Download Resistance Exercise For Impaired Muscle Performance

Resistance Exercise For Impaired
Muscle Performance
Chapter No 6
Part 1
INTRODUCTION
• Muscle performance refers to the capacity of a
muscle to do work (force distance)
• The key elements of muscle performance are
strength, power, and endurance
• Resistance exercise is any form of active exercise in
which dynamic or static muscle contraction is
resisted by an outside force applied manually or
mechanically
INTRODUCTION
• Resistance exercise, essential element of
rehabilitation programs for persons with
– impaired function and
– integral component of conditioning programs
– to promote or maintain health and physical wellbeing,
– enhance performance of motor skills, and prevent
or reduce the risk of injury and disease
Potential Benefits of Resistance
Exercise
• Enhanced muscle performance:
restoration, improvement or
maintenance of muscle strength,
power, and endurance
• Increased strength of connective
tissues: tendons, ligaments,
intramuscular connective tissue
• Greater bone mineral density or less
bone demineralization
• Decreased stress on joints during
physical activity
• Reduced risk of soft tissue injury
during physical activity
• Possible improvement in capacity to
repair and heal damaged soft
tissues due to positive impact on
tissue remodeling
• Enhanced physical
performance during daily
living, occupational, and
recreational activities
• Positive changes in body
composition: ↑ lean muscle
mass or ↓ body fat
• Enhanced feeling of physical
well-being
• Possible improvement in
perception of disability and
quality of life
FACTORS AFFECTING RESISTANCE
TRAINING
• Underlying pathology,
• A patient’s or client’s age
• The extent and severity of
muscle performance
• Overall level of fitness
impairments
• T he presence of other
deficits
• The stage of tissue healing
after injury or surgery
• The ability to cooperate and
learn all must be considered
MUSCLE PERFORMANCE AND RESISTANCE
EXERCISE
DEFINITIONS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Elements of muscle performance
•
•
•
•
•
three elements of muscle performance—
Strength
Power
Endurance
can be enhanced by some form of resistance
exercise.
STRENGTH
• Muscle strength is ability of .
contractile tissue to
produce tension and a
resultant force based on
the demands placed on the
muscle
• Functional strength relates
to the ability of the
neuromuscular system to
produce, reduce, or control
forces, during functional
activities, in a smooth,
coordinated manner
STRENGTH
Strength training.
• Strength training (strengthening exercise) is
defined as a systematic procedure of a muscle
or muscle group lifting, lowering, or
controlling heavy loads (resistance) for a
relatively low number of repetitions or over a
short period of time
STRENGTH
The most common adaptation to heavy resistance
exercise is an increase in the maximum forceproducing capacity of muscle, that is,
•Primarily as the result of neural adaptations and an
increase in muscle fiber size
POWER
• Muscle power
• Another aspect of muscle performance
• It is related to the strength and speed of
movement
• It is defined as the work (force distance)
produced by a muscle per unit of time (force
distance/time).
• The rate of performing work
POWER
Power Training
• Many motor skills in our lives are composed of
movements that involve both strength and speed
•Power can be enhanced by either increasing the work a
muscle must perform during a specified period of time or
reducing the amount of time required to produce a given
force
•The greater the intensity of the exercise and the shorter
the time period taken to generate force, the greater is the
muscle power
Endurance
• Endurance is a broad term that refers to the
ability to perform low-intensity, repetitive, or
sustained activities over a prolonged period of
time
• Cardiopulmonary endurance (total body
endurance) is associated with repetitive,
dynamic motor activities such as walking,
cycling, swimming, which involve use of the
large muscles of the body
Endurance
• Muscle endurance (sometimes referred to as
local endurance) is the ability of a muscle to
contract repeatedly against a load (resistance),
generate and sustain tension, and resist
fatigue over an extended period of time
• Eg. Maintenance of balance and proper
alignment of the body segments requires
sustained control (endurance) by the postural
muscles
Endurance
• Endurance training (endurance exercice) is
The key elements of endurance training
• Low-intensity muscle contractions
• A large number of repetitions
• A prolonged time period.
Endurance training increases in oxidative and
metabolic capacities, of the muscles which
allows better delivery and use of oxygen
OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE
• If muscle performance is to improve, a load
that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the
muscle must be applied
• If the demands remain constant after the
muscle has adapted, the level of muscle
performance can be maintained but not
increase
OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE
• Application of the Overload Principle
• The overload principle focuses on the progressive
loading of muscle by
• For example, the intensity or
volume of exercise
– Intensity of resistance exercise refers to how much
weight (resistance) is imposed on the muscle
• volume encompasses variables such as
repetitions, sets, or frequency of exercise,
OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE
• In a strength training program
the amount of resistance applied to the muscle is incrementally and
progressively increased.
• For endurance training, more emphasis is placed on increasing the
time a muscle contraction is sustained or the number of repetitions
performed than on increasing
resistance.
PRECAUTION
• To ensure safety, the extent and progression of overload must
always be applied in the context
of the underlying pathology, age of the patient, stage of tissue
healing, fatigue, and the overall abilities and goals of the patient.
SAID PRINCIPLE
• The SAID principle (specific
adaptation to imposed
demands) suggests that a
framework of specificity is a
necessary foundation on
which exercise programs
should be built
• This principle applies to all
body systems and is an
extension of Wolff’s law
(body systems adapt over
time to the stresses placed
on them).
SAID PRINCIPLE
• Specificity of Training
• Specificity of training should
also be considered relative to
• Specificity of training, also
mode (type) and velocity of
referred to as specificity of
exercise as well as patient or
exercise, is a widely accepted
limb position (joint angle) and
concept suggesting that the
the movement pattern during
adaptive effects of training,
exercise
such as improvement of
• EXAMPLE, if the desired
strength, power, and
endurance, are highly specific functional outcome is the
ability to ascend and descend
to the training method
stairs, exercise should be
employed
performed eccentrically and
concentrically in a weightbearing pattern and
progressed to the desired
speed
SAID PRINCIPLE
• It has been suggested that Transfer of Training
the basis of specificity of • In contrast to the SAID
training is related to
principle, carryover of
morphological and
training effects from one
metabolic changes in
variation of exercise or task
muscle as well as neural
to another has also been
adaptations to the training reported. This
stimulus associated with
phenomenon is called
motor learning.
transfer of training,
overflow, or cross-training
• Transfer of training has been • A program of exercises
reported to occur on a very
designed to develop
limited basis with respect to muscle strength has also
the velocity of training and
been shown to improve
the type or mode of
muscular endurance at
exercise
least moderately.
• It has also been suggested • In contrast, endurance
that a cross training effect
training has little to no
can occur from an exercised
cross-training effect on
limb to a non exercised,
strength
contralateral limb in a
resistance training program
Reversibility Principle
• Adaptive changes in the body’s • Detraining, reflected by a
systems, such as increased
reduction in muscle
strength or endurance, in
performance, begins within a
response to a resistance
week or two after the
exercise program are transient
cessation of resistance
unless training-induced
exercises and continues until
improvements are regularly
training effects are lost.
used for functional activities or • It is imperative that gains in
unless an individual participates
strength and endurance are
in a maintenance program of
incorporated into daily
resistance exercises
activities as early as possible
in a rehabilitation program.
• It is also advisable for patients
to participate in a
maintenance program of
resistance exercises as an
integral component of a life
long fitness program.