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University of Plymouth Sustainability Design Brief 1 Content Relevance of Sustainability .................................................................. Sustainability Design Brief and targets .................................................. Design Targets: GLOBAL ............................................................... Design Targets: ENERGY ............................................................... Design Targets: WATER ................................................................ Design Targets: WATER ................................................................ Design Targets: CARBON ............................................................... Design Targets: MATERIALS & WASTE ............................................ Design Targets: MICROCLIMATE & ECOLOGY ................................... Design Targets: POLLUTION .......................................................... Design Targets: HEALTH & WELLNESS ............................................ Appendix 1: Energy Consumption Benchmarks ....................................... Appendix 2: Ecopoints: a single score environmental assessment ............. 2 Relevance of Sustainability “Sustainable design provides for the demands of today whilst protecting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [adapted from Brundtland Report, 1987] A sustainable university building not only embraces the concept of sustainability but also is, in itself, a teaching tool for sustainability. Its design must address the Triple Bottom Line, namely environmental impacts, social concerns and economic performance. Globally, buildings consume large amounts of resources and emit different types of pollution. It is very crucial that buildings are made sustainable so as to reduce the damage caused to the environment. The utilization of resources by buildings and the impact they generate is illustrated in the diagram below. Resource flow through typical buildings INPUTS OUTPUTS Materials 50% of all global resources 70% of global timber Social impacts Energy 50% global energy [45% to operate 5% to construct] Water 40% of water used globally Land Construction Use Emissions to air, water and soil Maintenance Renovation Noise Demolition 60% of prime agricultural land lost to farming is used for building purposes Waste Investment & cash Financial returns Buildings over their lifetime impact two main issues - environmental and socioeconomic. Within a sustainable building these impacts will be reduced substantially. 3 Environmental impact: Buildings impact the environment during construction, use and demolition. The major impacts are listed below: Ozone depletion Ecological loss Fuel depletion Land depletion Climate change Waste Water depletion Acid rain Socio-economic impact: There are many social and economic issues that are a by-product of the design of the built environment. Sustainable buildings will attempt to address these issues during the design stage. Socio-economic impacts include the following: 1. Indoor air quality 2. Student performance 3. Visual and thermal comfort 4. Ease of operation/maintenance 5. Ecological literacy/building as a teaching tool Additional socio-economic benefits of a sustainable university design: 1. Higher Test Scores. A recent study of some educational buildings in the USA indicates a strong correlation between increased daylighting and improved student performance. For example, students in classrooms with the most daylighting progressed 20% faster on math tests and 26% faster on reading tests in one year than those in classrooms with the least amount of daylight. (See Teacher Support network Website: http://www.teachersupport.org.uk/index.cfm?p=842) 2. Increased Average Daily Attendance. Improving indoor air quality by controlling sources of contaminants, providing adequate ventilation, and preventing moisture accumulation can reduce the number of sick days for students and lecturers, especially those suffering from asthma or other respiratory problems. 3. Reduced Operating Costs. By using less energy and water than standard buildings, overall operating costs can be reduced. Universities can save 20– 40% on annual utility costs for new buildings and 20–30% for renovated buildings by applying high performance design concepts. Savings can be used to supplement other budgets, such as maintenance, computers, books etc. 4 4. Increased Teacher Satisfaction and Retention. High visual & thermal comfort, good acoustics, and fresh indoor air become positive factors in recruiting and retaining teachers and in increasing their overall satisfaction with work. A sustainable university building design will follow an integrated design approach. This is summarised in the diagram below: 5 Sustainability Design Brief and targets This Sustainability Design Brief captures this core values and sets out a series of headline objectives and further detailed development targets that the team is committed to achieving and by which their performance and success can be measured. It is recognised that this document is a ‘live’ document and will be adjusted, changed and improved. The brief will remain as a framework around which the success of the scheme may be judged. However, it is important to note that the Brief will not be ‘Dumbed Down’ to suit any lesser design options but will remain the target document against which the success of both the design and development teams will be judged by all stakeholders. It is therefore important that all members of the development and design teams comment on and then take ownership of this brief. Global Objectives The global objectives are aimed at satisfying global responsibilities and the universities ‘corporate’ business strategies. These are as follows: To show leadership through a demonstration of an exemplary sustainable development To create a new benchmark in sustainable design. To enhance the brand of the University globally with respect to their environmental image. To meet and significantly improve upon the objectives laid out by the Local Agenda 21 Strategy To deliver added value on the key UK government indicators Environment/Resource Management/Society/Economics. To achieve exemplary ECO BRANDING for the facility. This to include achieving equivalent ‘Excellent’ rating on BREEAM and Ecohomes and NHER assessment. To deliver value and improvement to all stakeholders. To deliver a carbon neutral development. 6 Design Targets: GLOBAL Benchmark Government commitment 20% reduction on CO2 emissions by 2010 [Ref: UK Climate Change Strategy document] Design Target Zero CO2 Development, Carbon neutral Government target for UK power supplied by renewable energy by 2010 is 10%. [DTI Renewable Energy Policy Guidance.] 10% utilisation energy from renewable sources, with 2% on-site production UK Government, relying on CHP to deliver 20% of its CO2 savings target. Target of 10 GWe of new CHP capacity by 2010. [Ref: Draft. UK Climate Change Strategy, page 61] 60% utilisation of CHP system Waste The Government has set two primary targets, to: reduce the proportion of controlled waste going to landfill to 60% by 2005, and recover value from 40% of municipal waste by 2005. [Ref: Framework for Sustainable Development on the Government Estate, Part D, 2003-04] 10% of building mass will be composed of materials with salvaged, recycled or agro content. Water Over 2002-03, DTI has recorded an impressive 44 % reduction in water use across their estate. This is largely due to water management projects, including the installation of waterless urinals in major buildings. [Ref: Sustainable Development in Government: Second Annual Report 2003, Part C: Water] 50% reduction in potable water demand relative to ‘business as usual’ Demonstrating environmental commitment From March 2003, all Government new build projects should achieve ‘Excellent’ BREEAM ratings & all refurbishment projects ‘very good’. [ref: Sustainable Development in Government: Second Annual Report 2003, Part G:] Achieve ‘Excellent’ BREEAM rating or equivalent. Greenhouse gas emissions Renewable energy Combined heat and power 7 Building Objectives The objectives and targets laid in this section are more specific to the actual building design. They include specific benchmarking targets and encompass further objectives that are covered in BREEAM, CIBSE and the BCO Brief. To provide a high quality, safe, comfortable and stimulating environment for all occupants: staff, students, faculty and visitors to enjoy. To use BRE Best Practice guidance as a minimum standard to be exceeded where added value environmental, social and economic can be demonstrated. To dramatically improve the ecological/landscape value of the site and provides an integrated ecology/water/open space/landscape plan. To reduce the need for transport during demolition, refurbishment and construction and tightly control all processes to reduce noise, dust, vibration, pollution and waste. To make the most of the site, e.g. by studying its history and purpose, local microclimate and the prevailing winds and weather patterns, solar orientation, transport and the form of surrounding buildings. To design the building to minimise the cost of ownership and its impact on the environment over its life span by making it easily maintainable and to incorporating techniques and technologies for conserving energy and water and reducing emissions to land, water and air. To put the function of the building and the comfort of its occupants well before any statement it is intended to make about the owner or its designer. That is, make it secure, flexible and adaptable (to meet future requirements) and able to facilitate and promote communications between staff. To build to the appropriate quality and to last. Longevity depends much on form, finishes and the method of assembly employed as on the material used. To avoid using materials from non renewable sources or which cannot be reused or recycled, especially in structures which have a short life. To use less energy and find more environmentally friendly forms of energy. To limit the amount of water use and increase the use of environmentally friendly water supply and drainage systems. To reduce the amount of raw materials used for construction, and consider appropriate means of extraction for materials that are plentiful. To provide high accessibility throughout the area, with good public transport and provision for walkers and cyclists. To provide measures to improve indoor air quality. To provide adequate daylight in most spaces. To design to reduce the opportunity for crime. To design to reduce noise nuisance and provide some quiet spaces. 8 Design Targets: ENERGY Strategic proposals Reduce energy demand by bioclimatic design of building Reduce building energy demand by incorporating energy efficient lighting, heating, cooling and ventilation systems Optimise building orientation such that east and west exposure is minimised. Ensure that external shading devices are incorporated in the building facade to limit the internal heat gain resulting from solar radiation. Horizontal sunshades attached above windows on south facing walls. Vertical louvers also are effective for east and west facing windows. Maximize use of solar passive heating from the south façade. Ensure that adequate thermal mass has been provided to minimise over heating. Maximise daylighting by ensure that 80% of the building has a daylight factor exceeding 2.5% and photo electric dimmers are specified. Consider techniques such as cross, stack ventilation and down draught ventilation to Maximise use of natural ventilation. Consider mixed mode ventilation, where mechanical ventilation is required. Use compact building forms to minimise heat loss. Improve levels of air tightness. Use advanced façade design, such as low emissive glass to control heat gain and modulate daylight levels. Aim to provide 20% better thermal performance than the present building regulations (L2/3). 1. General: An assessment should be made of likely internal gains from equipment, people and lighting. Where these do not exceed 35-40W/m2 a naturally ventilated or mixed mode approach may be possible. Check metering should be provided for all potentially separate tenant areas*. Lighting and heating controls should be designed to serve no more than 4 workstations or an area of 28m2*. The BEMS system should be capable of monitoring the refrigeration system COP electronically in order to monitor operating efficiency. Targets 50% reduction in energy demand relative to ‘business as usual’. See Appendix 1: Energy Consumption Benchmarks Same as above. 2. Lighting Ensure luminance levels between 350 – 400 lux*. Do not exceed lighting power density of 10W/m2 in teaching spaces. For other building types power densities should be set at less than the mid range of table 2.2 of the CIBSE Guide on Interior Lighting 5. Category 2 luminaires fitted with interchangeable diffusers and high frequency ballasts should be provided for general lighting*. Specify lighting with an initial efficacy averaged over whole building of at least 60 lumens per circuit Watt. Ban tungsten and halogen lighting. Maximise use of T5 [slimline] luminaries. Use lighting controls such as PIR, and time based for areas with intermittent usage. 9 3. Heating/cooling For new buildings with a total useful floor area over 1000m2, Member States shall ensure that the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of alternative systems such as: — Decentralised energy supply systems based on Renewable energy; — CHP; — District or block heating and cooling; — Heat pumps, [EU EP directive, Article 5& 6, 2002/91]. Temperature set points should be selected in order to minimise energy use, while providing acceptable thermal comfort. 19oC in winter and 24oC in summer. A minimum temperature dead band of 4OC should be considered. Use weather compensation of flow temperature. Consider condensing boilers and under floor heat for relevant areas. Ban electric space heating. Zoning of air-conditioning should take into account individual lettable areas and segregate the perimeter and internal zones. At the perimeter one control device should be provided for not more than 6m of perimeter space assuming a depth of 4.5m*. The Specific Fan Power (SFP) of the air conditioning system should not exceed 2 Watts per litre per second. Higher levels may need to be set for buildings using heat recovery or where particularly fine filtration is required. Humidification should be avoided. Space heating should utilise a gas condensing boiler, for at least the lead boiler in a multiple boiler installation. The air conditioning system should be designed to utilise free cooling with enthalpy control. 4. Hot water Consider condensing direct gas – fired storage water heaters. Consider solar collectors to meets at 60% of the annual hot water energy demand. Promote the use of renewable sources of energy 5. Incorporate building integrated renewables: About 60% of annual water heating demand can be met by solar collectors. Wind turbines can be mounted on the roof of the building. Typically, Photovoltaic cells covering 50% of the wall-faces and roof can generate 20% of the energy used by the building. Net 10% of electrical demand met by building integrated renewables * BREEAM issues 10 Design Targets: WATER Strategic proposals Reduce water consumption Use water efficient fixtures and fittings, including; Manage and use rainwater Recycle water Specifying WC’s that have a dual flushing capacity of 6/4 litres or less*. Specifying showers that have a maximum flow rate of 6 litres per minute or less*. Specifying ‘low volume’ baths, whose shape encourages lower water use. Specifying Low flow aerated taps or PIR sensors for control of taps. Specifying waterless urinals or urinal with PIR detectors. Reducing the maximum level of water consumption in the building to 11m3 per person per year. Specifying a water leak detection system to areas / plant vulnerable to leakage*. Targets 50% reduction in potable water demand relative to ‘business as usual’ i.e., 45 litres/person/day Reducing quantity of storm water runoff from the site or improve the quality of site runoff before it discharges to storm sewers that deliver runoff to area lakes and rivers and before it percolates into groundwater. Use on-site water infiltration or retention as a means of improving the quality of surface water runoff. Design new storm water systems to prevent discharge of unmanaged storm water into jurisdictional wetlands, sole-source aquifers, trout streams or other sensitive areas. Collect and use rainwater for the building. Reduce 50% of the run off to natural watercourses Consider the use of ‘grey’ water recycling for toilet flushing. Recycle 50% of the grey water * BREEAM issues 11 Design Targets: CARBON Strategic proposals Carbon neutral development Reduce building energy consumption by 50% Meet 10% of the electrical demand using building mounted renewables. Provide facilities for cyclists and electric cars. Target Net zero CO2 emissions from built development in operation [see section on ‘energy’] Meet the remainder of the energy demand using a combination of: On-site cogeneration (combined, heating, cooling and power) e.g. Combined cycle gas turbines, LCV turbines & Fuel cells. Off-site renewables such as wind power [i.e., buy electricity from renewable energy suppliers]. Carbon sequestration – achieve 30% canopy cover across the site as a minimum. Engage in carbon trading. 12 Design Targets: MATERIALS & WASTE Strategic proposals Minimise the life-cycle impact of materials on the environment. Life cycle environmental impacts: Embodied energy contributes to between 10 –15% of the total energy consumption over the building life. Special attention should be given to building elements such as Floor coverings, Structural slab, external façade and Roof structure as typically they embody the highest component of energy. Select low impact materials by using BRE’s Envest Software. Salvaged building materials: For example: salvaged stone and bricks. Use websites such as www.materials-exchange.org.uk/ and www.salvomie.co.uk/ to find materials and to sell demolished materials. Use recycled materials: Preference for postconsumer content rather than post-industrial because post-consumer recycled materials are more likely to be diverted from landfills. Examples: Cellulose insulation, Floor tile made from ground glass; Iron-ore slag used to make mineral wool insulation, Fly ash used to make concrete. Ozone-depleting materials: CFCs have been phased out, but their primary replacements-HCFCs- also damage the ozone layer and should be avoided where possible. Avoid foam insulation and compression-cycle HVAC equipment, these generally contain HCFCs. Examples generic insulation products have never involved ozone depleting materials are Mineral Fibre/Mineral Wool, Glass Fibre/Glass Wool, Cellular Glass, Expanded Polystyrene (bead polystyrene), Expanded Nitrile Rubber, Recycled Cellulose*. Responsible wood suppliers: The timber for key elements including structural timber, cladding, and internal joinery will come from sustainably managed sources. Certification schemes such as Forest Stewardship Council [FSC], Forest Council [FC], and WoodmarkTM will be used to demonstrate compliance. Targets Embodied environmental impacts to be limited to 4 ecopoints/m2 [See Appendix 2: Ecopoints] * EU Council Regulation 2037/2000): On substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 4 Minimise the impact of materials on indoor environmental quality. Non-toxic finishes: Select materials that have minimal chemical emissions and emit low or no volatile organic compounds [VOC] will be specified. Particular attention should be give to: adhesives, carpeting, upholstery, manufactured wood products, paints, thinners and cleaning agents. Ensure that fibreboards are formaldehyde free. All Paints, stains, varnishes and fillers to be used are with low VOC emissions and do not contain any lead or mercury. Avoid nylon carpets Zero VOC from Internal finishes 13 Target the elimination of waste during construction and operation. The design team should develop a waste minimisation strategy that includes the following*: Zero waste to landfill Using BRE’s SMARTWASTE tool to monitor waste on site. Work with contractors and operatives to establish a no waste culture and to assess ways of increasing productivity and reducing on site waste. Establish an on-site waste collection, sorting and recycling depot to ensure maximum on site re-use. (2m2 per 1000m2 of floor area, up to 10m2 max). Quantify packaging materials and assess the potential for reduction of packaging. * Also see: Waste minimisation and recycling in construction – Design Manual: CIRIA 1998 14 Design Targets: MICROCLIMATE & ECOLOGY Strategic proposals Enhance the ecological of site Enhance places and buildings through design that responds to microclimatic factors: wind; temperature; precipitation; sunshine Build over footprint of existing buildings and hard surfaced areas to reduce the burden on previously undeveloped sites. Ensure that no trees, hedges and water bodies are not removed or damaged. Enhance the site through measures including, Reducing the buildings footprint; Demarcating areas with native species of trees and shrubs; Garden planting that uses native species and those that have a known attraction or benefit to local fauna; Vegetating the roof area; Introducing an undistributed water body on site to encourage wildlife. 30% improvement in ecological value of the existing site Optimise building orientation to maximize the opportunity for passive HVAC systems. Optimise building orientation to maximize the opportunity for building integrated renewables: photovoltaics, solar thermal, wind turbines. 50% reduction in building energy demand See section on ‘Energy’ Target Net 20% of electrical demand met by building integrated renewables Use building form, layout and massing to moderate the impact of the prevailing winds on pedestrian level comfort and safety. Use landscape to provide wind shelter locally to external amenity spaces. Minimum annual comfort rating: C2 to C3. (C2 is comfortable for strolling; C3 is comfortable for sitting or standing for short periods) Site layout and planning to permit good solar access into external amenity spaces. Use landscape to provide shade locally to external amenity spaces. Minimise overshadowing – no more than two-fifths, and preferably no more than a quarter, of any external amenity area should be prevented by buildings from receiving sunlight at all on 21 March 15 Design Targets: POLLUTION Strategic proposals Reduce the pollution to air, water and land and minimize the impact of noise Use of low emissions technologies for on-site generation of power [see topic ‘Carbon’]. Use of pollution tolerant tree species with large surface area canopy to help remove air-borne particulates. Attempt to use alternatively fuelled vehicles for all motorized transport associated with the development. No CFCs or HCFCs should be used in the building and in particular for foam plastic insulation materials*. Where required air conditioning systems should be designed to run on a refrigerant with an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of zero*. The use of hydrocarbon refrigerants with Global Warming Potentials (GWP) of less than 5 should be explored. Lithium bromide or ammonia absorption chillers should be considered where there is a source of waste heat for example from a Combined Heat and Power plant. A refrigerant leak detection system should be specified for the air conditioning system irrespective of where the chiller is located and the refrigerant type used*. The refrigeration system should be equipped with integral pump down containers or a method of isolating and storing the full refrigerant charge in order to service the chillers without loss of refrigerant*. Specify low NOx Boilers should be selected to have reduced Target Net zero CO2 emissions from built development in operation Zero ODP in the building NOx emissions to be restricted to 90mg/kWh * BREEAM 16 Design Targets: HEALTH & WELLNESS Strategic proposals Indoor Environmental Quality Daylighting Target Ensure that openable windows are provided. If using mechanical ventilation, it should provide outside air at the minimum ventilation rates recommended by CIBSE*. 8 litres per second per person Ensure that most spaces are adequately daylit*. 80% of the useable space to have 2.5% daylight factor Noise Ensure internal noise levels are maintained at a level*. Ensure that predicted ambient noise levels between 35-50 dB LAeqT in teaching areas Spaces The design should provide for a variety of social behaviours, including informal meeting areas, small group spaces with appropriate tools and technologies, and spaces for eating and relaxing. Ensure that the design of social spaces fit the actual needs of the occupants and have they been involved in decisions. Windows should have at least a partial view of the natural landscape. Ensure that plantings are used in interior spaces. Ensure that outdoor spaces provided for social interactions and relaxation. Thermal comfort The thermal comfort levels meets the ISO 7730 standard. Glare control Occupants should have control of internal or external blinds which are fitted to prevent glare. The Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) should be less than 10% All window openings should be protected against glare 17 Appendix 1: Energy Consumption Benchmarks Good Practice Fossil Fuels Electricity (KWh/m2/year) (KWh/m2/year) Academic Science (Not experimental or laboratory) Art Libraries Airconditioning Naturally ventilated Administration Airconditioning Naturally ventilated Student’s Union Catering Fast food Bar / Restaurant Residential Halls of Residence Self-catering / Flats Teaching Spaces Residential Area Hospitals (Teaching & Specialist) Typical Fossil Fuels Electricity (KWh/m2/year) (KWh/m2/year) 110 110 155 113 132 132 175 129 100 67 120 76 173 115 292 46 245 161 404 64 89 58 115 38 197 122 176 55 132 132 198 198 438 182 200 137 618 257 218 149 240 200 85 45 290 240 100 54 75 85 339 185 240 86 411 122 = No data available N.B. Floor area bases are gross. REF. BRE (2002) Appendix 2: Ecopoints: a single score environmental assessment 18 The environmental impacts of construction encompass a wide range of issues, including climate change, mineral extraction, ozone depletion and waste generation. Assessing such different issues in combination requires subjective judgements about their relative importance. For example, is a product with a high global warming impact that does not pollute water resources giving less overall environmental impact than a product that has a low global warming impact but produces significant water pollution? To enable such assessments, BRE has developed Ecopoints. Normalised Environmental Impacts Each environmental issue is measured using its own unit, for example BRE measure mineral extraction using tonnes of mineral extracted and climate change in mass of Carbon Dioxide equivalent. Using these "characterised" impacts, it is hard to make any useful comparisons. However, by comparing each environmental impact to a "norm", each impact can be measured on the same scale. BRE have taken as their norm the impacts of a typical UK citizen, calculated by dividing the impacts of the UK by its population. Making assessments based on "normalised" data means giving all the measured issues the same importance. BRE have therefore undertaken an extensive study to identify weightings for a range of sustainability issues. Weightings Expert panels from across the industry’s stakeholder groups were used to judge the importance of many sustainability issues, covering environmental, social and economic issues. The results showed a surprising degree of consensus about the relative importance of different environmental issues across a broad range of interest groups. Currently, only data for environmental issues can be measured and gathered on a UK basis. The resulting weightings for the environmental issues measured by BRE have been used to weight the normalised environmental impacts to provide the Ecopoints score. UK Ecopoints A UK Ecopoint score is a measure of the overall environmental impact of a particular product or process covering the following environmental impacts: • Climate change • Fossil fuel depletion • Ozone depletion • Freight transport • Human toxicity to air • Human toxicity to water • Waste disposal • Water extraction • Acid deposition • Ecotoxicity • Eutrophication • Summer smog • Minerals extraction UK Ecopoints are derived by adding together the score for each issue, calculated by multiplying the normalised impact with its percentage weighting. The annual environmental impact caused by a typical UK citizen therefore creates 100 Ecopoints. More Ecopoints indicate higher environmental impact. 19