Download eng_gw150914

GRAVITATIONAL WAVE GW150914 and SUPERNOVA SN1987A
A. P. Nikitin
Russia, Moscow
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This article discusses two grand cosmological events: an explosion of blue supergiant - a star Sanduleak-69º 202 to
form Supernova SN1987A, which remains unexplained, compared with at least a grand merger event black holes
GW150914, from which the LIGO Collaboration account gravitational wave (GW). From the point of view of the
theory of energy - electrodynamics, developed by the author, in physical terms, these two events are not fundamentally
different: in all cases, the motion of matter must be radiated GW as part of the whole spectrum of radiation. It is
predicted, along with the gravitational, neutrino and photon radiation from GW150914. By analogy with SN1987A, in
the case of the merger of black holes after GW150914 GW signal through 10720 s ± 4000 s (~3h 00m 00s ± 1h 06m 40s) to
come back to Earth the first neutrino signal (if option is possible that the first neutrino signal came earlier gravity)
through 112.9·106 s (~3.6 years) after gravitational signal - the second neutrino signal through 66.031·106 s (~ 2.0924
years) after which the photon flash should be observed. Neutrino signals can be recorded on the IceCube Neutrino
Observatory and other neutrino observatories.
Key words and phrases: gravitational wave (GW), merging black holes GW150914, Supernova SN1987A, energy and
gravitational potential, neutrinos.
Content
1. Introduction.
2. Supernova SN1987A.
3. Merging black holes GW150914.
4. Conclusion.
5. References.
"We may be interested in only one thing: interdependence knowledge elements"
Ernst Mach
"No amount of experimentation can not prove the theory, but rather one to deny it"
A. Einstein
1. Introduction
In connection with the registration of gravitational waves from the merger of two black holes
collaboration LIGO on Sept. 14th, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC (announced on February 11, 2016),
designated as an event GW150914 [1], new questions arise. In this brief study will try to identify
them and identify ways explanations and solutions.
The shape of the signal events GW 150914, coming from the southern hemisphere of the sky coincided with the predictions of
general relativity theory (GRT) for the merger of two black holes masses of 36 and 29 sun at a distance DGW= 410 Mpc. Massa
emerged a black hole estimated at 62 solar; It means the merger of two black holes for ~ 0,2 s It turned into light three solar masses
3M⊙ (4,62% from the sum of the masses of the two black holes) This gravitational mass defect in about 20 milliseconds (0,02 s)
completely switched to energy radiation, including the gravitational waves. Initially, the two black holes are extremely close to each
other - at a distance of 350 km (despite the fact that the Schwarzschild radius for which about 210 km). Calculations showed that the
peak of gravitational-wave power reached N = 3,6·1056 erg/s = 3,6·1049 J/s, or, by weight, approximately 200 solar masses per
second. The time delay between the two detectors in Hanford, WA and Livingston, LA (spacing 3002 km) was approximately 7 ms.
On Earth, this event was observed with "GW" amplitude 1·10-21 and a frequency of 35 до 350Hz [1]. After 0.4 s after it passed
through the Earth gravitational wave (GW), Space Telescope «Fermi» recorded gamma-ray bursts in the southern hemisphere sky.
From the point of view of energy theory - energydynamics, developed by the author, any relative
motion of matter happens when you change the mass of the transition to the radiation, that is, any
event that occurs in nature, should radiate the entire spectrum of radiation: the gravitational,
neutrino and electromagnetic, that is, the motion of matter " happening "in the entire range of
interactions, the registration of which there is only a question of their experimental detection. There
have, of course, and the reverse processes - processes of formation, condensation, absorption of
baryonic matter, which we consider in other articles. The case of the merger of black holes
1
GW150914, on which account the gravitational waves in the physical plane does not differ, for
example, from the explosion of Supernova SN1987A: in all such cases, the motion of matter should
emit gravitational waves as a part of the whole spectrum of radiation, and possibly as a result of
gravitational collapse of a pre-supernova SN1987A also formed black hole or neutron star, lower
mass, which has not yet been found.
2. Supernova SN1987A.
Consider the grand event of the explosion of blue supergiant - a star Sanduleak -69º 202, which
occurred at a distance ~ 168 thousand light years (~51,5 kpc) to form Supernova SN1987A, then
compare it with the equally grandiose event the merger of two black holes GW150914, paying
attention only to the integral characteristics of the events.
In SN1987A events described in [5] [6] [8] [13], apart from the physical explanation of the
gravitational collapse affects the whole spectrum recorded on Earth signals spaced in time by a few
hours, which, in our opinion, you must definitely be regarded as belonging to the same event.
Register two-stage neutrino signal an inappropriate standard theory of the collapse of a supernova,
it is pushing the development of the two-stage theory of collapse [7], but, in our opinion, do not pay
attention to the registration 2h 25m 35,45s UT gravitational signal antenna «GEOGRAV» in the
Roman group [3], even small and uncertain, but it is 6 times greater than the average noise, and,
surprisingly, on the 1.34 s ±0.5 s outstripped the first neutrino signal on Mont Blanc Neutrino
Observatory LSD (Liquid Scintillation Detector) in the tunnel under the mountain Mont Blanc,
registered with great accuracy2h 52m 36,79s UT [2, 3] (messages E. Amaldi и M. Aglietta). Before
the first neutrino signal observed after the second abnormal gravitational signals [4]. The sensitivity
of the gravitational antenna in Rome was assumed to be h =10-18 [7, p.1130]. It is known that the
tie is registered gravitational signal in Rome and neutrino signal LSD from SN1987A is not
possible, because this results in the calculations for energy hundreds of times (2400 times) greater
than the energy of gravitational radiation at a standard collapse of stars, but this can not stop us in
trying to explain what happened in fact non-standard way. Precision reference to absolute time UT
in this experiment is estimated LSD ±2 ms [2]. J. Weber (University of Maryland, USA) also
reported on the registration of elevated gravitational signal coincides with the first neutrino burst
SN1987A, on gravitational antenna with sensitivity Δl/l ~10-16 in the band Δ f ~10Hz.
There is also a message of SN1987A impact on the increase in plutonium-239 alpha decay rate of
1%, which coincides in time with the gravity and the first neutrino signal [11].
The second neutrino signal registered by the LSD in 7h 36m 01s UT across 17004 s after the first
in 2h 52m 36.79s UT.
At the time 9h 21m 36s [Feb. 23,39 UT] A. Jones (New Zealand) I have not noticed any new
object in the starry sky with his telescope search [8, p.563].
The first optical signal from SN1987A was recorded on photographic plates cameras satellite
tracking in Australia:
in 10h 23m 31s [23.433UT] (across 7h 30m 54s =27054 s after the first neutrino signal in LSD and
through 2h 47m 30s = 10050 s after the second neutrino burst in LSD) Supernova SN1987A reach
magnitude V = 6.0, and
in 10h 40m 48s [23.445UT] (across 3h 04m 47s=11087 s after "second" neutrino burst in LSD)
Supernova SN1987A reach magnitude V = 6.2 - G. Gerradd and McNaught R.H. SN1987A found in
the resulting image. [9], [6, p.726].
Given the explosive nature of the luminosity increase SN1987A (magnitude from 12.0 to 6.0), you
can very accurately determine that the photons started to "fly" to the Earth for a few minutes before
the first SN1987A registration on the first photo in 10h 23m 31s [23.433UT].
As we adopted the paradigm, consider the event exploding stars Sanduleak-69º 202 as
gravitational collapse, when George Gamow of the baryonic matter the star as a result of the
enormous compression has become a gravitational, neutrino and photon radiation, which both broke
away from the surface of the star, but came to Earth with unexplained is the difference between the
observed gravitational signals, neutrino bursts and subsequent optical photon flash.
2
J. Franson of University of Maryland in the New Journal of Physics Journal published an article
[10], in which, referring to the observations of Supernova SN1987A, believes that photons can be
slowed down towards the Earth, and thus keep up with the neutrinos, in connection with the the
effect of vacuum polarization; J. Franson but does not explain gravitational registration signal and
the two neutrino signals.
In this paper, we pay attention to the following solution to this problem, when the speed of any
radiation in accordance with the theory of relativity (GRT) is a function of energy and gravitational
potential of the Universe, which is shown more A. Einstein in 1912:
"If we denote by c0 speed of light at the origin, then the speed of light c in a certain place with the
gravitational potential is equal to Ф
c=c0 (1+Ф/c2)»
[12, p.172].
"... I am of the opinion that the principle of the constancy of the speed of light can be saved so long
as we confine ourselves to the space-time regions with constant gravitational potential. In my
opinion, there is no limit of the applicability of the principle of relativity and the principle of the
constancy of the speed of light, and thus our present theory of relativity " [12, p.219].
In 1917 article "On the special and general theory of relativity» A. Einstein wrote that "the law of
the constancy of the speed of light in a vacuum, which is one of the main prerequisites for service,
can not qualify for the unlimited applicability of ...; its results are applicable only as long as you
can ignore the effect of the gravitational field on physical phenomena (eg, light) " [12, p.568].
In our non-local world in which nothing is absolute, there are several overarching cosmic processes,
one of which - the formation of baryonic matter, which resulted in a cosmic scale is the change in
the gravitational potential of the Universe, equal at the moment φt=ct2. Accordingly, together with
the gravitational potential should vary according to the GRT and the value of the speed of light
equal сt=(φt)1/2 ≠ const. Fundamental space factor changes over time of all processes in the universe
according to modern observations is Hubble constant H0=2.3655 10-18 s-1 .
In accordance with the theory of relativity, consider the events of the explosion of a supernova
SN1987A registration and gravitational, neutrino and photon flares from it on Earth in the
stationary reference frame, taking the beginning of the space-time coordinates Supernova SN1987A
c direction of the x-axis on the Earth (t=0, x=0, y=0, z=0, Δφ). In this case, taking the start at the
same time gravity, neutron and photon radiation for the reference point of time, clock
synchronization on SN1987A on Earth is not necessary, because the only thing that actually we can
measure on Earth - it is the time difference between the "Destination" on Earth gravitation, neutrino
and photon signals, which, naturally, will be measured by earthly hours; while registering an event
photons on Earth will have coordinates (t=T, x=R, y=0, z=0). It is known that at present the
gravitational potential of the observed baryonic matter in the universe is
Δφс=c2.
The gravitational potential of the Universe at the time of the explosion SN1987A denoted by ΔφT,
which is 168 thousand years ago, in a galaxy Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) was
ΔφT=Δφс - Δφс TH0=c2 (1-TH0)
where T=168 thousand years =5,3017·1012 s –the time elapsed on the clock on Earth c SN1987A the time of the explosion,
RSN =51,5 kpc – distance to SN1987A, H0 =2,3655 10-18 s-1 – Hubble constant.
Energy-gravitational potential "dark matter" is
φdm =4π/3· c2=4.18879·c2 ,
(Including data WMAP mission and the Planck space observatory, and the ratio of baryonic "dark
matter" in the universe)
Energy-gravitational potential "dark energy" is
Δφde=
16π 2 c 2
=10.527578·c2 .
15
3
The space factor of change in the gravitational potential 1 second baryonic matter:
γbm=Δφ/φ=H0=2,3655·10-18 ,
where Δφ- measurement of energy potential in 1 second, φ=c2
The space factor of change in the energy of the 1s-gravitational potential "dark matter", which
determines the neutrino radiation in 4π/3 times more and equal to:
γdm=Δφdm/φdm=4π/3·H0=9.908583·10-18,
The space factor of change in the 1 second power-gravitational potential "dark energy", which
determines the gravitational radiation in 16π2/15 times more and equal to:
γde=Δφde/φde= 16π2/15·H0=24.9029858·10-18,
The time difference for photons Δtf, neutrinos Δtn and gravitational waves ΔtG, flown on Earth,
depending on the time-varying characteristics of the gravitational energy of the universe, will be:
Δtf=T·(γbm)1/2 =T (H0)1/2= 8154 s,
Δtn=T·(γdm)1/2 =T (4π/3 ·H0)1/2=16669 s,
Δtde=T·(γde)1/2 =T (16π2/15·H0)1/2=26457 s,
ΔtG=T·(γdm + γde)1/2 =T ([4π/3+16π2/15]·H0)1/2=31281 s.
We take into account the path of gravitons, photons and neutrons additional to energy and
gravitational potential energy of the universe, gravitational potentials Milky Way galaxy, LMC
galaxy and galaxy Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), and potentials generated by the Sun, Earth and
Moon will not be taken into account as a minor second and third orders.
Energy and the gravitational potential of the Sun (Earth) orbiting our Galaxy is
V 2=(2.2·105)2 =4.84·1010 m2s-2 =ΔφG.,
where V=220 km/s — Earth velocity as a part of the solar system around the galactic center
The maximum gravitational potential baryonic matter LMC galaxy is
ΔφLMC=GMLMC/RLMC=2.883·1010 m2 s-2.
From photos taken K. Madsen on February 23 by the European Southern Observatory in La Silla
(Chile) between times Feb. 23.04 UT и Feb. 23.05 UT a few hours before the explosion SN1987A
and 25 February (Feb. 25.04 UT), it is clear that SN1987A broke out at a distance from the LMC
galaxy center near the hearth of active star formation — Nebula Tarantula NGC2070 [8, p. 561562]. Therefore, with high probability we can assume that the gravitational potential at the site of
the explosion SN1987A ≈ 50% ≈ 0.5ΔφLMC +10% ≈ 0.1Δφ LMC =0.6ΔφLMC from SMC galaxy and
Tarantula Nebula :
ΔφLMC =2.883·1010 ·0.6= 1.73·1010 m2 s-2,
then the difference between the energy and the gravitational potentials of galaxies is
ΔφG — ΔφLMC=4.84·1010 — 1.73·1010 =3.11·1010 m2 s-2
Hubble factor for measuring the energy-difference between the gravitational potential of our Galaxy
and the LMC (taking into account the SMC galaxy and Tarantula Nebula) is
γbG= (ΔφG — ΔφLMC)/c2T=3.11·1010/8.987552·1016 ·5.3017·1012 = 0.06527·10-18
(γbG)1/2= (0.06527·10-18 ·10-18)1/2 = 0.2555·10-9·1
(γdG)1/2= 0.2555·10-9·2.0466= 0.5229·10-9 -more in (4π/3)1/2=2.0466 fold,
(γeG)1/2= 0.2555·10-9 ·3.2446= 0.8290·10-9, - more in (16π2/15)1/2=3,244623 fold ,
(γeGG)1/2=0.2555·10-9 ·3.8362=0.9802·10-9, -more in (4π/3+16π2/15)1/2=3,83619 fold,
ΔtfG=T·(γbG)1/2=5.3017·1012 ·0.2555·10-9=1355s
ΔtnG=T·(γdG)1/2=5.3017·1012 ·0.5229·10-9=2772 s
4
(Δφ =1·c2)
(Δφ =4π/3·c2)
(Δφ =16π2/15·c2)
(Δφ=(4π/3 +16π2/15) c2)
ΔteG=T·(γeG)1/2 =5.3017·1012·0.8290·10-9=4395 s,
ΔteGG=T·(γeGG)1/2=5.3017·1012·0.9802·10-9 =5197 s
Theoretical the calculated time difference between the arrival on Earth of gravitational waves and
the second neutrino signal from Supernova 1987A, the assumption that the rates of change of
gravity waves and neutrinos as a function of the energy potential "dark energy" and "dark matter" in
the universe, will be
ΔtGn2=(ΔtG + ΔteGG) – (Δtn +ΔtnG ) = (31281 s+ 5197 s) – (16669 s+2772 s) = 17037 s= 4h 43m 57s
(fact on LSD 4h 43m 23s =17003s) difference 0.2%
Theoretical the calculated difference in time between the second neutron signal and the arrival on
Earth of photons from Supernova 1987A, the assumption that neutrinos change speeds and as a
function of photon energy and gravitational potential "dark matter" and baryonic matter in time,
will be
Δtn2-f = (Δtn+ΔtnG) – (Δtf+ΔtfG)= (16669 s+2772 s) – (8154 s+1355 s)=9932 s=2h 45m 32s.
(fact at the time of the first photo 2h 47m 30s = 10050 s) Accuracy is very high - a difference of ~ 2m
(1.2%), and this at a rough estimate of the gravitational potential energy, in the place of a supernova
explosion in ≈ 50% ≈ 0.5 from ΔφLMC +10% = 0.1ΔφLMC by SMC galaxy and nebula Tarantula,
which with high precision confirms GRT. With high probability we can also assume that the
photons from SN1987A arrived two minutes before the first registration in the first picture, that is,
10h 21m 30s (37290 s) [23.4316 UT]
3. Merging black holes GW150914.
And now back to the event GW150914 compared to SN1987A:
Table 1. Comparative characteristics of energy SN1987A and GW150914 (LIGO)
SN1987A
GW150914 (LIGO)
№
1
Distance -time
168,0·103
light-years =51,5 kpc
TSN=5,3017·1012 s
RSN=15,89·1020 m
1.3 billion light-years = 410Mpc
TGW=41,02·1015 s
RGW=12,65·1024 m
2
Mass and energy
E=Mc2
~18Mʘ
Energy E =3,24·1048 J
масса core 30% =5,4Mʘ,
Energy core E ≈ 1,0·1048 J
36M⊙ и 29M⊙
3
Weight radiation
4,6%=0,828Mʘ=1,66·1030 kg
3Mʘ =6·1030 kg
30%MSN core) 5,4Mʘ =10,8·1030 kg (4,6% baryonic matter)
4
radiant energy
≈ 30·1046 J (30% energy core)
≈1046 J=0,3% (energy 1058 neutrino?)
≈ 14,9·1046 J (4,6% of total energy)
3Mʘ c2 = 54·1046 J
5
Duration of collapse
?
0,2 s
6
Power light
7
Amplitude of the gravitational
signal h (The sensitivity of the
notes
GW150914 ≈
8000 times more
SN1987A
at 1.8 times
3,6·1049 J/s
peak gravitational-wave
1) 2,125 10-18 (4,6%M),
2) 1,355 10-17 (30%M)
1·10-21
gravitational antenna in Rome was by interpolation from Δφ
assumed to be h =10-18)
8
The frequency of the
gravitational signal
9
Changing the energy-gravity
potential on the Earth
Δφ=GM/R, 1) 4,6%M, 2) 30%M
SN1987A
≈ in 103 — 104
times greater than
GW150914
35 - 250 Hz.
1) 6,97·10-2 m2 s-2,
2) 4,54·10-1 m2 s-2,
3,256·10-5 m2 s-2
1) 4,385·10-23 m s-2
2,647·10-30 m s-2
-22
-2
acceleration Δa
2) 2,86·10 m s
where G=6,67384·10-11 -gravitational constant, c=2,99792458·108 m/s – speed of light, M⊙=2·1030 kg – mass of the Sun.
10 Changing the intensity of
=GM/R2
5
"Evaporation" baryonic matter at the confluence of black holes 3Mʘ=M=6·1030 kg it changed the
relative energy and gravitational potential in the world on the value of
Δφ=GM/R=3.256·10-5 m2 s-2
and measuring the acceleration of tension in the world be
Δa =GM/R2 =2.647·10-30 m s-2
(I wonder how to change the energy-gravitational potential in the world "disappearance" of the moon, and that "there is"
virtually energy-gravitational sense the motion of the Moon around the Earth and the Sun at 1 time per month (3,91943
10 -7 Hz):
ΔφM=GMM/RM =1.2757·104 m2s-2 ,
and acceleration
ΔaM =GMM/RM2 =3.3187·10-5 m2 s-2
where MM=7.3477·1022 kg - the mass of the Moon, RM =3.844·108 m -distance to the Moon.
(But this happens at the time of the Moon around the Earth !? Why this change of gravitational potential energy and do not register
the gravitational wave detectors? The only explanation: the duration (frequency) of the process, which in the case of the Moon is one
month (2,549·106 s),and in the case of the merger of black holes - the "release" of energy as a result of the collapse~ 0,05 – 0,2
s.Gravitational waves emitted by Sun System - Earth - Moon, due to changes in the energy, gravitational potential in the world on the
value of ΔφM =v2=GMʘ /RE and other related parameters, such as acceleration of free fall g=GME/r2, you should change the weight
of the items in the world that can be measured at high precision electronic scale. Fluctuations in the values of gravitational
acceleration Δg and, accordingly, the weight of objects on Earth ΔP=mΔg should be ≈ 0.5% per month, and the frequency of such
changes shall be the month and year)
The time difference for photons Δtf, neutrino Δtn and gravitational waves ΔtG, flown to Earth
from GW150914 for time T, depending on the time-varying characteristics of the gravitational
energy of the universe, will be:,
Δtf=T·(H0)1/2=63,09·106 s
Δtn=T·(4π/3·H0)1/2=129,12·106 s
Δtde=T·(16π2/15·H0)1/2 =204,70·106 s
ΔtG=T·((4π/3+16π2/15)·H0)1/2=242,02·106 s
Influence of energy and gravitational potential of our Milky Way galaxy and other galaxies will be
negligible and will not take them into account. Then, by the time difference between the
gravitational signal and the first neutrino signal will be
ΔtGn1=(1,34 ± 0,5s)·RGW /RSN =(1,34 ± 0,5s)·8000 =10720s ± 4000s = ~3h 00m 00s ± 1h 06m 40s,
between the gravitational signal and the second neutron signal will be
ΔtGn2=Δtn2–ΔtG=T·((4π/3+16π2/15)·H0)1/2 - T·(4π/3·H0)1/2 =T·(H0)1/2((4π/3+16π2/15)1/2
- (4π/3)1/2
)=112,9·106 s =1306 day +17h +7m
≈ 3,6 years,
between the second signal and neutron photon signal
Δtn2f=Δtf –Δtn2=T·(H0)1/2 ((4π/3)1/2 - 1) = 66,031·106 s ≈ 2,092 years
Long wait, unfortunately. However, Einstein was waiting for a hundred years.
4. Conclusion
According to the theory of energy, similar to Supernova 1987A, in the case of the merger of black
holes after GW150914 gravitational signal through 10720s ± 4000s ( ≈ 3h 00m 00s ± 1h 06m 40s) to
come to Earth the first neutrino signal (if option is possible that the first neutrino signal came earlier
gravity) through 112.9·106 s ( ≈ 3.6 years) after gravitational signal - the second neutrino signal
through 66.031·106 s ( ≈ 2.0924 years),after which the photon flash should be observed.
Neutrino signals can be recorded on the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and other neutrino
observatories.
There are other observational cosmological experiments to confirm GRT: for the time around a
gravitational signal is registered must be registered and neutrino signals, and after a time
6
T(H0)1/2((4π/3+16π2/15)1/2-(4π/3)1/2) seconds It must be registered with the second, more powerful
neutrino signal; after the second neutrino burst through time T(H0)1/2((4π/3)1/2 –1) seconds
(+ Accounting galaxies gravitational potentials) optical photon flash should occur.
5. References.
B. P. Abbott et al. Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo
Collaboration) Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, (2016)
[2]
Amaldi E, Bonifazi P, Castellano M G, Coccia E, et al. Europhys. Lett., 3 (12) pp 1325-1330 (1987)
[3]
Aglietta M et al. Europhys. Lett., 3 (12) p 1321 (1987)
[4]
Pizzella G Nuovo Cimento B 102, 471 (1989)
[5]
Дадыкин В Л, Зацепин Г Т, Ряжская О Г. UFN journal, 158, (1989)
[6]
Morrison D. R. O. Review of Supernova 1987A: Preprint CERN, 26 January, 1988.
[7]
Imshennik V S. UFN journal, 180, №11, (2010).
[8]
Imshennik V S, Nadyozhin D K. Supernova 1987А в Большом Магеллановом Облаке: наблюдения и теория. УФН, 156, в. 4 (1988)
[9]
Gerradd G., McNaught R. H. // IAUC. No. 4316
[10]
J D Franson. Apparent correction to the speed of light in a gravitational potential. New Journal of Physics 16 (2014) 065008, doi:
10.1088/1367-2630/16/6/065008
[11]
Коломбет В А ИТЭБ РАН Сообщение 03.12.2009
[12]
Эйнштейн А. СНТ, т 1 М.; Наука, 1965.
[13]
O. G. Ryazhskaya. Neutrinos from collapsing stars: present status of experiment. UFN journal, 176, №10 (2006).
[1]
7