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Unit 2 - Biochemistry - Vocabulary Review atom building block of all matter; smallest part of an element acid proton donor; ph <7; releases H+ ions when dissolved in water covalent bond bond formed when atoms share electrons element substance that cannot be broken down any further, composed of only one type of atom ion a charged atom, that has gained or lost an electron isotope atoms of the same element that have different #s of neutrons and thus diff. atomic masses ph scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution (from 0 - 14), telling whether a substance is an acid or a base reactants substances that participate in a chemical reaction activation energy energy need to start a chemical reaction amino acid it chains to form proteins; consists of C (Carboxyl) group, N (Amine) group and others carbohydrate organic compound made of C,H, and O, that is used mostly for energy in organisms catalyst substance that speeds up a chemical reaction disaccharide double sugars double helix structure of the dna molecule monosaccharide single sugar; simplest forms of carbohydrates nucleotides these make up nucleic acids polypeptide name for proteins based on the type of bonds found in proteins proteins organic compound composed of amino acids (contain C,H,O, and N) starch energy storage polysaccharide found in plants hydrophobic substance that cannot mix with water (atomic) nucleus central mass of an atom containing protons and neutrons base proton acceptor; pH>7; substance that releases hydroxide (OH-) ions when dissolved in water compound substance composed of two or more different kinds of elements electron negative subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus and weighs very little inorganic compound compound that does not contain carbon (and hydrogen together) ionic bond bond that is formed by the give and take of electrons neutron subatomic particle with no charge and a weight of 1 amu, found in the nucleus organic compound compound that contains carbon (and hydrogen) proton positive subatomic particle with a weight of 1 amu, found in the nucleus active site area of an enzyme that binds with the substrate coenzyme substances (ex. vitamins) needed by certain enzymes to completely form a working active site DNA molecule containing the genetic code in all cells of each organisms enzyme biological catalyst; protein that speeds up reactions in an organism glucose monosaccharide that is produced by plants in photosynthesis and used by all organisms in the process of respiration glycogen energy storage polysaccharide found in animals lipid organic compound stores the most energy and is used to form cell membranes; formed from fatty acids and a glycerol molecule smallest part of a compound joined with covalent bonds; all organic compounds contain molecules nucleic acid organic compound that forms DNA and RNA; consists of nucleotides peptide bond bond used to join amino acids into proteins polysaccharide carbohydrate is formed of long chains of simple sugars products the substances that are formed in a chemical reaction RNA nucleic acid found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells, used in delivery of genetic code Hydrophilic substance that can mix with and dissolve in water dehydration synthesis creation (combining) of organic compounds by removing water Hydrolysis breaking down (killing) organic compounds by adding water Nucleotide phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base, forming nucleic acids homogenous describes something that looks THE SAME throughout Polymer a long chain of monomers linked by dehydration synthesis Monomer one small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer chemical reaction 1 or more substances react to form 1 or more DIFFERENT substances Enzyme organic molecule (protein) that acts as a catalyst Substrate substance in an organism (usu. food) acted upon by an enzyme Solution a homogenous mixture (in which all substances look the same) Solute the substance that dissolves in a solution Solvent the substance that a solute dissolves in (oftentimes water) Matter anything that has mass and volume (takes up space) Energy the ability to do work kinetic energy the energy of motion atomic number the # of protons in an element mass number the # of protons plus the # of neutrons in an element Subscript number at the bottom right of a chemical symbol, showing how many atoms are in that molecule Saturated describes a "full" solution that can't hold any more solute