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Slide 1
Communication
in a Changing World
C
6
H
A
P
T
E
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Nonverbal
Communication
Bethami A. Dobkin
Roger C. Pace
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Nonverbal Communication
• Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
• Functions of Nonverbal Communication
• Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Using Nonverbal Communication
Effectively and Responsibly
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
“We will try to persuade with our words, but if
our words fail, we will try to persuade with
out acts.”
—Martin Luther King, Jr.
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
• Nonverbal Communication Is Not Language
– Nonverbal communication is defined as
messages expressed through symbols other than
words
– Also call nonlinguistic, a characteristic of
nonverbal communication indicating that
nonverbal messages are outside languages
– The nonlinguistic nature of nonverbal
communication makes nonverbal messages less
precise than verbal symbols
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
“Emotion constantly finds expression in
bodily position.”
—Mabel Elsworth Todd, dancer, educator,
author
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
• Nonverbal Communication Is Often Linked
to Our Emotions
– Most nonverbal communication is intrinsic, or
inherently connected to our inner feelings or
emotions
– The intrinsic nature of nonverbal cues leads us
to perceive them as more truthful or genuine
than verbal communication
– The intrinsic nature of nonverbal messages also
makes some of them more universal than verbal
messages
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 7
Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
• Nonverbal Communication Is Highly
Contextual
– Nonverbal messages often get their precise
meaning from the communication context
• Nonverbal Communication Is Influenced by
Culture and Gender
– The way we use and understand nonverbal
messages is also dependent on our cultural
knowledge and values
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
• Exploring Communication Concepts
– Gender Differences in Nonverbal
Communication
• How do you differ from the general tendencies listed
above?
• How are you similar?
• Why do you think men generally make less eye
contact than women?
• What are some possible reasons that men use more
space than women?
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
• Nonverbal Communication Is Continuous
– Nonverbal message flow in continuous, or
steady streams of cues rather than individual,
distinct bits of information
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal
Communication
Figure 6-1. Characteristics of
Nonverbal Communication
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 11
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
• Accenting Verbal Communication
– Nonverbal cues accent verbal communications
when they highlight, accentuate, emphasize, or
draw attention to phrases or words
• Complementing Verbal Communication
– Nonverbal clues complement verbal
communication when they augment or add
meaning to the interaction
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 12
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
• Contradicting Verbal Communication
– Nonverbal messages contradict when they
oppose, deny, or disagree with verbal messages
– A nonverbal cue that reveals emotions we are
trying to conceal is called leakage
• Regulating Verbal Communication
– We use nonverbal cues to regulate verbal
messages by controlling, adjusting, or altering
the flow of interaction
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Slide 13
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
• Repeating Verbal Communication
– When we replicate or reiterate verbal messages
with nonverbal gestures, we repeat our
communication
• Can add intensity to a message
• Substituting for Verbal Communication
– Nonverbal gestures substitute for verbal
messages when they take the place of or replace
verbal words or phrases
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Slide 14
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
Figure 6-2. International Road Signs
Because nonverbal signs are more universal than verbal languages, countries
often substitute pictures of words on traffic signs. Can you understand the
following international road signs? Which ones are more difficult or unclear?
Why? Do you need some context (where and when the sign is posted) to
understand the pictures?
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 15
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
• Applying Communication Concepts
– Emoticons
• How can using emoticons in e-mail help prevent
miscommunication?
• How might they create misunderstandings?
• Why do some people dislike emoticons?
• What do you think when you see an emoticon in an
e-mail message?
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Many of our nonverbal behaviors employ
kinesics, the use of body motion to
communicate nonverbally
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 17
Types of Nonverbal Communication
“Your expression is the most important thing
you can wear.”
—Sid Ascher, author
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 18
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Facial Expressions
– Most nonverbal experts believe that your face is
the richest source of nonverbal clues
– We often try to control or mask our facial
reaction to strong emotions by conforming to
social norms called display rules
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Slide 19
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Facial Expressions (continued)
– Anderson (1999) identified five general display
rules
• Simulation—displaying an emotion that you do not
feel
• Intensification—displaying more emotion than you
feel
• Neutralization—used to conceal something or protect
privacy
• Miniaturization—displaying less emotion than you
are experiencing
• Masking—displaying the emotion opposite to the
one you are feeling
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Eye Contact
– We seem to use prolonged eye contact to
compensate for lack of physical proximity
– Eye contact communicates involvement and
interest
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 21
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Think It Over
– Television and Display Rules
• Do we have norms about the display of emotion on
television?
• How should news reporters react on camera to
dangerous or tragic situations?
• How do celebrities, talk show guests, demonstrators,
athletes, eyewitnesses to a crime, or people in the
background of news reports act when a camera is
pointed at them?
• How do we learn these display rules?
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Types of Nonverbal Communication
“The soul, fortunately, has an interpreter—
often an unconscious, but still a truthful
interpreter—in the eye.”
—Charlotte Brontë, English novelist
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 23
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Gestures
– Gestures are defined as a significant movement
of the body that expresses a message to a
receiver (Thomas 1991)
– Emblems are gestures with clear and specific
meanings
– Using Gestures to Regulate Interactions
– Using Gestures to Adjust or Adapt
– Using Gestures to Illustrate
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Slide 24
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Gestures (continued)
– Using Gestures to Regulate Interactions
• We use gestures to initiate, coordinate, and terminate
communication
– Using Gestures to Adjust or Adapt
• We also use gestures called adaptors to adjust or
adapt to our environment
– Using Gestures to Illustrate
• Speaker’s gestures, or illustrators, are important
communicative tools that emphasize, accent, or
clarify our verbal communication
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 25
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Proxemics
– The study of space is called proxemics
• Personal Space
1. The intimate zone is the closest space and extends
approximately 18 inches form your body
2. The personal zone extends from 18 inches to four feet from
your body
3. The social zone extends four to eight feet from your body
4. The public zone extends beyond eight feet from your body
• Territoriality is the human need to mark and defend
space
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Touch
– Haptics is the use of touch to communicate
nonverbally
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Slide 27
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Vocalics
– Vocalics is the use of the voice to communicate
nonverbally
• Probably the most important aspect of vocalics is
voice quality
1. Rate is how fast you talk
2. Volume is the loudness of your voice
3. Inflection is the vocal emphasis you place on words
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 28
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Odor
– Odors are sometimes forgotten nonverbal cues,
our sensory environment is full of pleasant and
unpleasant smells that communicate a variety of
messages
– Culture plays a big role in what smells
communicate
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 29
Types of Nonverbal Communication
“Smells coat us, swirl around us, enter our
bodies, emanate from us. We live in constant
wash of them. Still, when we try to describe
a smell, words fail us like the fabrications
they are. Words are small shapes in the
gorgeous chaos of the world.”
—Diane Ackerman, poet and journalist
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 30
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Time
– Chronemics is the use of time to communicate
• Time as an Indicator of Money and Status
– Time is a strong indicator of power and status in our
society
• Time as an Indicator of Competence
• Cultural Views of Time
– Many cultures view time as circular, in which events
happen concurrently, called polychronic
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 31
Types of Nonverbal Communication
• Artifacts
– Artifacts is the use of objects to communicate
nonverbally
McGraw-Hill
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Slide 32
Using Nonverbal Communication
Effectively and Responsibly
• Monitor Your Nonverbal Messages
– The first step toward using nonverbal
communication effectively is being conscious of
the messages you are sending
• Avoid Intrusive Nonverbal Cues
– Nonverbal communication is powerful, and it
can easily be misused in ways that violate the
privacy or to threaten others
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 33
Using Nonverbal Communication
Effectively and Responsibly
• Remember the Cultural Context of
Nonverbal Cues
– Being sensitive to and tolerating the difference
between cultures is one of the most important
communication skills you can develop
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 34
Summary
• Nonverbal communication is nonlinguistic
and is often intrinsically connected to the
emotions we feel
• Nonverbal communication can augment,
repeat, or highlight words or phrases
• We use eye contact to compensate for lack
of physical proximity, to regulate verbal
interaction, to establish immediacy or
closeness with others, and to exert control or
dominance
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 35
Summary
• Kinesics is the use of body movement to
communicate nonverbally
• Proxemics is the use of space to
communicate nonverbally
• Touch conveys a variety of messages
depending upon the relationship of the
people touching
• We use our voice to communicate messages
other than words
McGraw-Hill
© 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.