million Anatolian Greeks and
500,000 Muslims in Greece), most of whom were forcibly made refugees and de jure
denaturalized from their homelands. By January 1923, the vast majority of Asia
Minor Greeks had already been driven away violently during the recent GrecoTurkish War; nonetheless, they were taken into account in the convention. According
to calculations, during the autumn of 1922, around 900,000 Orthodox refugees had
arrived in Greece (including 50,000 Armenians).
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War, was a global war that was under way by
1939 and ended in 1945. It involved a vast majority of the world's nations—including
all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the
Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, with more than 100
million people serving in military units. In a state of "total war", the major
participants placed their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities at the
service of the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military
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resources. Marked by significant events involving the mass death of civilians,
including the Holocaust and the only use of nuclear weapons in warfare, it resulted
in 50 million to over 70 million fatalities. These deaths make the war the deadliest
conflict in human history.
Greek military junta of 1967–1974
The Greek military junta of 1967–1974, alternatively "The Regime of the Colonels"
are terms used to refer to a series of right-wing military governments that ruled
Greece following a coup d'état led by a group of colonels on 21 April 1967. Military
rule ended in July 1974, after the uprising of the university Polytechnic at 14 th of
November 1973.
Foreign Relations
Greece has been a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 and
the eurozone since 2001, NATO since 1952, and the European Space Agency since
2005. It is also a founding member of the United Nations, the Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development, and the Organization of the Black Sea
Economic Cooperation.
Monetary Union of the European Union
Euro replaced drachma in 2001. Each one of the
eight Greek coins shows a unique design. All of
them have the 12 stars of the European Union.
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Part 2. Art and Science in Greece by Katsaouni M., Chatzi M-Ch.,
Theocharidis E. & Papavasileiou V.
ABSTRACT
In the particular work we investigated the arts and the sciences that were developed
in Greece by the antiquity up to today. The thematic regions that were investigated
are the arts in the antiquity, the monuments and museums, the sciences and the
technology in the antiquity and the modern art of cinema and painting.
Chapter 5. Art in ancient Greece
5.1 Architecture
The basic architectural styles in ancient
Greece were three: a) the Dorian, b) the
Ionic and c) the Corinthian. The Dorian is
distinguished for its simplicity, its austerity
and monumentality, while the Ionic is
known as more decorative and detailed.
The Corinthian style improved later and is
a development of the Ionic. Examples of
the Dorian style are Thissio and the
progate at the entrance of acropolis and some of the Ionic are Erecthion and the
temple of Zeus at Olympia. Major representatives of the architectural art for that
time are Iktinos, Kallikrates and Mnesikles.
5.2. Sculpture
The Greek sculpture was firstly known from kourous and daughters which were
human statues, symmetrical and properties dedicated to ancient Greek gods. Then,
they started gradually to change. Important sculptors were Praxiteles, Skopas,
Lysippus and significant sculptures of them are Nike of Samothrace and Charioteer of
Delphi.
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5.3 Painting
Vase Painting
In vase painting there were just two styles. The first was black-figure rhythm and the
other was the red-figure. These two were the main resplendent vessels during the
Classical period.
Monumental painting
For this type of painting we can’t know much things as our sources are limited
among the performances of vase painting, the Macedonians’ tombs and the
murals in royal tombs. Great painters of this era were Polygnotus, Mikon and Zeuxis.
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5.4 Coins and Jewellery
Not until the end of the 5th century did the Athenians cut their first pieces
of gold and the coins that Aristophanes was to call "fool's bronze" - coins with just a
coating of silver over a bronze core. They might be of better artistic quality, but they
never reached the high standard set by mints in other cities. From themid-4th
century onwards, the Athenian coinage was beginning to gradually lose its leading
place, as first Philip II's and then Alexander's silver tetradrachms and gold staters
replaced it for international dealing.
Ancient Greek jewelry commonly consisted of gold beads beautifully shaped like
shells, flowers and even beetles.
The fascination for jewelry in
ancient Greece is quite evident
from the excavations of beautiful
necklaces and earrings from
various sites, especially in the
northern part of Greece.
The Greeks were great enthusiasts
of jewelry and wore both simple as
well as complex pieces. For making
their jewelry items exclusive, the
Greeks mostly used gemstones, the
common ones being - emeralds,
garnets, pearls and amethysts.
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Chapter 6. Monuments and Museums of Greece
6.1 Monuments of Greece
Petralona’ s Cave
The cave of Petralona "embellished"
with stalagmites and stalactites is
located in the west foot of the Katsika
(Goat) mountain. The systematic
excavations of the Cave began in 1965
by the founder of the Anthropologic
Company of Greece. The researches
proved that the Arhanthropos is about
700.000 years old, and this makes him
the "oldest" European. This age was
determined after the detailed analysis of
stratigraphy (until today 28 geological layer have been revealed), and after studying
the primitive and Paleolithic tools as well as the palaiofauna that were discovered in
almost all the layers. Among the fossils of animals that have extinct the following are
included: lions, hyenas, bears, panthers, elephants, rhinoceros, megakeroi, bison and
various species of deer and hippo, and also 25 species of birds, 16 species of rodents
and 17 species of bats.
Knossos
Knossos is the site of the most
important and better known palace of
Minoan civilization. It is built in a large
mound named Kephala Hill, elevation
85 m (279 ft) from current sea level.
According to tradition, it was the seat
of the legendary king Minos. The
Palace is also connected with thrilling
legends, such as the myth of the
Labyrinth with the Minotaur, and the
story of Daidalos and Icaros.
Mycenae
Mycenae 'Rich in Gold', the kingdom of
mythical Agamemnon, first sung by Homer
in his epics, is the most important and
richest palatial centre of the Late Bronze
Age in Greece. Because of that in 1876
Heinrich Schliemann began excavating
Grave Circle A, where he uncovered five
graves. His work was continued in 18761877 by trench supervisor P. Stamatakis
who uncovered the sixth grave. In subsequent years C. Tsountas, D. Evangelidis, G.
Rosenwaldt, A. Keramopoulos and A. J. B. Wace excavated the palace and
cemeteries. In 1952-1955 I. Papadimitriou and G. Mylonas excavated Grave Circle B
and several houses, while G. Mylonas with N. Verdelis excavated parts of the
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settlement. Excavations by Lord W. Taylor uncovered the religious centre, while
further investigations were conducted by G. Mylonas and S. Iakovidis in 1959 and
1969-1974. In 1950-1955 A. Orlandos and E. Stikas supervised the restoration of the
Tomb of Clytaemnestra, the palace, Grave Circle B and the area surrounding the Lion
Gate.
Acropolis
The Parthenon is a temple on the
Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated
to the Greek goddess Athena, whom
the people of Athens considered their
virgin patron. It is the most important
surviving building of Classical Greece,
generally considered the culmination
of the development of the Doric order.
Its construction began in 447 BC by
Pericles, who initiated an ambitious building project, when the Athenian Empire was
at the height of its power. The Parthenon was built
under the general supervision of the sculptor
Phidias, who also had charge of the sculptural
decoration. The Parthenon itself replaced an older
temple of Athena, which historians call the PreParthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed
in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. The most
important buildings visible on the Acropolis today
are the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Erechtheion
and the temple of Athena Nike which were erected
during this period.
Temple of Poseidon at Sounio
Sounio has been a sacred site since
very ancient times. The "sanctuary
of Sounion" is first mentioned in the
Odyssey, as the place where
Menelaus stopped during his return
from Troy to bury his helmsman,
Phrontes
Onetorides.
Archaeological evidence has shown
that there were two organized
places of worship on the cape by
the 7th century BC: a sanctuary of Poseidon at the southern edge and a sanctuary of
Athena about 500 m to the northeast. Construction on a grand Temple of Poseidon
began around 500 BC but was never completed; the temple and all the votive
offerings were destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC. The Temple of Poseidon that
now stands at Soúnio was built in 444 BC atop the older temple ruins. The Temple of
Athena was also built at this time, atop her ancient sanctuary on the cape.
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Delphi
Delphi
is
both
an
archaeological site and a
modern town in Greece on
the south-western spur of
Mount Parnassus in the valley
of Phocis.
In Greek mythology, Delphi
was the site of the Delphic
oracle, the most important
oracle in the classical Greek
world. The sanctuary was the
centre of the Amphictyonic
League, an association of
twelve tribes of Thessaly and the Sterea with religious and later political significance.
Between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, the Delphic oracle, which was regarded
as the most trustworthy, was at its peak. It was delivered by the Pythia, the
priestess, and interpreted by the priests of Apollo. The rise of the Rationalist
movement in philosophy in the third century BC, damaged the oracle's authority, yet
its rituals continued unchanged into the second century AD, when it was consulted
by Hadrian. The Byzantine emperor Theodosius finally abolished the oracle and the
Slavs destroyed the precinct in 394 BC.
Olympia
Olympia a sanctuary of ancient Greece in
Elis, is known for having been the site of
the Olympic Games in classical times,
comparable in importance to the Pythian
Games held in Delphi. The Olympic Games
were held every four years, dating back to
776 BC. In 394 AD, emperor Theodosius I
abolished them as they were then
considered reminiscent of paganism.
Epidaurus
Epidaurus was a small city in ancient
Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern
towns bear the name Epidavros: Palaia
Epidavros and Nea Epidavros. The seat of
the municipality is the town Asklipieio.
The prosperity brought by the Asklepieion
enabled Epidaurus to construct civic
monuments too: the huge theatre that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and
beauty, which is used once again for dramatic performances, the ceremonial
Hestiatoreion (banqueting hall), baths and a palaestra. The theater was designed by
Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in
Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theatres (and as opposed to
Roman ones), the view on a lush landscape behind the scene is an integral part of
the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 15,000 people. The theatre
is marveled for its exceptional acoustics, which permit almost perfect intelligibility of
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unamplified spoken word from the proscenium or scene to all 15,000 spectators,
regardless of their seating.
Delos
Delos had a position as a holy sanctuary for a millennium before Olympian Greek
mythology made it the birthplace of Apollo
and Artemis. From its Sacred Harbour, the
horizon shows the two conical mounds that
have identified landscapes sacred to a
goddess in other sites: one, retaining its
pre-Greek name Mount Kynthos, is
crowned with a sanctuary of Dionysus. The
ruins of ancient Delos extend north and
south along the coast and consist of four
main areas: the Maritime Quarter (next to
the harbor); Theater District (southeast of
the harbor); Sanctuary of Apollo (north of the harbor in the center of the site); and
Lion District (north end of the ruins). A small tourist center in the Sanctuary of Apollo
includes a pricey restaurant and bar, but no overnight accommodations.
Vergina
Vergina is a small town in northern Greece,
located in the peripheral unit of Imathia,
Central Macedonia. The town became
internationally famous in 1977, when the
Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos
unearthed what he claimed was the burial
site of the kings of Macedon, including the
tomb of Philip II, father of Alexander the
Great. The finds established the site as the
ancient Aigai.
Dion
The site of ancient Dion was first identified by
the English traveler William Martin Leake on
December 2, 1806, in the ruins adjoining the
village of Malathria. He published his
discovery in the third volume of his Travels in
Northern Greece in 1835. Léon Heuzey
visited the site during his famous
Macedonian archaeological mission of 1855
and again in 1861. Later, the epigraphist G. Oikonomos published the first series of
inscriptions. Nevertheless, systematic archaeological exploration did not begin until
1928. From then until 1931, G. Sotiriadis carried out a series of surveys, uncovering a
4th-century BC Macedonian tomb and an early Christian basilica. Excavations were
not resumed until 1960 under the direction of G. Bakalakis in the area of the theatre
and the wall. Since 1973, Professor D. Pandermalis of the Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki has conducted archaeological research in the city. Dion is the site of a
large temple dedicated to Zeus, as well as a series of temples to Demeter and to Isis
(the Egyptian goddess was a favorite of Alexander). Alexander assembled his armies
in Dion before beginning his westward wars of conquest. In 2006, a statue of Hera
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was found built into the walls of the city. The statue, 2200 years old, had been used
by the early Christians of Dion as filling for the city's defensive wall.
Pella
Pella, an ancient Greek city located
in Pella Prefecture of Macedonia in
Greece, was the capital of the
ancient kingdom of Macedonia.
The first excavation of Pella was
begun by G. Oikonomos in 1914–
15. The modern systematic
exploration of the site began in
1953 and full excavation was being
done in 1957. The first series of
campaigns were completed in 1963, more excavations following in 1980. These digs
continue in the section identified as the agora. In February 2006, a farmer
accidentally uncovered the largest tomb ever found in Greece. The names of the
noble ancient Macedonian family are still on inscriptions and painted sculptures and
walls have survived. The tomb dates to the 2nd or 3rd century BC, following the rule
of Alexander the Great. Archaeological digs in progress since 1957 have uncovered a
small part of the city, which was made rich by Alexander and his heirs. The large
agora or market was surrounded by the shaded colonnades of stoae, and streets of
enclosed houses with frescoed walls round inner courtyards. The first trompe-l'oeil
wall murals imitating perspective views ever seen were on walls at Pella. There are
temples to Aphrodite, Demeter and Cybele,
and Pella's pebble-mosaic floors, dating
after the lifetime of Alexander, are famous:
some reproduce Greek paintings; one
shows a lion-griffin attacking a stag, a
familiar motif also of Scythian art, another
depicts Dionysus riding a leopard.
Amphipolis
Amphipolis was an ancient Greek city in the
region once inhabited by the Edoni people
in the present-day region of Central
Macedonia. It was built on a raised plateau
overlooking the east bank of the river Strymon where it emerged from Lake
Cercinitis, about 3 m from the Aegean Sea. Founded in 437 BC, the city was finally
abandoned in the 8th century AD. The present village Amfipoli, named after the
ancient city, occupies the site. It is a municipality in the Serres regional unit of
Macedonia, Greece. Amphipolis was the main power base of the Athenians in
Thrace and a target of choice for their Spartan adversaries. The Athenian population
remained very much in the minority within the city. A rescue expedition led by the
Athenian strategos (general, and later historian) Thucydides had to settle for
securing Eion and could not retake Amphipolis, a failure for which Thucydides was
sentenced to exile. A new Athenian force under the command of Cleon failed once
more in 422 BC during a battle at which both Cleon and Brasidas lost their lives.
Brasidas survived long enough to hear of the defeat of the Athenians and was buried
at Amphipolis with impressive pomp. From then on he was regarded as the founder
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of the city and honoured with yearly games and sacrifices. The city itself kept its
independence until the reign of the king Philip II despite several other Athenian
attacks, notably because of the government of Callistratus of Aphidnae.
Dodona
Dodona in Epirus in northwestern Greece, was an oracle devoted to a Mother
Goddess identified at other sites
with Rhea or Gaia, but here called
Dione, who was joined and partly
supplanted in historical times by the
Greek god Zeus. The archaeological
site of Dodona comprises the
sanctuary of Zeus and the acropolis.
Located at the foot of the hill, the
sanctuary is surrounded by an
enclosure; the acropolis occupies
the hilltop. Despite its importance,
the sanctuary was not heavily built
up, and for many centuries worship took place outdoors, with only a simple oikos
(house) serving the needs of the ceremony. Building activity increased at the end of
the fourth century and particularly during the third century BC, when a number of
large buildings, the remains of which are still visible, were constructed.
Mystras
Mystras is a fortified town and a
former municipality in Laconia,
Peloponnese, Greece. Situated on
Mt. Taygetos, near ancient Sparta, it
served as the capital of the
Byzantine Despotate of the Morea
in the 14th and 15th centuries,
experiencing a period of prosperity
and cultural flowering. The site
remained inhabited throughout the
Ottoman period, when it was
mistaken by Western travelers for
ancient Sparta. In the 1830s, it was
abandoned and the new town of Sparti was built, approximately eight kilometres to
the east. The most important monuments of the site are: The Castle, The Cathedral
of St. Demetrios, four Christian churches, two Monasteries, two Palaces of the
Mystras Despots and urban buildings.
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Castle of Platamonas
The Platamon Castle is a castle of the
middle Byzantine period (10th century AD)
and is located southeast of Mount
Olympus, in a strategic position which
controls the exit of the Tempe valley,
through which passes the main road
connecting Macedonia with Thessaly and
southern Greece. The tower, which
overlooks the highway, is an imposing
medieval fortress.
Mount Athos
Mount Athos is a mountain and
peninsula in Macedonia, Greece. A
World Heritage Site and self-governed
state in the Hellenic Republic, Athos is
home to 20 stavropegial Eastern
Orthodox monasteries under the
direct jurisdiction of the patriarch of
Constantinople.
Today
Greeks
commonly refer to Mount Athos as
the "Holy Mountain". In Classical
times, while the mountain was called
Athos, the peninsula was called Akté. As described above, today the 20 monasteries
of Mount Athos are the dominant holy institutions for both spiritual and
administrative purposes, consolidated by the Constitutional Chart of the Holy
Mountain. Although, since the beginning of Mount Athos' history, monks were living
in lodgings of different size and
construction quality. All these
monastic lodging types exist until
today, named as seats, cells, huts,
retreats, hermitages, caves, sketae
and all of them are known under the
general term "dependencies" of the
Holy Monasteries. The term "cells"
can be used under a more generalised
meaning, comprising all the above but
sketae, and following this term we can talk about three different kind of institutions
in Mount Athos: monasteries, sketae and cells.
Το The Holy Mountain is governed by the "Holy Community" which consists of the
representatives of the 20 Holy Monasteries, having as executive committee the fourmembered "Holy Administration", with the Protos being its head. Civil authorities are
represented by the Civil Governor, appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, whose main duty is to supervise the function of the institutions and the
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public order. The current Civil Governor is Aristos Kasmiroglou. Spiritually, Mount
Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Meteora
The Meteora is one of the largest and
most important complexes of Eastern
Orthodox monasteries in Greece,
second only to Mount Athos. The six
monasteries are built on natural
sandstone rock pillars, at the
northwestern edge of the Plain of
Thessaly near the Pineios river and
Pindus Mountains, in central Greece.
The most important monasteries of
Meteora are: The Holy Monastery of
Great Meteoron, The Holy Monastery
of Varlaam, The Holy Monastery of
Rousanou, The Holy Monastery of St. Nicholas Anapausas, The Holy Monastery of St.
Stephen and The Monastery of Holy Trinity. At the end of the 14th century, the
Byzantine Empire's 800-year reign over northern Greece was being increasingly
threatened by Turkish raiders who wanted control over the fertile plain of Thessaly.
The hermit monks, seeking a retreat from the expanding Turkish occupation, found
the inaccessible rock pillars of Meteora to be an ideal refuge. More than 20
monasteries were built, beginning in the 14th century. Six remain today.
The Bridge of Arta
The Bridge of Arta is a
stone bridge that crosses
the Arachthos river near
the city of Arta in Greece.
The bridge became famous
from
the
eponymous
legendary folk ballad, which
is at the core about human
sacrifice. From the ballad, a
number of Greek proverbs
and customary expressions arose, associated with interminable delays, as in the text
of the ballad: "All day they were building it, and in the night it would collapse."
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6.2 Museums of Greece
Acropolis Museum
The Acropolis Museum
houses all of the
portable
objects
removed from the
Acropolis since 1834,
with the exception of a
few bronzes displayed
in
the
National
Archeological Museum
and inscriptions in the
Epigraphical Museum. The museum's artifacts are primarily religious in nature,
including a fascinating collection of ancient statues used in religious ceremonies, and
they provide a fascinating visual history of Greek religion.
The permanent collection includes the following exhibits: The Slopes of the Acropolis
- including a look at an ongoing excavation beneath the museum, The Acropolis in
the Archaic Age, The Parthenon Room - display of all friezes remaining in Greece
(including portraits of Poseidon, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, and Eros) and a
sweeping view of the Partheon through a glass wall, Other Monuments of the
Classical Acropolis, The Temple of Artemis Vravrona, Classical and Hellenistic
Offerings and Roman Offerings.
National Archaeological Museum
The National Archaeological Museum
in Athens houses some of the most
important artifacts from a variety of
archaeological
locations
around
Greece from prehistory to late
antiquity. It is considered one of the
great museums in the world and
contains the richest collection of
artifacts from Greek antiquity
worldwide. It is situated in the
Exarcheia area in central Athens. The
first national archaeological museum in Greece was established by prime minister of
Greece Ioannis Kapodistrias in Aigina in 1829. Since then the archaeological
collection has been moved to a number of exhibition places until 1858, when an
international architectural competition was announced for the location and the
architectural design of the new museum.
The current location was proposed and the construction of the museum's building
began in 1866 and was completed in 1889 using funds from the Greek Government,
the Greek Archaeological Society and the society of Mycenae. Major benefactors
were Eleni Tositsa who donated the land for the building of the museum, Demetrios
and Nikolaos Vernardakis from Saint Petersburg who donated a large amount for the
completion of the museum.
The initial name for the museum was The Central Museum and it was renamed to its
current name in 1881 by Prime Minister of Greece Charilaos Trikoupis. In 1887 the
prominent archaeologist Valerios Stais becomes the museum's curator. During the
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World War II the museum was closed and the antiquities were sealed in special
protective boxes and buried, in order to avoid their destruction and looting. In 1945
exhibits were again displayed under the direction of Christos Karouzos. The south
wing of the museum houses the Epigraphic Museum with the richest collection of
inscriptions in the world.
Benaki Museum
The Benaki Museum, established and endowed in 1930 by Antonis Benakis in
memory of his father Emmanuel Benakis, is housed in the Benakis family mansion in
downtown Athens, Greece. The museum houses Greek works of art from the
prehistorical to the modern times, an extensive collection of Asian art, hosts periodic
exhibitions and maintains a state-of-the-art restoration and conservation workshop.
Although the museum initially housed a collection that included Islamic art, Chinese
porcelain and exhibits on toys, its 2000 re-opening led to the creation of satellite
museums that focused on specific collections, allowing the main museum to focus on
Greek culture over the span of the country's history.
Museum of Cycladic Art
The museum was founded in 1986 in
order to house the collection of
Cycladic and Ancient Greek art
belonging to Nicholas and Dolly
Goulandris. Starting in the early
1960s, the couple collected Greek
antiquities, with special interest in
the prehistoric art from the Cyclades
islands of the Aegean Sea. The
Cycladic culture may now be studied
only by its archaeological remains.
The collection exhibited on the 1st
floor of the main building contains
350 objects representative of every
phase or type of artefact those
islanders have left us, be that marble sculpture, pottery, or metal ware. Among the
exhibits, the marble figurines claim prime position. They represent human figures,
mostly female, with the arms folded above the belly. Their abstract form has
intrigued many contemporary artists. The collection includes representative
examples from all the figurine types, as well as a multitude of marble and clay
artefacts. This exhibition includes Greek artefacts from the Bronze Age through to
the Late Roman period. Most important categories of Greek art are represented by
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significant examples pottery, terracotta figurines, sculpture, metal and glass ware,
jewellery, and a good collection of coins from the Cyclades. The Greek Collection is
exhibited on the 2nd floor of the main building. The 4th floor houses the Charles and
Rita Politis Collection, donated to the Museum since 1989. This exhibition contains
marble statuary, terracottas, jewellery, and an important collection of ancient
bronze helmets.
Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki
The Archaeological Museum
of Thessaloniki is a museum
in Thessaloniki, Greece. It
holds and interprets artifacts
from the Archaic, Classical,
Hellenistic
and
Roman
periods, mostly from the city
of Thessaloniki but also from
the region of Macedonia in
general. The museum is
housed
in
a
building
designed
by
architect
Patroklos Karantinos and is
an example of the modern architectural trends of Greece. Built in 1962, the museum
had a new wing added to it in 1980, in which the findings from Vergina were
displayed, up until 1997. In 2001 and 2004, the museum was extensively restored
and its permanent exhibits reorganized. The central rooms hold exhibits from the
archeological excavations conducted in Thessaloninki and the broader area of
Macedonia. The new wing hosts two exhibitions: The Gold of Macedon, with artifacts
from the cemeteries of Sindos, Agia Paraskevi, Nea Filadelfia, Makrygialos, Derveni,
Lete, Serres, and Evropos; and The Thessaloniki Area in Prehistory, with material
from prehistoric settlements, dating from the Neolithic to the Early and Late Bronze
Age.
Museum of Byzantine Culture
The Museum of Byzantine
Culture is a museum in
Thessaloniki, Greece, which
opened in 1994. The
museum currently has three
permanent exhibitions. The
first,
"Early
Christian
Churches", focuses on the
design and decoration of
churches in early centuries of
Christianity. "Early Christian Cities and Dwellings", presents aspects of economic life,
domestic handicrafts, houses, and food and clothing of early Christians, and finally,
"From the Elysian Fields to the Christian Paradise" focuses on cemeteries of early
Christians, jewellery, sepulchral architecture and painting, cult customs, and clay and
glass objects recovered from excavated graves.
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The University Folklore Museum of Ioannina
The Folklore Museum is supervised and functions under the responsibility of the
Folklore
Section
of
the
Department of History and
Archeology of the University of
Ioannina.
The
Commission
consisting of three members of
the scientific staff of the section
shares part of the responsibility
for the conservation of the
collection, its enrichment, its
functioning, etc.
The first
Professor of the Chair of Folklore
of the Faculty of Philosophy, Sir Dimitrios Loukatos started to create the first
collection of the museum. The ulterior part of the collection basically originated from
donations made by his own students corresponding to their Professor's invitation to
contribute to the organization of a University Folklore Museum. The Museum
includes exhibits referred to in the 19th and 20th century objects and mainland
popular culture as: a) male and female traditional costumes, b) weaving and
embroidery works, c) works angioplasty, d) works with gold and silver, e) stone and
woodwork projects, f) household appliances, g ) agricultural tools, livestock and
others.
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Chapter 7. Science and Technology in Ancient Greece
7.1 Greek Science: Thales to Plato
The first recorded important contributions to Greek science are from the city
of Miletus,
beginning
with Thales in
about 585
B.C.,
followed
by Anaximander about555 B.C., then Anaximenes in 535 B.C. These Milesians were
the first to do real science, immediately recognizable as such to a modern scientist,
as opposed to developing new technologies.
The crucial contribution of Thales to scientific thought was the discovery of
nature. By this, we mean the idea that the natural phenomena we see around us are
explicable in terms of matter interacting by natural laws, and are not the results of
arbitrary acts by gods.
Concerning the universe, Anaximander suggested that the earth was a cylinder, and
the sun, moon and stars were located on concentric rotating cylinders. He also
considered the problem of the origin of life, which is of course more difficult to
explain if you don’t believe in gods! He suggested that the lower forms of life might
be generated by the action of sunlight on moist earth.
All three of these Milesians struggled with the puzzle of the origin of the universe,
what was here at the beginning, and what things are made of. Thales suggested that
in the beginning there was only water, so somehow everything was made of
it. Anaximander supposed that initially there was a boundless chaos, and the
universe grew from this as from a seed. Anaximenes had a more sophisticated
approach, to modern eyes. His suggestion was that originally there was only air
(really meaning a gas) and the liquids and solids we see around us were formed by
condensation.
One of the most important contributions of the Greeks was their development of
geometry, culminating in Euclid’s Elements, a giant textbook containing all the
known geometric theorems at that time (about 300 BC), presented in an elegant
logical fashion.
Pythagoras founded what we would nowadays call a cult, a religious group with
strict rules about behavior, including diet (no beans), and a belief in the immortality
of the soul and reincarnation in different creatures. This of course contrasts with the
Milesians’ approach to life. The Pythagoreans believed strongly that numbers, by
which they meant the positive integers 1,2,3, ..., had a fundamental, mystical
significance. The numbers were a kind of eternal truth, perceived by the soul, and
not subject to the uncertainties of perception by the ordinary senses.
Pythagoras is of course most famous for the theorem about right angled triangles,
that the sum of the squares of the two sides enclosing the right angle is equal to the
square of the long side, called the hypotenuse.
Heraclitus, from Ephesus, claimed that “everything flows”, and even objects which
appeared static had some inner tension or dynamism. Parminedes, an Italian Greek,
came to the opposite conclusion, that nothing ever changes, and apparent change is
just an illusion, a result of our poor perception of the world.
The first physicist to give a clear formulation of a possible resolution of the problem
of change was Empedocles around 450 B.C., who stated that everything was made
up of four elements: earth, water, air and fire. He asserted that the elements
themselves were eternal and unchanging. Another physicist, Anaxogoras, argued
that no natural substance can be more elementary than any other, so there were an
infinite number of elements, and everything had a little bit of everything else in it.
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The most famous and influential of the fifth century B.C. physicists, though, were
the atomists, Leucippus of Miletus and Democritus of Abdera. They claimed that the
physical world consisted of atoms in constant motion in a void, rebounding or
cohering as they collide with each other.
It is also worth mentioning that at this
same time, on the island of Kos (see
map) just a few miles from Miletus,
lived
the
first
great
doctor, Hippocrates. He
and
his
followers adopted the Milesian point
of view, applied to disease, that it was
not caused by the gods, even epilepsy,
which was called the sacred disease,
but there was some rational explanation, such as infection, which could perhaps be
treated. (by Michael Fowler, UVa Physics, 8/23/08)
7.2 Technology
Anaximander invents the map and the gnomon
Anaximander was the first person to attempt to produce a
map of the world. This map must have shown a circular
earth - the top of the cylinder. It would have the
Mediterranean Sea at its centre and show lands to the
north and south, since this was the known world at the
time.
Another first for Anaximander is the invention of the solar
gnomon. The solar gnomon could be used to determine
midday (the time of shortest shadow). Since at this time
the sun was due south, the gnomon was used to find what
we would call today 'the points of the compass'.
Architas Invents the First Flying Machine
In the 425 B.C, Architus the Tarantinos, mathematician
and philosopher, friend of Plato, manufactured the first
flying machine in world history. He called it "pigeon" or " a
machine that flies”.
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The Antikythera mechanism
The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient mechanical computer designed to
calculate astronomical positions. It was recovered in 1900–1901 from
the Antikythera wreck.[ Its significance and complexity were not understood until
decades later. The construction has been dated to the early 1st century BCE.
Technological artifacts of similar complexity and workmanship did not reappear until
the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks were built in Europe. The
device is displayed at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, accompanied
by a reconstruction.
Talos, the first robot
In Greek
mythology, Talos
was
a
giant
man
of
bronze
who
protected Europa in Crete from pirates and invaders by circling the island's shores
three times daily[ while guarding it.
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Chapter 8. Art in Modern Greece
8.1 Modern Greek cinema
The Greek and the Balkan cinema beggins the first decades of the 20th century with
a small number of films. During the First World War, the film production is not
inhibited completely, but limited to war news. The rise begins after the Second
World War. Golden Age of Greek cinema is the period from 1960 to 1973, and
reaches 97 films a year. However, from 1974 so far film production is significantly
lower, from 10 to 40 films a year.
The most important of the Greek writers-directors are to alphabetical order:
Theodoros Angelopoulos (1935-2012): film director,
screenwriter and film producer. Angelopoulos's films
have left their traces from Europe to America and from
Australia to Japan, because in the history of Greek
cinema and history of Greece his movies marked the
emergence of another look. The ancient myths and the
ancient theater, like the theater in general, were
sources of inspiration to Angelopoulos, who was
adopting the theatrical form to express his own, very
personal (and for many misunderstood) style of slow
and long shots.
Some of Angelopoulos’s movies stations are: Alexander the Great (Ο
Μεγαλέξανδρος 1980), Voyage to Cythera (Ταξίδι στα Κύθηρα 1984) The Beekeeper
(Ο μελισσοκόμος 1986), Landscape in the Mist (Τοπίο στην Ομίχλη 1988), The Look
of Ulysses (Το βλέμμα του Οδυσσέα 1995), Eternity and a Day, (Μια αιωνιότητα και
μια μέρα 1998), The Weeping Meadow (Το λιβάδι που δακρύζει 2003), the Dust of
Time (Η σκόνη του χρόνου 2008).
Pantelis Voulgaris (1940) although he belongs to the
new generation of filmmakers who have renewed the
Greek cinema, he does not contravene the old Greek
cinema and its creators. In his films, he combines high
aesthetics with a thematic which is accessible to the
general public.
Some of his films are: Deep soul (Ψυχή Βαθιά 2009),
Brides (Νύφες 2004), Acropol (Ακροπόλ 1995), Stone Years (Πέτρινα χρόνια 1985),
Happy Day (1976), the matchmaking of Anna (Το προξενιό της Άννας 1972).
Kostas Gavras (1933) political engaged films.
A series of films were protests for the repressive regimes, and
they strongly criticize the U.S. agent.
Some of his films are: Z (1969), Hanna K (Χάνα Κ 1983), The
Betrayed (ο Προδομένος 1988), Music Box (1990), Missing (Ο
Αγνοούμενος 1982).
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Vasilis Georgiadis (1921-2000)
V. Georgiadis is the film maker who attempted, with
significant results, the renewal of basic items in indigenous
film production.
Films: The Red lanterns (Κόκκινα Φανάρια 1963), painted red
soil (Το αίμα βάφτηκε κόκκινο 1965), Girls in the sun (Κορίτσια
στον ήλιο 1968).
Alexis Damianos (1921-2006): film director, theater director
and TV director. He directed three feature films that are very
significant for Greek cinema: By boat (Μέχρι το πλοίο 1966),
Evdokia (Ευδοκία 1970), Charioteer (Ηνίοχος 1995). Evdokia
is
considered
by
many
to
be
the
best Greek film has ever shot.
Mixalis Kakogiannis (1921-2011) Kakogiannis is the first who
broadened the scope of Greek cinema. With awards and
international co-productions. He directed some ancient Greek
tragedies, sych as Elektra, The Trojan Women and Iphigenia.
In 1964, directs Alexis Zorbas, a film based on the
homonymous book by Nikos Kazantzakis, which, with the
international title Zorba the Greek, becomes a great success.
Some of his films: Stella (Στέλλα 1955), The girl in black (Το
κορίτσι με τα μαύρα 1956), The last lie (Το τελευταίο ψέμα
1958), Attilas (Αττίλας 1974).
Nikos Koundouros (1926) Nikos Koundouros is a notable artist in
the history of Greek cinema, with a vibrant cinematic language.
In 1953 he shots his first film, the Magic City (Η Μαγική Πόλη)
and in 1956, directs the Dragon (Δράκος), which is a remarkable
film for Greek cinema. The directorial career culminated in 1963
with the Best Director Award at Berlin’s festival for the film
Young Aphrodites (Μικρές Αφροδίτες).
Giorgos Lanthimos (1973) He studied film and television
directing at the School Stavrakos in Athens. Since 1995 he
has directed films, plays, videodance and several television
commercials. He became well known from the film Dogtooth
(Κυνόδοντας), which he directed at 2009.
Giorgos Tzavellas (1916-1976) He was a pioneer for its time
director. Several films have been hits, such as The Drunkard(Ο
μεθύστακας 1950), Agnes of the Port (Η Αγνή του λιμανιού
1952), To Soferaki (Το Σοφεράκι 1953), The Counterfeit pound (Η
Κάλπικη Λίρα 1955) and are considered the most important films
of Greek cinema.
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8.2 Modern Greek Painting
The first painting of post-revolutionary years, with main representatives
Theodore Vryzakis and Dionysios Tsokos, who were the precursors of the school
Munich is all about battle scenes from the struggle against the Turks
and portraits of the fighters.
Nikiforos Lytras (1832-1904): Considered the anchestor
of modern Greek Painting and one of the most
important representatives of the Munich School and a
pioneer in configuration the teaching of Fine Arts in
Greece. Lytras, through his work expresses his love for
ordinary people around him, avoiding the violent scenes
and blatant compositions. He painted mostly portraits
and scenes from everyday life using simple tools, and
crafting an intensely lyrical atmosphere.
Kissing. N. Lytras Before 1878, oil on canvas,
E. Koutlidis Institution
Constantinos Volanakis (18371907): was one of the most
important painters of the 19th
century. Excelled in the seascape.
The sea, ships and ports were a
constant source of inspiration for
Volanakis. Considered one of the
leading
representatives
of
academic realism, the so-called
"Munich School".
Octoberfest ή Fair in Munich. K. Volanakis (1876). Oil on canvas,
National Gallery- Alexandros Soutzos Museum
The secret school. N. Gizis 1885-1886,
oil on canvas, Private collection
Nikolaos
Gizis
(1842-1901):
Nikolaos Gizis is one of the most
important representatives of the
academic realism of the late 19th
century., the conservative art
movement known as the "Munich
School", both in Greek and across
Europe. He studied at the Royal
Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, where he endorsed all the principles of German
teachers creating extraodinary works within the limits of historical realism and genre
painting.
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Giorgos Iacovidis (1855-1932): Iacovidis has defined the German academic
naturalism of so-called "Munich School". His subjects, although alive and full of
Greek light, are filled of the theatricality and the severity, imposed by academicism.
His view for impressionism was critical. During his stay in Germany, his painting
subjects were mainly scenes of
everyday
life,
especially
compositions with children, home
interiors, still lifes, flowers and more.
On his return to Greece he turned to
creating portraits and he was one of
the greatest Greek portraitists. He
distinguished himself as a painter of
children's scenes, portraits and
floriography.
Children’s concert. G. Iakovidis (1894). Oil on canvas, National Gallery
The Greek Painting in the 20th century accepted the effects of European Art’s
trends, especially the impact of Impressionism. Greek painters assimilated these
effects and combined them with the Greek traditions and adapting them to each
personal style. At the same time Theophilus developed folk painting.
Theophilos Hadjimichael or Theophilus (18701934). The dominant feature of his paintings is
Greekness and illustrations of Greek folklore and
history. He is regarded as the best Greek folk
artist.
The hero Athanasios Diakos in 1821. Theophilos
Collection Al. Xidi, Museum of contemporary art
In the late 1920's appeared the Art Group which includes the following artists:
Constantine Parthenis (1878-1967), whose work brought significant change in the
Greek art in the early 20th century. He came into contact with German expressionism
and early German symbolism. The “Greekness” of
his work classifies the
precursors and modulators of the "Generation of
'30." classifies him to the precursors and
modulators of the "Generation of '30."
Glorification of A. Diakos. C. Parthenis (1931). Oil,
Sp. Loverdos institution
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George Bouzianis (1885-1959): Represents the
expressionist tendencies in painting. Since 1910,
he abandoned the classical form in painting. At his
works began to give more emphasis on the
depiction of human form - especially the female
figure - and the feelings that generates this fix.
Dancers. G. Bouzianis (1936). Oil on canvas.National
Gallery – Alexandros Soutzos Museum
By Spyros Papaloukas (1892-1957) the Greek
painting enters the world of abstract art. Spyros
Papaloukas was a great connoisseur of artistic
trends of his time, and also a great connoisseur of
Byzantine art. His works combine Impressionism
of Cezanne, Matisse and Van Gogh with the
spirituality of Byzantine icons.
Boy with braces. S. Papaloukas (1925). Oil on
cardboard, National Gallery of Greece – Alexandros
Soutzos museum
The "Generation of '30’s" attempted to synthesize
the modernism of Europe with the Greek
tradition. Artists and writers looking for patterns in the Greek tradition to combine
them with modern art and create a Greek modernism. This generation accepts
European trends and as a result a number of trends ingrowned into Greece and
affected on art.
Fotis Kontoglou (1896-1965) Although he had
studied in Paris, rejects the European innovative
movements and turns to the pure values of the
Byzantine tradition. Kontoglou sought the
'Greekness' by returning to the Greek tradition,
both in literature and in his paintings. He was also a
major contributor in the field of Byzantine
iconography.
F. Kontoglou. The birth of Christ
1946. mural Zoodoxos Pigi temple
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The four seasons. G. Tsarouxis, 1969, oil on canvas
Giannis Tsarouxis (1910-1989)
He turns to folk forms of the
Greek area, creating a new
painting, near to the Greek
tradition and reality. He
studied near Kontoglou (1931 1934), who introduced him to
Byzantine iconography. He also
studied architecture and folk
costume. He paints drawing on
Hellenistic art, Byzantium, the
fittings of Karagiozis, the Greek
art, the Renaissance times, but
always through the reflection of contemporary art and especially of Matisse
(Fauvism). In his paintings he deifies young men and depicts everyday scenes.
Nikos Eggonopoulos (1907-1985) He is the representative of surrealism in Greece.
In his paintings Byzantine art is linked with the metaphysical painting of De Chirico.
The perspective is lost, the space looks like theatrical and individuals look like
statues. But in his paintings can be seen data from the Greek antiquity, the Greek
mythological themes, styles modeled by Byzantine style.
Eggonopoulos’s oil paintings
Nikos Hatzikyriakos-Gkikas (1906-1994) He was an important painter, sculptor,
printmaker, illustrator, writer and scholar. He embraces cubism and paints cubist
landscapes, interiors and still lifes with Greek light and color.
The artist’s workshop
N. Hatzikyriakos- Gkikas
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Spyros Vasileiou (1902-1985) He belongs
to the artists who developed a personal
style.
Sea
Spyros Vasileiou
Thessaloniki’s Municipal art gallery
Giannis Moralis (1916-2009) He belongs to the descendants of "Generation of ‘30’s."
In his paintings dominate female youth forms. At first he is inspired by the Byzantine
Fayum, the Renaissance, the Nterain. Then he is affected by the Pompeian painting
and ancient tombstones. Eroticism, death, youth, the architecture define his work
until 1970.
Two friends Moralis 1946
A woman. G. Moralis 1971-72
Alexis Akrithakis (1939-1994)
Akrithakis worked on the
books’
illustration,
scenography and design.
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Kostas Tsoklis (1930) K. Tsoklis belongs to the typical cases of artists whose work
can not be join in artistic style trends. So, Minimal Art, Arte Povera, Conceptual Art,
Pop Art and Nouveau Realisme in various phases of Tsoklis’s artistic movement
claimed part of his work. In the 1990's K. Tsoklis moved on more free forms of
expression, based on large installations, the technological processes and actions in
order to activate the visual space of the viewer.
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Part 3. Greek Literature by Gatsiou E., Vasileiadou S., Mallia G.&
Ardanioti E.
ABSTRACT
In this work we investigated the evolution of the main aspects of the Greek literature
from the ancient times until today. The thematic areas that were investigated are
the formation of the Greek language, the ancient poetry and prose, the Byzantine
and modern literature and the evolution of the Greek theatre.
Chapter 9. The evolution of the Greek Language and the Greek ancient
Epic Poetry
9.1 The evolution of the Greek Language
Phase A: Linear A and Linear B
Linear A was discovered by Arthur Evans in 1900. This
script is the ancestor of Linear BLinear A has not been
deciphered, and is one of the biggest mysteries of
modern archeologyLinear B is the first writing of the
Greek language, later form of Linear A, used in the
Mycenaean period, from 17th to the 13th century
BCDiscovered in the early twentieth century at Knossos
by Arthur Evans.
Phase B: Ancient Greek Dialects
The ancient dialects can be classified into three single groups defined geographically
as follows: 1) the Ionic-Attic dialect 2) the Arcadocypriot and Aiolic
3) the Doric. The dialects have a decisive influence in ancient poetry and prose.
Phase C: Hellenistic Koine
The Hellenistic Koine is the popular form of ancient Greek language that appeared in
post-classical antiquity. The Common is important not only for the Greeks but also to
the Western culture. The Common was also the language in which the Gospels were
written and the language used for teaching and spread of Christianity in the first
years after Christ.
Phase D: Medieval Greek
Medieval Greek language is the period described as the fourth period in the history
of the Greek language. This period typically begins in the 12th century. As the
medieval common’s ancestor is Hellenistic Koine and as a descendant of her is the
new Greek.
Phase E: Diglossia
The tradition of diglossia, the simultaneous existence of vernacular and archaizing
written forms of Greek, was renewed in the modern era in the form of a polarization
between two competing varieties: Dimotiki, the vernacular form of Modern Greek
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proper, and Katharevousa, meaning 'purified', an imitation of classical Greek, which
was developed in the early 19th century and used for literary, juridic, administrative
and scientific purposes in the newly formed modern Greek state. The diglossia
problem was brought to an end in 1976 (Law 306/1976), when Dimotikí was declared
the official language of Greece and it is still in use for all official purposes and in
education, having incorporated features of Katharevousa, giving birth to Standard
Greek.
9.2 Ancient Greek Epic Poetry
This poetry has its beginnings in the Mycenaean period. The epic poetry developed
especially during the Geometric period (11th - 8th century BC) in the cities of Asia
Minor. The most known epic poets are Homer and Hesiod.
Homer is the author of the poetic texts of the Iliad and the
Odyssey, the first texts of the historical period of ancient
Greece, known as "Homeric epics."the Iliad and Odyssey
were written in the 8th century BC. The Iliad is the earliest,
and possibly several decades. Hewas Ionas singer, a
holdover long tradition of oral heroic narratives, who
composed the Iliad around 750 BC and Odyssey around
710 BC.
With Hesiod we pass from the heroic epic to the teaching. The
Theogony of Hesiod recounts the genesis of the world and the
gods and the Works and Days deals with issues of everyday life
9.3. Ancient Greek Lyric Poetry
The importance of "lyric poetry" in ancient song was
accompanied by lyre and included two types, choral poetry
and monody. Two latters genres were the elegiac
poetry and the iambic poetry accompanied by other
instruments.
Sapho, was Greek lyric poet of Lesbos, well known from
ancient times until today for her poems. She was born in
Eressos on Lesvos.
The ancient poet Alcaeus was born in Mytilene about 620
BC. He was involved actively in politics. In fact he regarded poetry as a weapon in his
political struggles.
Simonides Ceos (556 BC-469 BC) was a Greek lyric poet, too. With praise, he
achieved 56 victories. In his poems dominates rational criticism of talent and deep
feeling. The "Ceos" generally dealt with all kinds of lyric poetry.
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Chapter 10. Ancient Greek Prose
10.1 Historiography
One of the forms of literature that developed greatly in Classical Athens was
historiography. Herodotus was to be nicknamed "pater historiae" ("the Father of
History") by Cicero and the name has stuck. History is investigating and narrating on
the basis of personal witness. If we take this as the criterion, it was Thucydides who
was the representative par excellence of scientific historiography, whereas
Herodotus had not yet reached this stage. Thucydides' work was con continued
by Xenophon. .
Herodotus
Thucydides
Xenophon
Herodotus was born in Halicarnassus and lived in the 5th century BC. He has been
called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his
materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a
well-constructed and vivid narrative. The Histories—his masterpiece and the only
work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry", being an
investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of
geographical and ethnographical information. His work is the earliest Greek prose to
have survived intact.
Thucydides was born in Alimos near Athens. His History of the Peloponnesian
War recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC.
Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history", because of his strict
standards of evidence-gathering and analysis in terms of cause and effect without
reference to intervention by the gods, as outlined in his introduction to his work.He
has also been called the father of the school of political realism, which views the
relations between nations as based on might rather than right. More generally,
Thucydides showed an interest in developing an understanding of human nature to
explain behaviour in such crises as plague, massacres, as in that of the Melians,
and civil war.
Xenophon,
was
a
Greek historian, soldier, mercenary, philosopher and
a
contemporary and admirer of Socrates. He is known for his writings on the history of
his own times, the 4th century BC, preserving the sayings of Socrates, and
descriptions of life in ancient Greece and the Persian Empire. Xenophon's writings,
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especially the Anabasis,. His Hellenica is a major primary source for events in Greece
from 411 to 362 BC, and is considered to be the continuation of the History of the
Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, going so far as to begin with the phrase
"Following these events...". The Hellenica recounts the last seven years of the
Peloponnesian war, as well as its aftermath. His Socratic writings, preserved
complete, along with the dialogues of Plato, are the only surviving representatives of
the genre of Sokratikoi logoi.
Polybius (ca. 200–118 BC), was a Greek historian of
the Hellenistic Period noted for his work, The Histories,
which covered the period of 220–146 BC in detail. The work
describes in part the rise of the Roman Republic and its
gradualdomination over Greece. Polybius is considered by
some to be the successor of Thucydides in terms
of objectivity and critical reasoning, and the forefather of
scholarly,
painstaking
histor was
a
Greek historian,biographer, essayist,
and Middle
Platonist known
primarily
for
his Parallel
Lives and Moraliaical research in the modern scientific sense.
Plutarch was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known
primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia. He lived a very active social and political
life, during which produced anincredible corpus of texts that have survived to our
times. The most famous work is Parallel Lives, a series of biographies of
famous Greeks and Romans. Plutarch's work influenced the English and French
literature
Arrian of Nicomedia, was a historian, public servant,
military commander and philosopher of the 2ndcentury Roman period. As with other authors of the Second
Sophistic. Anabasis of Alexander is perhaps his best known
work and is generally considered one of the best sources on
the campaigns of Alexander the Great, not to be confused
with Anabasis,
then
best-known
work
of
the Athenian military leader and author Xenophon from the
4th century BC.
10.2 Philosophy
The four important and competitive schools of philosophy,
which were founded in the 4th century BC, were : Plato's
Academy (387 BC), the Peripatetic school of Aristotle (335
BC) -which was created from the Academy-, the Stoa Poikile
of Zeno (306 BC)and the Garden of Epicurus (301 BC)
Socrates was
a classical
Greek Athenian philosopher.
Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is
an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of
later classical writers, especially the writings of his students
Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would
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claim that Plato's dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to
survive from antiquity. Innumerable are the students that have dealt with in the
centuries that followed his death. 399 B.C. There was a category against him for
disrespect to the gods and for corruptness of young persons. The philosopher was
condemned, with this category, in death. The Socratic method named after
the classical Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of inquiry and debate between
individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to
stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas. It is a dialectical method, often
involving an oppositional discussion in which the defense of one point of view is
pitted against the defense of another; one participant may lead another to
contradict him in some way, strengthening the inquirer's own point. As the first
philosophers therefore search the first beginning of creation, thus and Sokrates
search for the beginning of each moral significance. In other words he searched for
the absolute and it rejected relative.
Plato (427/347BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student
of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and
founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution
of higher learning in the Western world. Plato's
sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic
dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have
been ascribed to him. The Academy, apart from
philosophy, important research made also in the field
of mathematics, geometry, political science but also
justice. . Plato considered still very important factor for
the ideal state, the education. According to his theory
therefore it supports the following: The young persons
that from the parts of their soul prevailing the their
wants, will limit itself in the learning of practical arts
while the young persons that in the soul their first place possesses their feelings, are
taught the mathematics and the other sciences.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher
of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects,
including physics, metaphysics, poetry,theater, music, logi
c, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biolog
y, and zoology. Aristotle's writings were the first to create
a comprehensive system of Western philosophy,
encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science,
politics and metaphysics. By 335 BC he had returned to
Athens, establishing his own school there known as
the Lyceum. Aristotle conducted courses at the school for
the next twelve years. Aristotle proposed a fifth element,
aether, in addition to the four proposed earlier
Plato (left) Aristotle (right)
by Empedocles.
Sophists were a category of teachers who specialized in using the tools
of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching arete — excellence, or virtue
— predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. The practice of charging money
for education (and providing wisdom only to those who can pay) led to the
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condemnations made by Socrates . Through works such as these, Sophists were
portrayed as 'specious' or 'deceptive', hence the modern meaning of the term.
10.3 Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or
writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in
specific situations. As a subject of formal study and a productive civic practice,
rhetoric has played a central role in the Western tradition. Its best known definition
comes from Aristotle, who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics, and
calls it "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.
Lysias (445 BC – 380 BC) was a speech writer, who wrote
above 230 forensic reasons, by
which entire have been saved
hardly 34, while from other have
been saved parts. His work is
characterized by the simplicity
and the austerity of his speech
and is talk about the political
situation and the morals of his
time.
Isocrates (436–338 BC), was also an
ancient
Greek rhetorician. In his time, he was probably the most influential rhetorician in
Greece and made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching
and written works. Isocrates was born to a wealthy family in Athens and received a
fine education. He was greatly influenced by his sophist teachers, Prodicus and
Gorgias, and was also closely acquainted with Socrates. After the Peloponnesian
War, Isocrates' family lost its wealth, and Isocrates was forced to earn a living.
Demosthenes (384–322 BC)
was a prominent Greek statesman and orator of ancient
Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression
of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and
provide an insight into the politics and culture of ancient
Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes
learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous
great orators. For a time, Demosthenes made his living
as a professional speech-writer (logographer) and a
lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.
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Chapter 11. Byzantine and Modern Greek Literature
11.1 Byzantine and Post Byzantine Literature (4th century-1821)
During the middle ages, Byzantium was the only Greek place where the Greek
culture and literature has been developed. These literary works were the inspiration
for
the
literary
works
of
the
following
centuries.
The
Byzantine Literature divided into the following periods:
First Period(4th-6thc.)
The Probyzantine and Byzantine literature is the literature
that has been created in the Greek East during the 4 th-6th
century. This literature were influenced by the Orthodox
Christian religion and expressed by the apologists and the
ministers of Christianism. The most important creators of
this period are the 3 “Fathers of the Christianity” (3
Ierarches).
Second Period (527-1204 AD)
This period begins from the 6th century and ends in the 13th
century. The most important literary creations of this period
were (during the 6th and 7th century) the Byzantine scrolls and
during the 8th century the Byzantine “rules”. The most
important scroll’s creator of this period is the “Roman the
melodist”, who wrote more than 1000 scrolls.
Third Period (1204-1453 AD)
The literature of the Greek Paleologian
years. The most important literary
creators of this period were the Kassiani, the only Byzantine,
talented woman who wrote poets and the Michael Psellos
who was Philosopher, historian and lawyer. His most known
creation is the “Chronographia”.
During the 10th century was created the “Digenes Akrites”
folksong. Digenes Akrites is the most famous of the Acritic
Songs. The epic refers to the life of its eponymous hero and
presents an aspect of the life in Mikra Asia and in Acritic areas.
Fourth Period (1453-1821 AD)
During this period we find the verse knightly novels which were written in
Byzantium from the 13th to the 15th century. The novels of this period reflect the
world, which was formed in the East with the installation of the Franks in the Greek
lands.
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Ottoman Rule
During this period, had been written in Greece the Greek
folksongs. This songs refer to the Greek revolution against
the ottoman rule. There are also poems, which are inspired
from the Greek revolution. A poem like that is ”Thourios”
which is written by Rigas Feraios. This poem was written to
animate the enslaved Greeks to revolute against the
ottoman rule.
Thourios by Rigas Feraios
O braves, must we live in the narrow passes, Alone, like
lions, upon the mountain ridges? Living in caves, seeing
before us only trees, Fleeing from the world because of bitter slavery? Losing
brothers, homeland and parents, Our friends, our children and all our kin? Better a
single hour of a life that is free, Than forty years of slavery and prison
Greek Folk Songs
The most interesting part about Greek folk music is that the creators and composers
are predominantly unknown. The sound and the lyrics were born at some time
during the past centuries and stayed as a part of local tradition. In most cases, the
creator is not just one person, but entire settlements, villages and communities Their
sound is either monophonic or with harmonic accompanying, depending on the
region.
11.2 Greek Modern Literature (1821-2000)
1st Period (1821-1880)
The most important literary work which belongs in this period is the “Hymn to liberty
written by the most important poet of this period named Dionysios Solomos. He
belonged to one of the two most important literature schools of that time the
“Heptanese School”. The other school is named “First Athenian School" and its most
known feature is the romance.
The Heptanese School of literature represents the literary production of the Ionian
Island's from the late 18th century till the end of the 19th century. The Hymn to
Liberty or Hymn to Freedom is a poem written by Dionýsios Solomós in1823. The
hymn was set to music in 1865 by the composer Nikolaos Mantzaros and in 1865, the
first three stanzas and later the first two became the national anthem of Greece.
HYMN TO LIBERTY
We knew thee of old,
Oh, divinely restored,
By the lights of thine eyes,
And the light of thy Sword,
From the graves of our slain,
Shall thy valour prevail.
As we greet thee againHail, Liberty! Hail!
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2nd Period (1880-1930)
During the period 1880-1930 had appeared very important poets and literateurs.
Many of them were influenced by the parnassism, the naturalism, the symbolism
e.t.c. They wrote some of the most important representative works masterpieces of
the Greek literature. Some of them are:
Nikos Kazantzakis (1883 – 1957) was a Greek writer and philosopher, celebrated for
his novel Zorba the Greek, considered his magnum opus. He became known globally
after the 1964 release of the Michael Cacoyannis film Zorba the Greek, based on the
novel. His most famous novels include Zorba the Greek (1946); The Greek
Passion (1948, UK title Christ Recrucified); Captain Michalis (1950, UK title Freedom
and Death); The Last Temptation of Christ (1951); Saint Francis (1956, UK title God's
Pauper: St. Francis of Assisi). Report to Greco (1961), containing both
autobiographical and fictional elements, summed up his philosophy as the "Cretan
Glance." Some of this "popular" writing was nevertheless distinguished, such as his
books based on his extensive travels, which appeared in the series "Travelling" which
he founded. These books on Greece, Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Cyprus, Spain, Russia, Japan,
China, and England were masterpieces of Greek travel literature. A part from his
great book “Askitiki” follows:
WE COME from a dark abyss, we end in a dark abyss, and we call the luminous
interval life. As soon as we are born the return begins, at once the setting forth and
the coming back; we die in every moment. Because of this many have cried out: The
goal of life is death! But as soon as we are born we begin the struggle to create, to
compose, to turn matter into life; we are born in every moment. Because of this many
have cried out: The goal of ephemeral life is immortality!
Constantine
P.
Cavafy
(1863–1933)
was
a
famous Greek poet who lived in Alexandria. He published
154 poems and he drew his themes from his personal
experience, along with a deep and wide knowledge of
history, especially of the Hellenistic era. Many of his poems
are pseudo-historical, or seemingly historical, or accurately,
but quirkily, historical. His most known poet worldwide is
“Ithaca”.
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C. KAVAFIS, ITHACA
When you set out on your journey to Ithaca,
pray that the road is long,
full of adventure, full of knowledge.
The Lestrygonians and the Cyclops,
the angry Poseidon -- do not fear them:
You will never find such as these on your path,
if your thoughts remain lofty, if a fine
emotion touches your spirit and your body.
The Lestrygonians and the Cyclops,
the fierce Poseidon you will never encounter,
if you do not carry them within your soul,
if your soul does not set them up before you.
Pray that the road is long.
That the summer mornings are many, when,
with such pleasure, with such joy
you will enter ports seen for the first time;
stop at Phoenician markets,
and purchase fine merchandise,
mother-of-pearl and coral, amber and ebony,
and sensual perfumes of all kinds,
as many sensual perfumes as you can;
visit many Egyptian cities,
to learn and learn from scholars.
Always keep Ithaca in your mind.
To arrive there is your ultimate goal.
But do not hurry the voyage at all.
It is better to let it last for many years;
and to anchor at the island when you are old,
rich with all you have gained on the way,
not expecting that Ithaca will offer you riches.
Ithaca has given you the beautiful voyage.
Without her you would have never set out on the road.
She has nothing more to give you.
And if you find her poor, Ithaca has not deceived you.
Wise as you have become, with so much experience,
you must already have understood what Ithacas mean.
Generation of 1930
This generation is best known for the introduction of free
verse and the introduction of surrealism.This literature is also
called “modern” literature and its most famous representors
are Odysseas Elytis and Giorgos Seferis.
Giorgos Seferis was one of the most important Greek poets of
the 20th century, and a Nobel laureate. In 1963, Seferis was
awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his eminent
lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic
world of culture. His poem “Denial” is following next:
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G. SEFERIS, DENIAL
On the secret seashore
white like a pigeon
we thirsted at noon;
but the water was brackish.
On the golden sand
we wrote her name;
but the sea-breeze blew
and the writing vanished.
With what spirit, what heart,
what desire and passion
we lived our life: a mistake!
So we changed our life.
Odysseas Elytis
Odysseas Elytis (1911 –1996) was regarded as a major
exponent of romantic modernism in Greece and the world. In
1979 he was bestowed with the Nobel Prize in Literature. He
borrowed
certain
elements
from Ancient
Greece and Byzantium, but devoted himself exclusively to
today's Hellenism. An excerpt from his poem “Monogramma”
follows:
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O. ELYTIS, MONOGRAMMA III.
Like so I speak of you and me
Because I love you and in love I know
How to enter in like the full moon
From everywhere, about your small foot in the boundless sheets
How to pluck the jasmine–and I have the power
To blow the wind and take you in sleep through the moon’s passages and the sea’s
secret colonnade
–Hypnotized tree of silvering spiders
The waves have heard of you
How you caress, how you kiss
Around the neck, around the bay
How you whisper the “what” and the “eh”
Always we the light and the shadow
Always you the little star and always I the dark vessel
Always you the harbor and always I the light shining from the right
The wet jetty and the glint on the oars
High on the vine-laden house
The bound roses and cooling water
Always you the stone statue and always I the shadow that grows
You the hanging shutter and I the wind that blows it open
Because I love you and I love you
Always you the coin and I the worship that gives it value
So much the night, so much the humming in the wind
So much the mist in the air, so much the stillness
Around the despotic sea
Heavenly arch full of stars
So much your faintest breath
That I no longer have anything else
Within these four walls, this ceiling and floor
But to call for you and for my own voice to hit me
To smell your scent and for people to fear
Because people can’t bear the untried
And foreign and it’s early you hear
It’s early still in the world my love
To speak of you and me.
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Postwar Literature
Many of the poets of this period
(such as G. Ritsos) had been
“hunted” for his political beliefs.
However there are, also very
important poets that they do not
belong to a specific political trend.
Yannis Ritsos
Yiannis Ritsos (1909 - 1990) was
a Greek poet as well as a left-wing activist and an active member of the Greek
Resistance during World War II. He won the Lenin Peace Prize His poem “Our land”
is following next:
G. RITSOS, OUR LAND
We climbed the hill to look over our land:
fields poor and few, stones, olive trees.
Vineyards head toward the sea. Beside the plow
a small fire smoulders. We shaped the old man's clothes
into a scarecrow against the ravens. Our days
are making their way toward a little bread and great sunshine.
Under the poplars a straw hat beams.
The rooster on the fence. The cow in yellow.
How did we manage to put our house and our life in order
with a hand made of stone? Up on the lintel
there's soot from the Easter candles, year by year:
tiny black crosses marked there by the dead
returning from the Resurrection Service. This land is much loved
with patience and dignity. Every night, out of the drywell,
the statues emerge cautiously and climb the trees.
One of his most important works is Moonlight Sonata:
I know that each one of us travels to love alone,
alone to faith and to death.
I know it. I’ve tried it. It doesn’t help.
Let me come with you.
—from Moonlight Sonata.
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Kiki Dimoula is an acclaimed Greek poet. She has
been awarded the Greek State Prize twice (1971,
1988). She was awarded the European Prize for
Literature for 2009. Dimoula is a member of
the Academy of Athens. Her poetry has been
translated into many foreign languages. Her most
known poem is “the plural number”:
THE PLURAL NUMBER
The love,
name substantive,
a lot of substantive,
singular number,
gender of neither female neither male, gender defenceless.
Plural number
the defenceless loves.
The fear,
name substantive,
in the beginning singular number
and afterwards plural:
the fears.
The fears
for all from I see and beyond.
The memory,
main name of sadnesses,
singular number,
only singular number
The memory, the memory, the memory.
The night,
name substantive,
gender female,
singular number.
Plural number
the nights.
The nights from I see and beyond.
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Chapter 12. Greek Theatre
12.1 The Ancient Greek Theatre
The theatre of Ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical culture that
flourished in ancient Greece between c.550 and c. 220 BC. The city-state of Athens,
which became a significant cultural, political and military power during this period,
was its centre, where it was institutionalized as part of a festival called the Dionysia,
which honored the god Dionysus. Tragedy (late 6th century BC), comedy (486 BC),
and the satyr play were the three dramatic genres to emerge there. Athens exported
the festival to its numerous colonies and allies in order to promote a
common cultural identity. Western theatre originated in Athens and its drama has
had a significant and sustained impact on Western culture as a whole.
After the Great Destruction of Athens by the Persian Empire in 480 BC, the town and
acropolis were rebuilt, and theatre became formalized and an even more major part
of Athenian culture and civic pride. This century is normally regarded as the Golden
Age of Greek drama. The centre-piece of the annual Dionysia, which took place once
in winter and once in spring, was a competition between three tragic playwrights at
the Theatre of Dionysus. Each submitted three tragedies, plus a satyr play (a
comic, burlesque version of a mythological subject). Beginning in a first competition
in 486 BC, each playwright also submitted a comedy.[10] Aristotle claimed
that Aeschylus added the second actor, and that Sophocles introduced the third.
Apparently
the
Greek
playwrights never used more
than three actors based on
what is known about Greek
theatre.[11]
Tragedy and comedy were
viewed
as
completely
separate genres, and no plays
ever merged aspects of the two. Satyr plays dealt with the
mythological subject matter of the tragedies, but in a
purely comedic manner. However, as they were written
over a century after the Athenian Golden Age, it is not
known whether dramatists such as Sophocles and Euripides would have thought
about their plays in the same terms.
Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were the greatest tragics and they played a very
important role in the formation of tragedy.
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Aeschylus was born in Elefsina in 525/4 BC and he took part in the battle of
Marathonas. He was an actor and a poet and one of his most famous plans is ‘The
Persians’ .He died in 456/5 when he was 80 years old.
Sophocles was born in 497/496 BC and he took part in a
war. He died at a very old age and one of his most famous
plays is ‘Antigone’.
Euripides was the youngest of the great tragics of ancient
Greece and his plans are characterised by deep thought and
his ability to phychoanalyse. He was born in 480 BC and died
in 406 BC. One of his most famous plans is ‘Eleni’.
Aristophanes is the most famous
comedy poet of all .He was born in
450 BC and died in 385 BC. ‘Plutus’ is his most famous plan.
12. 2 Cretan Theatre
The monumental evolution of the Arts in the Middle Ages and
the Renaissance offered a great success theatrical production in Crete and the
islands of the Ionian Sea (Eptanissa).The Cretan Theatre consists of eight plans; 3
tragedies, 3 comedies and one religious and one bucolic drama. The most important
and famous tragedy is ‘Erofili’.
12.3 Modern Greek Theatre
1957 was an important and critical point for the history of Modern Greek Theatre: it
is the year that Iakovos Kambanellis – the “Father of Modern Greek Theatre” as he is
called – presented in the Art Theatre of Karolos Koun his significant and most
famous play, “The yard of miracles” (“Avli ton thavmaton”) and marked the
beginning of a new, talented era of theatre authors. They had as their purpose to
change the history and the atmosphere and to introduce new ideas and ideologies,
concerning the evolution and the maturity of the Greek theatre.
The National Theatre of Athens
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Part 4. Natural Landscape in Greece by Th. Massiou, G. Kiloglou, G.
Gostovt & M. Karazisi
ABSTRACT
Our work is about natural landscape and the best sights in Greece. Our research is
focused on four thematic areas according to the geographic divisions of Greece:
Greek islands and Crete, Macedonia and Thrace, Central Greece and Peloponnese
and Thessaly and Epirus.
Chapter 13. Islands and Crete
Milos, Cyclades
Milos with strange horseshoe shape, emerging
as the azure waters of the Aegean, bathed in
bright light and decorated with white houses,
the Milos with its hospitable inhabitants, the
Milos with good tourist infrastructure, and
clean seas the remarkable monuments steals
the hearts of those who know.
Mykonos, Cyclades
Mykonos, the island of the winds and the most
cosmopolitan island of Cyclades. The light on
Mykonos from the early morning rays of the
sun until sunset is amazing. Unique and special,
Cycladic architecture with whitewashed square
houses built on hills and mountains, large rocks,
and just in front of the wave.
Paros, Cyclades
Golden sandy beaches, fertile valleys with
vineyards
and olive
trees,
flowering
bougainvillea, roses and geraniums, Paros is an
island with a growing tourist industry. In the
streets of Parikia and Naoussa you can wander
for hours. The butterflies, the white and
Marpissa are areas to be visited.
Santorini, Cyclades
The island of Santorini or Thira is known about
the volcano. The island has become one of the
most popular holiday destinations worldwide
due to volcanic wild beauty and breathtaking
sunsets from the top of the caldera. The island
of Santorini is a perfect choice for those seeking
a cosmopolitan scene with luxury hotels,
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gourmet restaurants and taverns offering local specialties from local produce with a
strong tradition in many wine cellars. Black sandy beaches with black sand, hotels
with great views.
Tinos, Cyclades
Tinos is known as the "island of the Virgin."
The island's geographical position is such
that it is a balcony to the Aegean. The
unique colours of purple and golden sunrise
sunset add to the seductive landscape a
mystical serenity.
Ithaca, Ionian Islands
Ithaca is an island belonging to the
cluster of Ionian. It is a beautiful island,
covered with dense vegetation, forests
and stunning beaches with crystal clear
waters, white pebbles and white or
light-colored sand. The densely planted
trees that reach the crystal waters of
the Ionian diamond sparkle under the
Mediterranean sun. The landscape as a
whole is not far at all from an earthly paradise. Visitors fall in love with the island's
many charms.
Corfu, Ionian Islands
The new part of town is
characterized by modern buildings,
spacious squares and avenues. The
old part is the most beautiful
places in Greece with its
characteristic old streets, the
streets of Corfu. The lush
landscapes and hospitable residents, make the island attracts many tourists.
Breathtakingly beautiful place, but also the most famous attractions of Corfu is
cosmopolitan Cannon. Corfu has many beaches will soon amaze you.
Kos, Dodecanese
"Kos certainly not from the islands to suit
those who ask for the complete isolation!
Every summer flood of young people
from across Europe that are transforming
the island into a huge night club. Apart
from the nightlife Kos is an island that is
truly worth visiting. The third largest
island in the Dodecanese, it has excellent
tourist infrastructure, is green and has a
large paved streets, full of palm trees. In
Kos you will find some of the best beaches in the Dodecanese, where you can go
with ... bike.
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Rhodes, Dodecanese
Rhodes is one of the most popular islands in
Greece with more days of sunshine. Rhodes
has beautiful sandy beaches, a very
interesting medieval town, fantastic
nightlife and many archaeological sites. No
trip to Rhodes is complete without a visit to
the Valley of the Butterflies-worthy!. Her
heart beats in Rhodes medieval town
unique. Thousands of visitors pass through
its doors every day for endless walks on the streets, the colourful chazi "bazaar" of
Socrates, visiting the Grand Master's Palace and museums, kingfishers level
restaurant with history and till you drop in Miltiadou.
Simi, Dodecanese
As you arrive at the beautiful harbour of
Symi for the first time, we're greeted by a
painting of a Venetian village. Wellpreserved traditional houses next to each
other and behind them rise the steep
hillsides.
Simi distinguished by a romantic charm
that is strengthened further by the fact
that it shows the high-rise tourist facilities
and infrastructure can be found in some
other islands of the Dodecanese.
Mytilene, North Aegean
The island of harmony and beauty. A rock
rooted in the Aegean Sea. Piece of sunken
Aigiidas, cut finger of ancient East. A
beautiful crust, made of silver-green pine,
olive and oak, dresses most of the territory.
Is Lesvos. The island is ideal for relaxing and
beautiful vacation tours, combining nature
with culture, gastronomy with quiet fun,
amazing
beaches
and
family
accommodation facilities!
Crete
Samaria or the Samaria Gorge is one of the main
attractions in Crete. Every tourist who visits Crete, either
already heard or will soon be heard of this beautiful
gorge, "Samaria", as called Samaria admiration from the
locals for its beauty, but also to stand out compared to
other smaller gorges in Crete. In Samara will enjoy the
forests of the huge pines and cypresses, an image from
the past of Crete, when the island was covered by forests
famous for their good quality timber, perfect for boats
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made solid.
Vai, or more specifically the palm Vai
is one of the most popular
attractions in Crete, yet one of the
most beautiful and special places
throughout the Mediterranean. Vai
attracts thousands of visitors each
year not only for its beautiful palm,
but also for its long sandy beach stretching ahead. The spot is the beach and the
forest at Vai is relevant in terms of biodiversity, and many migratory birds stop in
their journey to and from Africa.
Elafonissi regarded as one of the most
beautiful Greek regions - white sand
beaches, which in many places gets pink
from the thousands of crushed shells
give a different view of the beach.The
waters are crystal clear and the bluegreen colour will "bear" images of an
exotic paradise. Plan to see up close the
convent of Chrysoskalitissa distinguished
by long, white and built up on a big rock.
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Chapter 14. Central Greece and Peloponnese
14.1 Central Greece
On the east coast of central Greece (136 km
northwest of Athens, near the Gulf of
Maliakos), lies the narrow pass of
Thermopylae pass, scene of the famous
battle of antiquity. The pass, whose name
means “hot gates” (derived from its hot
sulphur springs) is some 6 km long; its cliffs in
antiquity were by the sea, but silting has
widened the distance to more than a mile.
The area includes Euboea, the second largest
island of Greece in area and population (after
Crete). The island of Euboea is separated
from the mainland by the Euripus Strait, a
narrow channel of water subject to strong
tidal currents changing direction several
times a day, and, on the other, connected to
the mainland by two road bridges across the
strait: a cablestay suspension bridge (opened
in 1993) with a span of 215m, running over a 160m wide opening; and a “sliding
bridge”, which can be opened to allow boat traffic through the strait, running over
its narrowest point (38m wide). The Strait had been bridged as early as 411 BC with a
wooden bridge.
Mount Parnitha (1,400m), a National Park, is
located 30km northwest of Athens; it has an
area of over 300 square km, with a variety of
more than 800 herbs and plants. Mount Penteli
is a densely vegetated mountain with springs,
while Mount Hymettos is linked to the city’s
history, as marble from its mines was used for
the construction of monuments in the
Hellenistic and Roman periods. There are some
beautiful small towns such as Galaxidi and Karpenisi.
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14.2 The Peloponnese
The Peloponnese is a large peninsula in southern Greece, covering an area of some
21,549 km2; it constitutes the southernmost part of mainland Greece. The peninsula
has mountainous interior and deeply indented coasts, with Mount Taygetus as its
highest point. Two groups of islands lie off the
Peloponnesean coast: the Argo – Saronic Islands to the
east, and the Ionian Islands to the west.
Although technically an island,
since the construction of the
Corinth Canal in 1893, the
peninsula is linked to the mainland via a narrow stretch of land,
the Isthmus of Corinth, as well the Rio-Antirio Bridge, which was
completed in 2004.
The Corinth Canal, a waterway underlying the Isthmus, joins the
Gulf of Corinth in the northwest with the Saronic Gulf in the
southeast. Constructed in order to shorten the Italy to Athens
sea route, the Canal is 6.3 km long, 8m deep and 25m wide.
The Rio-Antirio Bridge is a cablestayed bridge crossing
the Gulf of Corinth near Patras, linking the town of Rio
on the peninsula to Antirio on mainland Greece. Widely
considered to be an engineering masterpiece and with
a total length of 2,880m and four towers, this is the
bridge with the longest cablestayed suspended deck in
the world. Its width is 28m and includes two lanes each
direction, an emergency lane and a pedestrian
walkway. Its construction was completed in 2004.
The Diros Caves are perhaps the most important natural site in Greece and in their
own way as spectacular as the caldera of Santorini. The Paleolithic and Neolithic
artifacts found here, many of which are in display in the
museum, mean that the caves were one of the earliest
inhabited places in Greece. The known part of the caves
cover an area of around 33000 square meters of which
only 5000 square meters have been explored. Some say
that the caves go even further, maybe as far as Mount
Tagetos and Sparta. Located at the top of the Mani
between the town of Pirgos Dirou and Areopolis the
entrance is a few meters above the sea and a beautiful
stone beach.
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Chapter 15. Thessaly and Epirus
5.1 Thessaly
The valley of Tempon: Is the valley between Mount Olympus and Ossa. In this valley
is the river Pinios which ends up in Aegean. The valley of Tempon used to be of great
importance in ancient years as it was the
main passage from Macedonia to Thessalia.
Kalampaka:
Kalampaka is famous for its giagantic Rocks named
Meteora on top of which Monasteries are built. Most
of these Monasteries are still populated by Priests
and are available to be visited.
Pilio: In Pilio there is the famous Train, Mountzouris
which in the past used to connect the Industrial
center of the city of Bolos with the farm land of Pilio.
Nowadays the train is used just for tourism as people
can take a ride with it over the Beautiful Pilio
Peninsula.
Lake of Plastira: The lake of Plastira is an artificial
one formed by two rivers. It is an amazing place
with stunning sites to visit. The surroundings of
the lake are consisted of Trees like Oaks and
Beeches, just to mention a few.
15.2 Epirus
Zagoroxoria: Zagoroxoria is a network of 46
villages where somebody can find whatever he
asks for! In these villages the visitor can admire
the beauty of the Greek nature. Zagoroxoria offers a series of activities such as
hiking, climbing and rafting.
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Metsovo: In the city of Metsovo there is the Averofeios Garden. This garden is a
wonderful 10 acre park which hosts every kind of flora in the area.
Perama: In Perama of Ioaninon there is a famous
Cave know as “Cave of Ioaninon” .This cave is one
of the rariest in the whole world for its
outstanding “Sculpture of Nature” The guides are
ready to welcome the visitor and guide him
through the Cave routes.
Gamila: In Gamila there is one of the most
beautiful rivers in Greece, Awos. This rivers
goes through the mountains of Smolikas and
Gamila. In Awos the visitor can enjoy the
colours and the sound of nature around him.
Tzoumerka: In Tzoumerka there is the cave of
Anemotripas. This cave has a wide range of
stalactites starting from the top of the cave
and ending to the ground. In the end of the
cave there are some wonderful lakes, which
are really rare to exist in such a cave.
Gluki: In Gluki there is the river Axerontas which is
well-know from the ancient times as it was believed
to be the path of the souls to get to the under world.
Nowadays it is one of the best places to go hiking
next to the water. Throughout the path, the water
level sometimes increases or decreases which can
lead to flooding and might make it difficult for the
hiker to continue.
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Chapter 16. Macedonia and Thrace
16.1 Macedonia
Macedonia, is traversed by the valleys
of the Aliakmon, Axios, and Strymon
rivers, all of which drain into the
Aegean and also account for the odd
threepronged shape of the Chalcidice
Peninsula, on whose easternmost
prong Mount Athos, the famous site of
Greek
Orthodox
monastic
communities, is located. The lakes of
Koronia and Volvi separate Chalcidice
from the rest of the coastal region.
Farther west, the large plain drained
by the Axios and lower Aliakmon
rivers is being continually extended,
as the river deltas push out into the
Gulf of Thermaikos, while from the
lower Strimon River extends a
succession of plains. The forested
Vermion Mountains and the barren
inland basins around Lakes Vegoritis
and Kastoria mark the boundary with
the Pindus Mountains.
Lake Kerkini , in Prefecture of
Serres, is an artificial reservoir that
was created in 1932, and then
redeveloped in 1980, on the site of
what was previously an extremely
extensive marshland. Lake Kerkini
is now one of, if not the, premier
birding site in Greece, and, as it is
situated along the migratory flyway
for migratory birds en route to
the Aegean Sea, the Balkan region,
the Black Sea, the Hungarian steppes and beyond it experiences an interesting
migration.
This wonderful biosphere is recouped by the International Convention of Ramsar and
presents numerous admirable elements. Thousands of birds, both rare and protege,
riverside forests, water-lilies in a large area, fish variety and fantastic panoramic view
from the mountains of Belasica and Krousia give it a characteristic tone. 76 of them
are recorded in the National Red Catalogue, while at least 31 of them are protected
by EEC's Directive concerning wild life. What makes an exceptional presence is the
buffalo's herd in the area, plus the one of the jackelo in the area of Kerkini lake. In
the surrounding area of Kerkini lake there are at least 10 amphibian species (frogs,
salamanders, tritons), five snail species, 19 reptile species (lizards, snakes, turtles)
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and a great variety of insects which play an important part in the food chain and
contribute towards the biological resources of the lake.
The Alistrati cave lies about 6 km southeast of Alistrati's town at a place called
"Petroto". The expanse of the area is almost 14.000m2. The antechamber of the
cave is 8 m height. It's from this point that start different high galleries folly
decorated with stalactites and stalagmites. The main branches of the cave are
developed to the left and to the right of
the entrance starting from a huge
chamber, the Teception Chamber of a
width of 60 m, a length of 100 m and
height of 20-30m. It's in this chamber that
nature decided to demonstrate its power
in creating ornaments. What fascinates
the most is the huge stalactites and those
pure white forming draperies. There are
other chambers and their height is quite
the same 8-10m. From the reception
chamber and towards the left, emerges a
second passage, quite parallel to the first.
In this gallery there are even some red stalagmites which are called "The flames".
The height of these formations reaches 35 m. Somewhere in this passages the two
main passages join each other and continue with an always increasing width and
height while from the ceiling one can see suspended huge and majestic stalactites
of a height of 15 m.
Inside the cave there are countless floors which are still unknown. Very impressive
is the big variety of stalactites and stalagmites inside the cave mostly because of
the difference of their shapes and their age. The older stalactites are mainly in the
galleries which are on the right side of the entrance. On the other hand the "infant"
stalactites on the left side of entrance.
The visitor in Alistrati apart from the cave can enjoy
the river Aggitis which flows through the villages of
Symvoli, Lefkothea and R.S. Aggista, forming idylic
river by zones with rich plantation. Many
connoisseur fishermen combine their hobbies with
walks and pic-nic in the countryside. The area is
suitable for rafting and Kanoye. It is a few meters
further down the railways which pass beside the
cave.
The National Park of Prespes established
in 1974is a unique wetland with amazing
natural beauty. This place, though, is not
as known as it should among both
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Greeks and foreign visitors. The lakes of Prespes are boundaries different than the
usual. They are natural boundaries that separate Greece, Albania and Fyrom. It is
important to mention that they are so stunning that people who visit the Great
Prespa and the Small Prespa are totally magnetized by their beauty.
Pozar baths is one of the finest Greek
destinations
for
excursions
or
vacations during all 4 seasons. The
famous Loutra Pozar (Pozar baths) are
also known as Aridaia’s baths or baths
of
Loutraki or health
spas
of
Loutraki or health spas Pozar of
Aridaia. At mountainous Pella, at the
foot of Vora Kaimaktsalan mountain
(Voras Kaimaktsalan), where one can
find a mixing combination of beautiful
landscapes, the water that gushes from the hot springs baths can be used as a
treatment for many diseases and also be suitable for balneotherapy and drinking
therapy.
Thrace
This
region
constitutes
the
northeastern part of continental
Greece, located between the Rivers
Nestos and Evros. The Nestos River
flows into the Aegean Sea, near the
island of Thasos, spreading over the
coastal plain of Chrysoupolis and
expanding as a system of freshwater
lakes and ponds forming the Nestos
Delta, where swamplands, wetlands
and a lagoon once existed and many
rare species find refuge. The total
length of the river is 230 km, of which 126 km is within Bulgaria.
The Evros, with a length of 480 km,is the longest river running solelywithin the
Balkans. It has its origin in Western Bulgaria, flowing southeast towards the sea. The
lower course of the river forms part of the Greek-Bulgarian border and its marshy
valley most of the GreekTurkish border. Western Thrace - and in particular the
Rodopi Mountains, which form the natural border with Bulgaria and are covered by
dense forest -is home to one of the two surviving brown bear (Ursus arctos)
populations in Greece (the other is in the Pindus mountains, in central Greece)
Evros Delta is an important wetland on a
national, European and international level.
For many years it is a Protected Area, as it
has a big value for wildlife and humanity.
In Evros Delta hundreds of thousands of
birds find shelter and food all year round,
while it constitutes a very important natural
resource for the local community, because
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of his value for fishing, stock breeding, agriculture, climate, flood protection,
education, recreation, science.
Livaditis Waterfall is the biggest waterfall of
Balkans. 40m height.
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PART 5. Daily Life in Greece by Balkazopoulou S., Bompota E.,
Moisidou K. & Bolla A.
ABSTRACT
As part of the research work we investigated aspects of daily life of the Greeks over
the years. The thematic regions that were investigated related to music, nutrition,
moralities, custom, traditions and the entertainment of the Greeks.
Chapter 17. Greek Music
17.1 From Traditional Music to Art Song
Greece is remarkable for both the abundance
and the variety of its traditional music. Greek
music has developed over many centuries and
has been subject to numerous and varied
historical and geographical influences. Ancient
Greek music, Byzantine and church music, for
example, provide a whole series of distinctive
musical traditions. There is also a long tradition
of rural traditional music connected also with
the Greek War of Independence against the
Ottomans Turks (1821-1829). The type of folk songs is defined mainly according to
the place of origin: Islands (Crete, Ionian Islands), Epirus (a region in the north-west),
Mani and Kalamata (in southern Peloponnese), Macedonia and Thrace (in the north
and north-east).
There are said to be two musical movements in Greek folk music Acritic
songs and Klephtic songs. Akritic music comes from the 9th century akrites, or
border guards of the Byzantine Empire. Following the end of the Byzantine period,
klephtic music arose before the Greek Revolution, developed among the kleftes,
warriors who fought against the Ottoman Empire.
A form of urban traditional music with strong links to the
refugees from the disaster of Asia Minor is the
“rembetiko” song with the “bouzouki” asits
characteristic instrument.
Rebetiko was initially
associated with the lower and poor classes, but later
reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges
of its overt subcultural character were softened and
polished. The audience for “rembetika” gradually
broadened after the Second World War and these songs
were especially popular in the 1970s. Since the Second
World War many of the younger composers have sought inspiration in both rural and
urban traditional music.
Vasillis Tsitsanis was one of the first Greeks who were dealed with laika songs.
Discographhy, radio and the cinema movies were procedured this type of music. His
themes included erotic character and problems of Greek society like civil war,
poverty and immigration. With the passage of time laiko had become accepted by
the senior classes.
Drawing on rebetiko's westernization by Tsitsanis and Chiotis, Éntekhno arose in the
late 1950s. Éntekhno (lit. meaning 'art song') is orchestral music with elements from
Greek folk rhythm and melody; its lyrical themes are often political or based on the
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work of famous Greek poets. As opposed to other forms of Greek urban folk music,
éntekhno concerts would often take place outside a hall or a night club in the open
air. Mikis Theodorakis and Manos Hadjidakis were the most popular early composers
of éntekhno song cycles and Maria Farantouri is the greatest singer of the entekhno
Greek song.
17.2 Greek music instruments
1)Music instruments in ancient Greece
Music instruments in ancient Greece sundered in 3 categories:
i)Xordofona
They were categorized in lyres-guitars, triangles-harps and pandourides. They were
played with the sting of chords. Lyra was the most
famous instrument in ancient Greece. The first lyres
were appeared in 1400 in the palace of Pylos.
Triangle was a knee harp. Pandoura or stringed was
like banjo which was played with keys. It was used
rare in Greece.
ii)Aerophones
They were categorized in lumens and
syringes. Lumen was the most famous music
instrument in ancient Greece which was
appeared in the half of third millennium.
Platonas believed that these instruments
were vulgar and hideous and he advised
people not to use them.
iii)Percussions
Their role was mainly accompanying to stress the rythm. he drum had the same
structure with big tabor. It was played hitting the palm to the centre or with the
fingers to the edges. It was embarrassing for men to play this so it was only
performed by women.
17.3 Composers and singers
Mikis Theodorakis (born July 29, 1925) is one of the most
renowned Greek songwriters and composers. He became
internationally famous when he composed the music for the
film Zorba the Greek (1964), directed by Michalis
Kakogiannis and starring Anthony Quinn. But he was
becoming very popular even before that film, when he was
composing music for the Jules Dassin film Phaedra (1962)
starring Melina Mercouri, Anthony Perkins, Raf Vallone, and
Kakogiannis' Electra (1962/I) starring Irene Papas, Aleka
Katselli. He even composed music for such acclaimed films
like Z (1969) by Costa-Gavras starring Yves Montand and Papas, and Serpico (1973)
bySidney Lumet starring Al Pacino. He came back in 1974, but he stayed only for 6
years. Theodorakis was dissatisfied and went back in Paris and finished his third big
work, Canto General, which together with the music from the film Zorba the
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Greek (1964) and "Axion Esti", a piece of work based on the poems of the Nobel
winner poet Odysseas Elitis.
Manos Hatzidakis was born in the town of Xanthi in 1925. His father was a lawyer
from Crete and his mother from Adrianopolis. Hatzidakis spent the first seven years
of his life in Xanthi where he also had his first piano lessons. Later, when he moved
to Athens , he met a wide circle of intellectuals and artists who had a great impact on
his career. In 1944 he wrote his first pieces for the avant-garde Theatro Technis (Arts
Theatre). He composed the music for many Greek plays, for Greek and foreign films,
as well as works for piano. He collaborated
regularly with Karolos Koun’s Theatro Technis,
with Rallou Manou’s Greek Dance Theatre, and
the National Theatre.
Hatzidakis' music was constantly heard in Greece
throughout the second half of the 20th century,
except for the six year period during the
Dictatorship, when he lived and worked in New
York (1966-72). In 1948 he gave a lecture at
Theatro Technis on rebetika, their value and
potential for expressing and interpreting modern Greek reality -- ideas which
provoked a good deal of controversy at the time.
Hatzidakis won many awards for his music, including an Oscar for his music in Jules
Dassins' film "Never on a Sonday" in which Melina Mercouri played the lead role
(1961). He also founded orchestras (most notably the Orchestra of Colours in 1989)
and directed the Third Programme of the National Radio and Television Network
(ERT) with great success. He was also noted for his recordings; by the time of his
death more than 110 of his records had circulated on the Greek market (including
Street of Dreams, 1962; The Gioconda’s Smile, 1965; 15 Evening Songs, 1965; The
Great Lover, 1972; The Time of Melissanthi, 1980; Reflections, 1993).
One of the greats of modern Greek music, Hatzidakis managed to distill the Greek
tradition in his work, to promote it with knowledge and inspiration, while charting
his own course, and simultaneously serving and teaching the value of culture and
ethos.
Singers
The internationally most famous singers live and work
abroad: Vicky Leandros, Nana Mouschouri, Demis
Roussos (a member of the famous Greek group
“Aphrodite’s Child”). The mezzo-soprano Agnes Baltsa
released in 1987 a popular music album containing
songs composed by Hadjidakis, Theodorakis, Tsitsanis
and Xarhakos (conducted by the latter, who is also the
director of the State Orchestra of Greek Music). In
recent years two female singers who have successfully
sold records and performed concerts abroad are Eleni Arvanitaki and Savina
Yannatou. A crossover artist who has an international career, and has been
compared to Andrea Bocelli, is Mario Frangoulis; his CD “Sometimes I Dream” was
issued by Sony International in 2002 in Europe, America, Asia and Africa, and is
considered as an artistic and commercial success.
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Greek Classical Music
Nikos Skalkottas (1904 – 1949) was one of the most important Greek
composers of 20th-century classical music. A member of the Second Viennese
School, he drew his influences from both the classical repertoire and the Greek
tradition.
Manolis Kalomiris (1883–1962)), was a Greek classical composer. He was the
founder of the Greek National School of Music. He wrote three symphonies and
five operas, one piano concerto and one violin concertino, other symphonic
works, chamber music and numerous songs and piano works. He held various public
posts and was elected member of the Academy of Athens. A passionate composer,
he has a personal post romantic idiom characterised by his rich harmonies and
orchestrations, complex counterpoint, his long eastern melodies and the frequent
use of Greek folk rhythms. A preoccupation with love and death transcends all five of
his music dramas.
Dimitris Mitropoulos (1896 – 1960), was a Greek conductor,pianist, and composer.
He received international fame, in the classical music world, both as a major
conductor and composer of the 20th century.
Maria Callas (1923 – 1977) was an
American-born Greek soprano and one of
the most renowned opera singers of the
20th
century.
She
combined
an
impressive bel canto technique, a wideranging voice and great dramatic gifts. An
extremely versatile singer, her repertoire
ranged from classical opera seria to the bel
canto
operas
of Donizetti, Belliniand Rossini; further, to
the works of Verdi and Puccini; and, in her
early career, to the music dramas
of Wagner. Her remarkable musical and
dramatic talents led to her being hailed
as La Divina.
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Chapter 18. Greek Food
18.1 Mediterranean diet
Generally from ancient times the food of the
Greek is considered the best. The nutrition of the
ancient was rich in cereals, vegetables, fruits,
dairy products and olive oil. This continues even
today. Diet and products of the ancient Greeks
prevailed over the centuries and resulted in this,
that, today, is called Mediterranean diet. The
Mediterranean diet is characterized by the eating
habits of the inhabitants of Crete and Southern
Italy in the early 1960s. At the International
Conference on the Mediterranean diets in 1993 it was decided what will be the
traditional Mediterranean diet and in 1995 a team of scientists presents at Harvard
University the so-called "pyramid of the Mediterranean diet". The main
characteristics are: Abundant fiber and complex carbohydrates: Foods such as
cereals and their products (bread, pasta, rice, etc.),must be consumed everyday, as
they provide energy through carbohydrate containing. When it is total milling, then
they provide also enough plant fibres. The olive oil: It is the basis of the
Mediterranean diet and it contains a very high level of monounsaturated fats, most
notably oleic acid which epidemiological studies suggest may be linked to a
reduction in coronary heart disease risk. There is also evidence that the antioxidants
in olive oil improve cholesterol regulation and LDL cholesterol reduction The dairy
products (mostly as cheese and yogurt): The dairy products must consume every
day because are a source of both minerals and vitamins, such as calcium, protein of
high nutrition value. Calcium is necessary not only for building strong bones during
the growth of the body, but also to maintain bone mass during adulthood. Fish and
poultry: The fish especially the oily contain large amounts of ω3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids, which reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease. Moreover, they
contain proteins of high biological value and various minerals. Poultry provide the
body with protein of high nutritional value and iron easily absorbed by the body. Red
Meat: A few times per month in a very small amounts. Wine in moderation: The
inclusion of red wine is considered a factor contributing to health as it contains
flavonoids with powerful antioxidant properties.
18.2. Traditional Products
Some of the most famous
traditional products are:
Olive oil: Olive oil is a fat
obtained from the olive a
traditional tree crop of the
Mediterranean Basin. Greek
olive oil is exported throughout
the world. Olive oil plays a
unique role in the Greek diet,
being the basis of many
traditional dishes.
Honey: Honey in Greece is mainly flower-honey from the nectar of fruit and citrus
trees (lemon, orange, trees), thyme honey, and pine honey from conifer trees.
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Chios mastic: Mastic is a resin obtained from
the mastic tree and is grown on the Aegean island
of Chios. It can be consumed without any chemical or
industrial processes and also
has
many
therapeutic
properties especially in
diseases of the stomach.
Saffron: The saffron is the
most expensive spice in the world and rightly characterized
“the flower of the Mediterranean cuisine”. It distinguished
for the color, pharmaceutical and his aphrodisiac properties.
Feta (cheese): A semi-soft, crumbly, brined white
cheese made from
goat or sheep milk.
The feta is widely
known
throughout
the world as a main
ingredient of Greek
salad.
Ouzo: Ouzo is an
anise-flavored
alcoholic aperitif. The most popular ouzo is this
from Lesvos and Chios.
Wine: Wine is an alcoholic beverage, made
of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes.
The categories of Greek wine are: 1. Vin de
table 2.Vin de pays 3.Appellation of Origin of
Superior Quality (OPAP) 4. Controlled
Appellation of Origin (AOC).
18.3 Greek Recipes
Pastitsio
Ingredients:
 1 package of spaghetti NO2
 ¾ ground beef
 1 onion, chopped
 tomato sauce
 2 tablespoons breadcrumbs
 Olive oil
 Salt, pepper
Ingredients for the bechamel
sauce:
 1 quart milk
 5 tablespoons butter
 2 eggs
 Feta
 cinnamon or nutmeg
Preparation: Saute the onion with the olive oil and add the ground beef. Then, put
the chopped tomatoes, cinnamon, salt, pepper and ½ cup water to boil for 20
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minutes. Cook pasta and add 2 eggs, feta and 2 tablespoons breadcrumbs and mix
them. In a pan put the half pasta then the ground beef and in the end the other
pasta. In a frying-pan melt 5 tablespoons butter , 5-6 tablespoons salt and stir until
incorporated. After add the milk and stir to prevent clotting. When it starts to curdle
add cinnamon, remove from heat and add the yolks, stirring quickly. Cover and cook
the pasticcio at 180 degrees about 30 minutes.
Kourabiedes Greek Christmas Cookies
Ingredients:
 2 kilos soft flour
 1 kilo butter
 300 grams powdered sugar
 300 grams crushed roasted almonds
 1 small glass cognac
 1 teaspoon baking soda
 Rosewater
Preparation: Preheat oven to medium (175c). Whiten the butter by beating by hand
for ½ hour. Add the sugar, cognac, almonds and finally the flour, mixed with the
baking soda. Continue to beat until all ingredients are well mixed. Mold into the
familiar shapes of the kourambiethes and place on a cookie sheet. Bake for 20
minutes until golden. Remove from oven and immediately sprinkle with rosewater,
then roll in the powder sugar.
Melomakarona Greek Christmas Cookies
Ingredients:
 2 cups oil
 1 cup sugar
 1 cup orange juice
 1 cup fine semolina
 1 kilo soft flour
 1 ½ teaspoons baking soda
 Lemon and Orange zest
 Crushed walnuts
 Simple syrup: (In a pot, mix together 1 cup each of water, honey and sugar
and
bring to boil while stirring constantly.)
Preparation: Preheat oven to 200c. Beat oil well with mixer, then add the sugar,
both zests, orange juice, semolina, and then, a little at a time, the flour mixed with
the baking soda. Form the dough into small shapes, as the pastries will get quite big
while baking. Make sure the oven is hot before baking, otherwise the pastries will
flatten. Bake for about 30 minutes until pastries are firm and golden brown. When
completely cooled, arrange in rows in a pan and pour warm syrup over them.
Sprinkle with crushed walnuts.
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Chapter 19. Customs and traditions in Greece
Name day celebration. Most of the Greeks owe their names to a religious saint. A
very important Greek tradition that takes place in the entire Greece is that everyone
who has a name coming from a saint celebrated by the church celebrates his name
on a given day of the year. On the “name day” of someone, his friends and family
visit him without invitation and offer their wishes (long life to you, live many years,
etc…) as well as small presents. The hostess of the house offers pastries, sweets and
hors d’oeuvres to the guests. In Greece, name days are more important than
birthdays.
Christmas is a religious celebration. At Christmas
the Greek celebrate every year at 25 of
December the birth of Christ (nativity). There are
some customs which many Greek make, here
there are some of these. For example, the
decoration of: Christmas -tree , boat, the cooking
of some sweet like melomakarona and
shortbread. The decoration of boat symbolizes
the sea.
Easter is the more important celebration for
the Greeks, even more than Christmas.
Women dye eggs in red, godparents buy
news shoes, clothes and a candle to the kids
and, in villages, the exterior of the houses
and the streets are
whitewashed.
During Good Friday, the day of mourning, the
Epitaphio, the tomb of Christ with its icon,
decorated with thousands of flowers, is taken
out of the church and carried away through
the village or the neighbourhood (in the big cities) to the cemetery followed by a
slow procession. At the cemetery everyone lights a candle for the dead; then, the
Epitaphio with its procession returns to the church where the believers kiss the
image of the Christ.
During the night of the Holy Saturday, everybody dresses well and goes to the church
where a ceremony is hold. Just before midnight, the priest turns off all of the
churches’ lights, symbolizing the darkness and silent of the tomb; at midnight, the
priest lights a candle from the Eternal Flame, sings “Christos Anesti” (Christ arises)
and offers the flame to light the candle of the people that are the closest to him.
Everyone passes the flame one to another while the priests sing the Byzantine Chant
Christos Anesti. Then, everyone goes out of the church to the streets. The church’s
bells ring continuously and people throw fireworks. People say one to another
“Christos Anestis”, to which the reply to is “Alithos Anesti” (indeed he has rise).
People go home and share with their families the Resurrection Meal which consists
of Mayiritsa (a lamb’s entrails soup), Tsoureki (Easter cake) and Easter biscuits.
The following day, Easter Sunday, is spend in family around a meal consisting of
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roasted lamb (turned over open pits),
various appetizers and a lot of wine and
ouzo. Everybody dances and celebrates
until late in the night.
The day of Epiphany the priest of each
town dip the rood in the harbor of the
town. After this some people dive inside
to bring it in the surface. The person who
will take it, he would be lucky person. It is
celebrated each year at 6st January.
Carnival
In Greece, Carnival is called “Apokries”; it
consists of two weeks of feast, beginning
from the Sunday of Meat Fare and ends
with the start of Lent, called “Clean
Monday” (Kathari Deutera). Everyone is
costumed and parties in the streets and
bars, throwing coloured confetti to each
other. The most famous Carnival parade
takes place in the city of Patra, where
everybody dances and drinks all night and
day.
This custom is believed to come from
paganism, and more precisely from the old
festivities worshiping Dionysus, the god of
wine and feast.
The 1st May is the celebration of nature.
People make wreath of flowers. They hang
these out of their doors.
Greek Independence Day
The Greek Independence Day is celebrating Greece's liberation from the Ottoman
domination the 25th of March 1821.
28th October: The "NO"
During this feast the Greeks celebrate the day that Metaxas said no to the Italians
who wanted to invade the country. It is the celebration of the heroic OXI (NO); most
of the Greeks put a Greek flag on their windows and a march is organized by schools,
where the students wear a blue and white uniform and hold Greece’s flag.
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Regional costumes of Greece
Source: http://www.endymasies.gr/en/costumes.htm
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Chapter 20: Sports and Entertainment in Greece
20.1 Olympic Games
The Olympic Games in ancient Greece
were part of the celebrations in honor
of Zeus, king of the gods of Olympus.
The games were held every 4 years.
The athletes competed naked and
rewarded with a wreath of olive
branches. In 393 AD the Roman
Emperor Theodosius I, forbade the
continuation of the Olympics because
it was pagan. The revival was made by
the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin and the Greek Dimitrios Vikelas 1896 in
Athens. With the effort of reviving the Olympic Games wanted to bring the Olympic
spirit, the values were represented as the ethics, pride, love for the land, respect,
strength, love for peace and reconciliation among nations.
The Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens
The Olympic flame is a symbol of the games. The flame represents the effort to win.
The sacred flame is lit by the sun's rays in Olympia. Phoebus and Athena were the
symbols (mascot) for the Olympic Games. The basic pattern of the opening
ceremony was the presentation of traditional Greek
culture and history starting from mythology and
reaching up to modern Greece. Greece took in a total
of 16 medals, 6 gold, 6 silver and 4 bronze.
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20.2 Types of entertainment
The ancient Symposia: The Greeks of
ancient times were people who loved fun.
The symposium (word meaning "gathering
of people who drink") was one of the most
popular entertainments of the Greeks.
Dancers, acrobats and musicians filled the
entertainment of the concentrated.
Dance: The dance is connected with
people and their life. There is, for the Greeks a complete way to live in the world
because they believe that dance is knowledge, art and religion together.
Cantada (serenade): Another form of entertainment consisted of cantada mainly in
the Ionian Islands and later in Athens. The songs are usually accompanied by guitars
and mandolins.
The festivals: The life of the Greeks is closely connected with the festivals. These had
an important place in life especially rural and the people danced there traditional
Greek dances.
Night life: Greece is famous for its very
lively night life. The most popular
entertainment is the Greek Bouzouki.
Breaking dishes and throwing flowers is
the usual method of expressing pleasure.
There are many restaurants and taverns
where you can enjoy folk music with food
and reasonable prices. But there are many
types of events that give a quality of life
for people and a cultural touch in their
daily lives, like evening plays and
performances in open theaters, festivals, ballets, concerts and summer movies.
(Athens Concert Hall)
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SOURCES

http://www.ime.gr/chronos/gr/

http://odysseus.culture.gr/

http://www.ancientgreece.com/s/Main_Page/

http://www.namuseum.gr/

http://www.theacropolismuseum.gr/

http://www.cycladic.gr/frontoffice/portal.asp?cpage=node&cnode=1&clan
g=0

http://www.emst.gr/GR/Pages/default.aspx

http://www.benaki.gr/

http://www.greekhistory.gr/

http://www.endymasies.gr/en/costumes.htm

http://www.culture.gr/culture/gindex.jsp

http://www.nationalgallery.gr/site/content.php

http://www.united-hellas.com/tourism/index-gr.htm

http://video.minpress.gr/wwwminpress/aboutgreece/

http://el.wikipedia.org/
Bibliography in details is available in the Greek Edition of Hellenic Panorama
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