Download Earth Science Reference Tables

The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
cm 1
Earth Science Reference Tables
2
14
14
K
Uranium-238
U
Rubidium-87
Rb
40
40
Ar
40
Ca
238
Pb
87
Sr
3
5.7 × 10
Water
9
1.3 × 10
4.5 × 10
87
4.9 × 10
10
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.24
0.20
0.19
0.11
0.09
0.03
10
Properties of Water
............
........
80 calories/gram
12
Energy gained during vaporization
11
Energy gained during melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 calories/gram
Energy released during freezing
9
Dry air
Basalt
Granite
Iron
Copper
Lead
9
206
{
solid
liquid
gas
8
Potassium-40
N
SPECIFIC HEAT
(calories/gram • C°)
7
C
MATERIAL
6
Carbon-14
HALF-LIFE
(years)
5
DISINTEGRATION
4
Specific Heats of Common Materials
Radioactive Decay Data
RADIOACTIVE
ISOTOPE
3
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
540 calories/gram
Energy released during condensation . . . . . 540 calories/gram
13
Density at 3.98°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 gram/milliliter
14
15
EQUATIONS
16
Eccentricity of an ellipse
eccentricity = distance between foci
length of major axis
Gradient
gradient =
Rate of change
rate of change =
Density of a substance
density =
18
deviation (%) =
17
difference from accepted value
× 100
accepted value
Percent deviation
from accepted value
19
change in field value
distance
20
change in field value
time
21
mass
volume
22
EURYPTERUS
24
New York State Fossil
25
(Revised November 2006)
23
2001 EDITION
This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the
classroom beginning in the 2000–2001 school year. The first examination
for which these tables will be used is the January 2001 Regents
Examination in Earth Science.
LAKE
ERIE
GRENVILLE PROVINCE
(HIGHLANDS)
U
EA
T
A
PL
KEY
)
DS
N
A
PL
(U
TUG
HILL
PLATEAU
International Boundary
State Boundary
Landscape Region Boundary
Major Geographic Province Boundary
ALLEGHENY PLATEAU
ERIE–ONTARIO LOWLANDS
(PLAINS)
LAKE ONTARIO
N
RE
AW
.L
T
S
W
LO
THE
CATSKILLS
ADIRONDACK
MOUNTAINS
CE
N
LO EWA
W R
L K
A
ND
S
INTERIOR LOWLANDS
N
A
P
PA
LA
C
HI
A
DS
N
TA
OAS
CC
MA
G
RON
IN
L PLA
P
TTAN
NHA
E
S
C
AN D
G HL
N HI
N
VI
O
PR S)
D ND
N A
LA HL
G G
EN (HI
SO
EW
HUD
I
NT
A
L
AT
TACO
N
LA
INS
Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State
HU
D
S ON
– MO H
A
W
K LO
W LA N D S
DS
AN
CHAMPLAIN LOWL
NIC MO
UNTA
2
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)
N
}
}
limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones
}
CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones
Moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River.
CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists
Intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex.
TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates
Slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages.
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles
Lines are generalized structure trends.
Intensely Metamorphosed Rocks
(regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.)
MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks
ORDOVICIAN
CAMBRIAN
CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY, PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays
LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, and diabase (in Palisades Sill)
PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales
DEVONIAN
limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates
Silurian also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite.
SILURIAN
GEOLOGICAL PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK
modified from
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
1989
Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State
ara River
g
ia
N
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)
3
}
}
Dominantly
Metamorphosed
Rocks
Dominantly
Sedimentary
Origin
NG
LO
O UND
AND S
ISL
N
Surface Ocean Currents
4
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)
5
KEY:
Fiji
Plate
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Divergent Plate Boundary
(usually broken by transform
faults along mid-ocean ridges)
Philippine
Plate
Convergent Plate Boundary
(Subduction Zone)
subducting
plate
overriding
plate
Transform Plate Boundary
(Transform Fault)
Sandwich
Plate
Tectonic Plates
Mid-Atlantic Ri
dge
Relative Motion
at Plate Boundary
Mantle
Hot Spot
NOTE: Not all plates and boundaries are shown.
Complex or Uncertain
Plate Boundary
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
100.0
SEDIMENTS
(Uplift)
Weathering & Erosion
Melting
Heat and/or Pressu
Metamorphism
(Up
We
lift)
athe
ring
& Er
osio
Erosion
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK
n
/or Pressure
t a nd
Hea tamorphism
Me
re
io n
lift)
os
(Up & Er
ring
the
Wea
lting
Me
Me
ltin
g
MAGMA
So
li d
PEBBLES
0.2 cm
0.1
SAND
0.01
0.006 cm
0.001
SILT
0.0004 cm
0.0001
CLAY
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/sec)
*This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to
maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to
differences in particle density and shape.
if
ic
METAMORPHIC
ROCK
1.0
0.00001
IGNEOUS
ROCK
BOULDERS
25.6 cm
COBBLES
6.4 cm
10.0
Vesicular Rhyolite
Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
LOW
DENSITY
75%
Peridotite
Glassy
Nonvesicular
Vesicular
(gas
pockets)
Fine
Coarse
Nonvesicular
Very
Coarse
HIGH
MAFIC (Fe, Mg)
100%
Potassium
feldspar
(pink to white)
Quartz
(clear to
white)
TEXTURE
DARK
COMPOSITION
75%
Plagioclase feldspar
(white to gray)
50%
25%
Scoria
Pegmatite
COLOR
100%
Vesicular
Basalt
Vesicular
Andesite
GRAIN
SIZE
Noncrystalline
Vesicular Basaltic Glass
Pumice
LIGHT
Biotite
(black)
Amphibole
(black)
0%
6
Basaltic Glass
Dunite
INTRUSIVE
(Plutonic)
EXTRUSIVE
(Volcanic)
Obsidian
(usually appears black)
FELSIC (Al)
MINERAL COMPOSITION
(Relative by Volume)
CHARACTERISTICS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
10 mm 1 mm
less than
or
to
1 mm
larger 10 mm
ta
De
po
s it
ion
PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm)
en
n
tio
Compaction
at
ion
Ce
m
Burial
Relationship of Transported
Particle Size to Water Velocity
50%
Pyroxene
(green)
Olivine
(green)
25%
0%
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TEXTURE
GRAIN SIZE
Pebbles, cobbles,
and/or boulders
embedded in sand,
silt, and/or clay
Clastic
(fragmental)
Sand
(0.2 to 0.006 cm)
Silt
(0.006 to 0.0004 cm)
Clay
(less than 0.0004 cm)
COMPOSITION
Mostly
quartz,
feldspar, and
clay minerals;
may contain
fragments of
other rocks
and minerals
COMMENTS
ROCK NAME
Rounded fragments
Conglomerate
MAP SYMBOL
Breccia
Angular fragments
Fine to coarse
Sandstone
Very fine grain
Siltstone
Compact; may split
easily
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
Shale
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TEXTURE
GRAIN SIZE
COMPOSITION
Varied
Halite
Varied
Gypsum
Varied
Dolomite
Microscopic to coarse
Calcite
Cemented shell
fragments or precipitates
of biologic origin
Limestone
Varied
Carbon
From plant remains
Coal
Crystalline
Bioclastic
COMMENTS
ROCK NAME
MAP SYMBOL
Rock Salt
Crystals from
chemical
precipitates
and evaporites
Rock Gypsum
Dolostone
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
GRAIN
SIZE
TYPE OF
METAMORPHISM
Regional
Fine
to
medium
(Heat and
pressure
increase
with depth)
Medium
to
coarse
Fine
to
coarse
Coarse
AMPHIBOLE
GARNET
PYROXENE
Fine
Fine
NONFOLIATED
COMPOSITION
MICA
QUARTZ
FELDSPAR
MINERAL
ALIGNMENT
BANDING
FOLIATED
TEXTURE
Variable
Contact
(Heat)
Quartz
COMMENTS
Low-grade
metamorphism of shale
Foliation surfaces shiny from
microscopic mica crystals
ROCK NAME
MAP SYMBOL
Slate
Phyllite
Platy mica crystals visible from
metamorphism of clay or
feldspars
Schist
High-grade metamorphism;
some mica changed to feldspar;
segregated by mineral type
into bands
Gneiss
Various rocks changed by
heat from nearby
magma/lava
Hornfels
Metamorphism of quartz
sandstone
Quartzite
Metamorphism of
limestone or dolostone
Marble
Regional
Calcite and/or
dolomite
or
Contact
Various minerals
in particles
and matrix
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition (Revised November 2006)
Pebbles may be distorted
or stretched
Metaconglomerate
7