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The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov cm 1 Earth Science Reference Tables 2 14 14 K Uranium-238 U Rubidium-87 Rb 40 40 Ar 40 Ca 238 Pb 87 Sr 3 5.7 × 10 Water 9 1.3 × 10 4.5 × 10 87 4.9 × 10 10 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.11 0.09 0.03 10 Properties of Water ............ ........ 80 calories/gram 12 Energy gained during vaporization 11 Energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 calories/gram Energy released during freezing 9 Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead 9 206 { solid liquid gas 8 Potassium-40 N SPECIFIC HEAT (calories/gram • C°) 7 C MATERIAL 6 Carbon-14 HALF-LIFE (years) 5 DISINTEGRATION 4 Specific Heats of Common Materials Radioactive Decay Data RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE 3 PHYSICAL CONSTANTS 540 calories/gram Energy released during condensation . . . . . 540 calories/gram 13 Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 gram/milliliter 14 15 EQUATIONS 16 Eccentricity of an ellipse eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis Gradient gradient = Rate of change rate of change = Density of a substance density = 18 deviation (%) = 17 difference from accepted value × 100 accepted value Percent deviation from accepted value 19 change in field value distance 20 change in field value time 21 mass volume 22 EURYPTERUS 24 New York State Fossil 25 (Revised November 2006) 23 2001 EDITION This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2000–2001 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2001 Regents Examination in Earth Science. LAKE ERIE GRENVILLE PROVINCE (HIGHLANDS) U EA T A PL KEY ) DS N A PL (U TUG HILL PLATEAU International Boundary State Boundary Landscape Region Boundary Major Geographic Province Boundary ALLEGHENY PLATEAU ERIE–ONTARIO LOWLANDS (PLAINS) LAKE ONTARIO N RE AW .L T S W LO THE CATSKILLS ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS CE N LO EWA W R L K A ND S INTERIOR LOWLANDS N A P PA LA C HI A DS N TA OAS CC MA G RON IN L PLA P TTAN NHA E S C AN D G HL N HI N VI O PR S) D ND N A LA HL G G EN (HI SO EW HUD I NT A L AT TACO N LA INS Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State HU D S ON – MO H A W K LO W LA N D S DS AN CHAMPLAIN LOWL NIC MO UNTA 2 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006) N } } limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones } CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones Moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River. CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists Intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex. TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates Slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages. MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends. Intensely Metamorphosed Rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.) MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY, PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, and diabase (in Palisades Sill) PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales DEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates Silurian also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. SILURIAN GEOLOGICAL PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1989 Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State ara River g ia N Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006) 3 } } Dominantly Metamorphosed Rocks Dominantly Sedimentary Origin NG LO O UND AND S ISL N Surface Ocean Currents 4 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006) Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006) 5 KEY: Fiji Plate Mid-Ocean Ridge Divergent Plate Boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges) Philippine Plate Convergent Plate Boundary (Subduction Zone) subducting plate overriding plate Transform Plate Boundary (Transform Fault) Sandwich Plate Tectonic Plates Mid-Atlantic Ri dge Relative Motion at Plate Boundary Mantle Hot Spot NOTE: Not all plates and boundaries are shown. Complex or Uncertain Plate Boundary Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust 100.0 SEDIMENTS (Uplift) Weathering & Erosion Melting Heat and/or Pressu Metamorphism (Up We lift) athe ring & Er osio Erosion SEDIMENTARY ROCK n /or Pressure t a nd Hea tamorphism Me re io n lift) os (Up & Er ring the Wea lting Me Me ltin g MAGMA So li d PEBBLES 0.2 cm 0.1 SAND 0.01 0.006 cm 0.001 SILT 0.0004 cm 0.0001 CLAY 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 STREAM VELOCITY (cm/sec) *This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape. if ic METAMORPHIC ROCK 1.0 0.00001 IGNEOUS ROCK BOULDERS 25.6 cm COBBLES 6.4 cm 10.0 Vesicular Rhyolite Rhyolite Andesite Basalt Granite Diorite Gabbro LOW DENSITY 75% Peridotite Glassy Nonvesicular Vesicular (gas pockets) Fine Coarse Nonvesicular Very Coarse HIGH MAFIC (Fe, Mg) 100% Potassium feldspar (pink to white) Quartz (clear to white) TEXTURE DARK COMPOSITION 75% Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray) 50% 25% Scoria Pegmatite COLOR 100% Vesicular Basalt Vesicular Andesite GRAIN SIZE Noncrystalline Vesicular Basaltic Glass Pumice LIGHT Biotite (black) Amphibole (black) 0% 6 Basaltic Glass Dunite INTRUSIVE (Plutonic) EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic) Obsidian (usually appears black) FELSIC (Al) MINERAL COMPOSITION (Relative by Volume) CHARACTERISTICS IGNEOUS ROCKS ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification 10 mm 1 mm less than or to 1 mm larger 10 mm ta De po s it ion PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm) en n tio Compaction at ion Ce m Burial Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity 50% Pyroxene (green) Olivine (green) 25% 0% Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006) Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay Clastic (fragmental) Sand (0.2 to 0.006 cm) Silt (0.006 to 0.0004 cm) Clay (less than 0.0004 cm) COMPOSITION Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals COMMENTS ROCK NAME Rounded fragments Conglomerate MAP SYMBOL Breccia Angular fragments Fine to coarse Sandstone Very fine grain Siltstone Compact; may split easily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shale CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION Varied Halite Varied Gypsum Varied Dolomite Microscopic to coarse Calcite Cemented shell fragments or precipitates of biologic origin Limestone Varied Carbon From plant remains Coal Crystalline Bioclastic COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL Rock Salt Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites Rock Gypsum Dolostone Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification GRAIN SIZE TYPE OF METAMORPHISM Regional Fine to medium (Heat and pressure increase with depth) Medium to coarse Fine to coarse Coarse AMPHIBOLE GARNET PYROXENE Fine Fine NONFOLIATED COMPOSITION MICA QUARTZ FELDSPAR MINERAL ALIGNMENT BANDING FOLIATED TEXTURE Variable Contact (Heat) Quartz COMMENTS Low-grade metamorphism of shale Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica crystals ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL Slate Phyllite Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars Schist High-grade metamorphism; some mica changed to feldspar; segregated by mineral type into bands Gneiss Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava Hornfels Metamorphism of quartz sandstone Quartzite Metamorphism of limestone or dolostone Marble Regional Calcite and/or dolomite or Contact Various minerals in particles and matrix Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006) Pebbles may be distorted or stretched Metaconglomerate 7