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Study Guide, Unit 4 You will need an 882 E Scantron. Questions 1-33 are all histology pictures with multiple choice questions printed on the PowerPoint slides. The slides will be projected on the screen in the front of the room, and the slides will change every 30 seconds and continue back to the beginning in a continuous loop. Questions 34-100 are multiple choice on 24 stations around the room, including models, and cats. Extra credit is just 5 additional structures on models. CATS Respiratory system on cat: – Diaphragm – Lungs – Trachea – Larynx – Bronchus GI system on cat: • Parotid gland • Lingual frenulum • Esophagus • Liver • gall bladder • Spleen • Stomach (with rugae inside) • Pancreas • greater omentum • Mesentery • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum • Large Intestine (colon) Renal system in cat: – Kidney – Ureter – Urinary bladder Reproductive system on male cat: • Reproductive system on male cat: – Scrotum (has fur) • Testes Reproductive system on female cat: • Ovary • Uterine horn 1 Study Guide, Unit 4 MODELS Upper Respiratory models: Know the below structures on each of the above models External nares Lingual frenulum (can only see on the first three models above) Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Uvula Epiglottis (“leaf-like” flap, function is to cover the glottis) Glottis (this is a hole; “Name this opening”) Uvula Thyroid gland Palatine tonsil (tonsils are members of the immune system) Pharyngeal tonsil Know these structures Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Middle nasal conchae Inferior nasal conchae Trachea model: Know the below structures on this model Hyoid bone Trachealis muscle Arytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands (pink dots) Know these on the skin model (no photo yet) Epidermis (stratified squamous ET) Dermis (dense irregular CT) Hypodermis (adipose) Know the below structures on this model Villus Lacteal Intestinal crypt Mucosa with simple columnar epithelium 2 Study Guide, Unit 4 Lung Model Know the below structures on these models Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Thyroid gland Trachea Lung Pulmonary artery (blue) and vein (red) Bronchi: primary, secondary, tertiary Diaphragm Glands and Tonsil Models Know these structures Submandibular gland Sublingual gland Parotid gland Palatine tonsil Pharyngeal tonsil Stomach model: Know the below structures on this model Fundus region Cardiac region Pylorus region Greater curvature Lesser curvature Pyloric sphincter Plicae circularis Rugae (macroscopic folds that allow for expansion) The stomach produces mucous, enzymes, hormones, and HCl (acid) Pancreas/Spleen Models: Know the below structures on these models Kidney Gall bladder Pancreas Spleen (function is to remove foreign antigens and aging RBC’s) Duodenum Plicae circularis 3 Study Guide, Unit 4 GI models: Know the below structures on the above model Stomach (know the structures and regions) Pancreas Spleen Pyloric sphincter Circular folds (plicae circularis; these are macroscopic folds in the mucosa) Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Tenia coli Jejunum (middle part of small intestine) Ileum Cecum Ileocecal valve Appendix Rectum NOTE: Plicae circularis, microvilli, and villi all increase the surface area of the small intestinal lining Intestine Models Know these structures on these models Greater omentum Jejunum Ascending colon descending colon transverse colon Tenia coli Sigmoid colon Mesentery Cecum Appendix Common bile duct Duodenum Pancreas 4 Study Guide, Unit 4 Liver models: Know the below structures on the above models Gall bladder Cystic duct Common bile duct Falciform ligament Know the below structures on this model Liver lobule Central vein Sinusoids Kupffer cells Hepatic triad Bile duct Hepatic artery Hepatic portal venule (brings venous blood to the liver for cleansing) Endocrine Gland Baby: Baby Model Thyroid gland (secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin) Pituitary gland (secretes FSH, etc. The neurohypophysis stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus) Thymus gland (site of maturation of white blood cells) Dry Lab Endocrine Questions Function of endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis Parathyroid gland (secretes parathyroid hormone) Adrenal gland (secretes cortisol, epinephrine, aldosterone) Ovary (also an endocrine gland; secretes estrogen) Pancreas (secretes insulin; lack= diabetes mellitus) Testes (secretes testosterone) 5 Study Guide, Unit 4 Renal area of Man: Know the below structures on this model Spleen Kidney Adrenal gland Renal artery Ureter Urinary bladder Kidney Model: Know the below structures on this model Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Prostate gland Adrenal gland (secretes cortisol, aldosterone, epinephrine, sex hormones for opposite sex) Nephron Model: Know the below structures on this model Vasa recta Peritubular capillaries 6 Study Guide, Unit 4 Renal model of kidney: Know the below structures on these models REGIONS: Cortex Medulla Renal pelvis. STRUCTURES: Pyramids Major calyx Minor calyx Hilus Ureter VESSELS: Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Interlobular arteries. Nephron models: Know the below structures on this model Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Descending loop of the nephron Thick segment Thin segment Ascending loop of the nephron Thick segment Thin segment Distal convoluted tubule Collecting tubule (where the urine is most similar to the urine in the bladder) Vasa recta Study Tip: To get oriented, always start at the glomerulus and run your finger down the proximal convoluted tubule. When it loops back up and thickens, you are now at the distal convoluted tubule. 7 Study Guide, Unit 4 Renal model glomerulus: Know the below structures on this model Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) The glomerular space is where the urine is most dissimilar to the urine in the bladder Reproductive system on male model: Know the below structures on these models STRUCTURES: Scrotum Testes Epididymis Spermatic cord Ductus (vas) deferens Penis Prostatic urethra Seminal vesicle (function is to enhance sperm motility) Prostate gland (function is to enhance sperm motility) Bulbourethral gland (function is to lubricate urethra for sperm and neutralize pH) REGIONS OF PENIS Root Body Glans STRUCTURES OF PENIS: Corpus cavernosum Corpus spongiosum 8 Study Guide, Unit 4 Ovulation Model Know the below structures on the above model Primary follicle (FSH causes these to develop into secondary follicles) Secondary follicle (secretes estrogen) Graafian follicle (secretes estrogen; LH causes antrum to burst at ovulation) Corpus albicans Corpus luteum (secretes progesterone) Ovum Reproductive system on female model: Know these structures on these models STRUCTURES: Uterus Cervix Vagina Clitoris Labia majora Labia minora Ovary (is also an endocrine gland) Ovarian ligament Round ligament Uterine tube (fallopian tube) Urethra Labia majora Labia minora REGIONS OF UTERINE (FALLOPIAN) TUBE: Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus REGIONS OF UTERUS: Fundus Cervix LAYERS OF THE UTERUS: Myometrium Endometrium Epimetrium 9 Study Guide, Unit 4 Slides NOTE: Tissue is the name for a group of cells with similar appearance and common function. Epithelium: Simple squamous (found in the glomerulus of kidney) Stratified squamous (function is protection from abrasion) Simple columnar Simple cuboidal (found in kidney tubules) Stratified cuboidal (found in sweat glands) Pseudostratified columnar (found in the trachea) Transitional (found in the bladder of the urinary system, allows for stretching) Connective Tissue Proper Areolar (aka loose) Dense regular (found in tendons and ligaments, collagen fibers are its primary component) Dense irregular (found in dermis of skin) Reticular (found in lymph nodes, supports immune cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen) Adipose Special Connective Tissue Cartilage (all cartilage is avascular) Types: Hyaline (most common cartilage; found in articular cartilage) Elastic (found in ears) Fibrocartilage (found in vertebral discs; this type of cartilage is the most resistant to physical stresses like compression) Bone Compact bone Cancellous (spongy) bone Muscle; skeletal, cardiac, smooth Blood; neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil OTHER HISTOLOGY TO KNOW Artery, vein, arteriole, venuole, capillary Nervous tissue (found in the spinal cord) Eye: retina, choroid coat, sclera Lung; (functional unit is the alveolus); identify the alveolus Salivary gland Tongue: taste bud Small intestine; villus, intestinal crypts Liver: (functional unit is the lobule); identify the central vein Pancreas: acini (also known as acinar cells), islets (secrete insulin; this hormone is absent of ineffective in diabetes mellitus) Spleen: red pulp, white pulp (function is to remove foreign antigens and aging RBCs) Thyroid gland: secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin Kidney: (functional unit of the kidney is the nephron) Identify the glomerulus; kidney tubules Ovary; follicle, oocyte, coronata radiata, antrum Testis; seminiferous tubules 10