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Chapter 1 The Ancient and Near East: EGYPT, to 1200 B.C.
Egypt, “the Gift of the Nile” Nile River Annual, predictable flooding Food Surplus Transportation Security Changelessness Geography – Natural Resources and Borders Upper and Lower Egypt The Red Land and the Black Land Ethnicity
Egypt: Chronology Manetho, 3 rd century B.C. Egyptian priest 31 Dynasties Early Dynastic, Dynasties 1­2 (c. 3100­2686 B.C.) Old Kingdom, Dynasties 3­6 (c. 2686­2125 B.C.) • 1 st Intermediate Period, Dynasties 7­10 Middle Kingdom, Dynasties 11­12 (c. 2055­1650 B.C.) • 2 nd Intermediate Period, Dynasties 13­17 New Kingdom, Dynasties 18­20 (c. 1550­1070 B.C.) 3 rd Intermediate and Late Period, Dynasties 21­31 • 1070­30 B.C.
Egypt: The Beginnings Agricultural Revolution ­ c. 6000 B.C. Pre­Dynastic Period, c. 5500­3100 B.C. Narmer (also known as Menes) and the Unification of Egypt, c. 3100 B.C. 1st king of Dynasty 1 Narmer Palette Capital at Memphis (in the north)
Key Characteristics of Ancient Egypt Divinity of the pharaoh Absolute ruler Ma’at Hymn to the Pharaoh, p. 18 Egyptian religion Continuum of life Belief in afterlife Tombs, mummification Ka (life soul force) persists after the body dies
Pyramids at Giza Khufu (Cheops in Greek) The Great Pyramid Khafre (Khephren in Greek) Sphinx Menkaure (Mycerinus in Greek) Queen’s Pyramids Temple Complex
End of the Old Kingdom Pepi II (c. 2269­2175 B.C.) First Intermediate Period, Dynasties 7­10 circa 2125­2055 B.C. 22 Nomes of Upper Egypt 20 Nomes of Lower Egypt Nomarchs
Middle Kingdom, Dynasties 11­12 Mentuhotep II (c. 2061­2010 B.C.) New capital at Thebes (south) Important god = Amen (Amon, Amun) Extended power into Nubia in the south Stability No more pyramids Rock­cut tombs Mentuhotep II
Second Intermediate, Dynasties 13­17 Hyksos, “rulers from a foreign land” Semites Chariot warfare Sophisticated bronze technology Capital in the north (Delta region) Kicked out by Ahmose I, founder of the New Kingdom Capital re­established at Thebes (South)
Early New Kingdom Pharaohs Thutmosis I Thutmosis II (r. 1491­1479 B.C.) and Hatshepsut (r. 1479­1457 B.C.) Expedition to Punt (Somalia?) Thutmosis III (r. 1479­1450 B.C.) 17 military campaigns to Syria­Palestine
Hatshepsut and Thutmosis III Hatshepsut’s Expedition to Punt (Somalia?) Thutmosis III (r. 1479­1425 BCE) 17 military campaigns to Syria­Palestine
Height of the New Kingdom Amenhotep III Huge temples at Luxor and Karnak Amenhotep IV (r. 1364­1347 B.C.) Akhenaten God Aten – Hymn to Aten, p. 24 New capital at Akhetaten (Tel el­Amarna) Wife Nefertiti
King Tut King Tutankhaten (Tutankhamen) (r. 1347­1338 B.C.) Tomb excavated by Howard Carter in the 1920s “Who Killed King Tut?”
The Later New Kingdom Dynasty 19 Rameses II (r. 1279­1213 B.C.) “The Great” Battle with the Hittites at Kadesh in Syria Pharaoh of the Exodus? Rameses II at the Battle of Kadesh
The End of the New Kingdom Dynasty 19 Merneptah Stele of Merneptah – 1 st mention of “Israel” Invasion of the “Sea Peoples” Rameses III End of the New Kingdom by 1085 B.C. (r. 1347­1338 B.C.)
Egyptian Religion Polytheistic Continuum of human and animal world Principal gods = sun gods Re, Amen Important myth of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Horus
Egyptian Religion Afterlife Measuring the heart against the feather of Ma’at Book of the Dead (p. 20) • The “Declaration of Innocence” on p. 20
The Culture of Egypt Writing Hieroglyphs Hieratic (priestly) script Demotic (popular) script • Rosetta Stone Papyrus Literature Love Poetry Wisdom Literature • The Instructions of the Vizier Ptah­Hotep (p. 26)
List Key Similarities and Differences
Egypt, “the Gift of the Nile” Agriculture & River(s) Natural Resources Borders & Security Politics & Stability Religion & Outlook Mesopotamia On the Fringes of Civilization The Neolithic Revolution and Europe Stonehenge in England Ca. 3000­1600 B.C.
The Hittites of Anatolia Discovered in 20 th century Capital at Hattusas (modern Boghazkoy) Indo­Europeans Hittite Old Kingdom, c. 1750­1450 B.C. Hittite Empire, c. 1450­1200 B.C. Egypt’s Rivals (Superiors?) Hittite King Muwatallis fights Rameses II at Kadesh in 1274 B.C. • Peace treaty between Hittite King Hattusilis III, his wife Puduhepa, and Rameses II in 1267 B.C. End c. 1200 B.C. –destroyed by the Sea Peoples?