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6th Grade Life Science
Miss Sauer
VIDEOS
• Bill Nye The Science Guy – Simple Machines
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVYWcZW09ok
• Bill Nye The Science Guy – Gravity
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2itm0DWSzU&index=3&
list=PLGeGWvGffeVE7BF5OeImbac7GlSBrCuKz
• Brian Cox visits the world's biggest vacuum chamber
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E43-CfukEgs
• (4:41)
VIDEOS
Newton's First Law of Motion (5:18)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEHR8YQNm_Q
Newton's Second Law of Motion (5:04)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvPrn3aBQG8
Newton's Third Law of Motion (4:38)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgqcGrB3re8
What's Newton's Laws say? (What does a fox say) (3:38)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okCCGxWs_L8
• CHAPTER 16, Lesson 1:
• Main Idea: Energy takes many forms.
Energy can be changed from one form to
another, but it cannot be created or
destroyed.
• Matter: is a basic component of the
Universe. Anything that takes up space
and has mass.
• Energy: is a basic component of the
Universe. Ability to do work.
• Joule: A unit of measurement for
energy and work.
Newton’s First Law:
• Newton’s First Law of Motion explains
what happens to objects that are at rest or
are moving. An object at rest will remain at
rest unless a force acts on it and an
object in motion will continue to move at a
constant speed in the same direction if no
forces act on it. (Newton’s First Law of
Motion is also called the Principle of
Inertia).
• Force: a push or a pull that acts on an
object.
• Inertia: the tendency for an object to resist
change in motion.
• Examples: kicking a soccer ball; pitching a
baseball.
• Potential Energy: Stored energy.
• Kinetic Energy: the energy of motion.
(anything that is moving has kinetic
energy)
• Examples of Kinetic Energy:
• Thermal is related to the random
movement of particles in matter.
• Electricity is caused by the movement of
electrons.
• Sound energy is carried by waves.
• Potential Energy can be converted to
Kinetic Energy & Kinetic Energy can be
converted to Potential Energy.
• Energy is constantly changing from
potential to kinetic and back again.
• When an object is lifted up, it gains
gravitational potential energy. If the
object falls, that potential energy is
converted to kinetic energy.
• Springs can have elastic potential energy.
• Nuclear energy is the most powerful form
of energy.
• Nuclear energy is released in a nuclear
reaction, when nuclei of atoms of one
element are changed into nuclei of atoms
of a different element.
• Nuclear Energy: energy that holds an
atomic nucleus together.
• Fusion: a nuclear reaction in which small
nuclei join together to form new nuclei.
• (Example – stars are powered by nuclear
fusion)
• Large amounts of energy are released.
The extreme temperatures and pressures
in the cores of stars allow fusion reactions
to take place.
• Fission: a nuclear reaction in which
atomic nuclei split and release energy.
• (Example – nuclear power plants:
splitting nuclei of uranium or plutonium to
release energy)
• The heat generated from fission in a
nuclear power plant is used to turn water
into steam. The steam is then used to
generate electricity.
HINT:
• FISSION has 2 s’s
• FUSION has 1 s
• Fission is a nuclear reaction in which
atomic nuclei SPLIT and release energy.
(SPLIT – 2 “S’S”)
• Fusion is a nuclear reaction in which small
nuclei JOIN together to form a new nuclei.
(JOIN – 1 “S”)
• CHAPTER 16, Lesson 3:
• Main Idea: Heat is thermal energy
transferred from warmer to cooler objects
or regions. Thermal energy can be
transferred by conduction, convection, or
radiation.
• Thermal energy is the total amount of
kinetic energy.
• Recall that the particles in matter are in
constant, random motion. Each particle
has kinetic energy due to that random
motion.
• The average kinetic energy of the particles
in an object determines the object’s
temperature.
• The total kinetic energy of all the particles
in the object due to the random motion is
the object’s thermal energy.
• The total amount of thermal energy
depends on the mass (more mass – more
thermal energy).
Temperature:
• The change in temperature for a given
amount of heat absorbed is a physical
property of a material.
• Heat: is the transfer of thermal energy.
Thermal energy that is transferred from a
warmer object to a cooler object.
• When the temperature is hot, the
particles move faster.
• When the temperature is cool, the
particles move slower.
• Whenever 2 objects with different
temperatures come in contact, the fastermoving particles in the warmer object will
transfer some of their energy to the
slower-moving particles in the cooler
object.
• This heat transfer will continue until
eventually, the objects reach a thermal
equilibrium which means that they will
have the same temperature & no further
heat will be transferred.
• Thermal Equilibrium: when neighboring
objects are the same temperature.
• Conduction: energy transfer by particle
collisions.
• Direct contact is required!
• Example: putting a metal ladle in a pot of
boiling water, the bottom part of the ladle
will be in contact with the pot and boiling
water. Thermal energy is transferred from
the hot pot & the boiling water to the
cooler ladle through conduction. The
handle of the ladle will become hot even
though it was not actually in the water.
Conduction - (DIRECT
CONTACT).
• Conduction is the transfer of heat from one
molecule to another through a substance.
Convection: the transfer of thermal
energy by mass movement of particles in
a liquid or a gas.
(the “v” reminds us of the arrows)
Warm Air
Rises
Because it’s
Less Dense
Cold Air
Sinks
Because it’s
More Dense
Convection:
• Example: If you put a pan of water over a heat
source, the water at the bottom of the pan will
heat up first. This heated water expands,
causing its density to decrease. Because the
heated water has a lower density than the
surrounding water, it rises to the top of the pan.
Cooler, denser water at the top of the pan then
sinks down to the bottom, where it is heated.
This circulation of water throughout the pan is
called a convection current. This circulation of
water will continue as long as there are
temperature differences in the pan.
Convection:
• Radiation: when a substance emits
electromagnetic waves that carry
energy.
• Example: Camp fire
• RADIATION - (NO DIRECT CONTACT).
Conduction, Convection, &
Radiation:
Conduction, Convection, &
Radiation:
• Conductor: material that conducts
thermal energy or electrical charges
well.
• Good Conductors – metals
• Insulator: a material that conducts
thermal energy or electricity poorly.
• Good Insulators – fabrics, plastics,
wood
• Some materials heat up and cool off at
different rates due to their different heat
capacities.
CHAPTER 19:
Newton’s Laws of Motion:
First Law: describes inertia. The law states that
without the action
of a net force, an object at rest stays at rest and
an object in
motion stays in motion.
• Inertia: resist any change in motion.
• newton: unit of measurement used for
the magnitude of force. (abbreviation is
N)
• Magnitude: size as well as direction.
• Forces do not always cause a change in
motion. The motion of the object will
change only if a net force acts on it.
• Friction: a force that opposes the
motion of one surface against another.
• Speed: is a measure of how fast
position changes. Speed compares the
change in distance to the change in
elapsed time.
• Speed = distance/time
• Velocity: describes the speed and
direction of a moving object.
• Acceleration: change in motion;
describes the rate at which velocity
changes. (speed up or slow down)
• a = v2-v1 / t
• Frame of reference: is an object you
choose to compare the motion of all
other objects to.
• Newton’s Second Law: the greater the
force, the greater the acceleration for a
given mass. It also shows that the
greater the mass, the smaller the
acceleration for a given force
• (F = m x a).
Newton’s Second Law:
• Newton’s Third Law: For every action,
there is an equal and opposite reaction
force; all forces come in pairs.
• Gravity: causes objects to accelerate
as they fall.
• The force of gravity will be greater when
the mass is greater.
• The force of gravity will be greater when
the distance is closer.
• So, the closer an object is, the greater the
gravitational pull.
• And the larger an object is, the greater the
gravitational pull.
• Mass: is the
amount of
matter in an
object. The
amount of
matter in an
object is the
same
whether it’s
on Earth or
in space.
• Weight: is a
force. It is
the pull of
gravity on a
mass. An
object’s
weight
depends on
its location.
• Work: a force that causes an object to
move in the direction of the applied force.
• W = Fd (Work = force x distance)
• Simple machine: a device that changes
the size and direction of the applied
force. (Examples: levers, doorknobs, light
switches, arms, legs)
• Mechanical Advantage: is the amount by
which the machine multiplies the applied
force.
• Efficiency (of a machine): is the ratio of
work it does to the work put into it. No
machine is 100% efficient.
6 SIMPLE MACHINES:
• Lever – is a simple machine that has an
arm that moves around a pivot point called
a fulcrum. There are different kinds of
levers based on the positions of the
fulcrum, effort, and resistance.
• Wheel and axle – is a simple machine
that is made up of a wheel attached to a
shaft or axle; turning the wheel turns the
axel (Example doorknob).
• Pulley – makes lifting easier; consists of a
rope that is wound around the rim of a
wheel. The effort force is applied at one
end of the rope and a resistance force is
attached to the other end.
• Inclined Plane: a simple machine that is a
ramp. This machine is a slope that
reduces the amount of effort force required
to move an object vertically. A ramp
increase the distance the object is moved,
however, because the effort force is
applied over a longer distance, less force
is required to do the same work.
• Wedge: is two inclined planes put back to
back. A wedge changes an effort force into
two forces and changes the direction of
the force.
• Screw: a long inclined plane wrapped
around a shaft, like a circular ramp.
SIMPLE MACHINES:
WHEEL AND AXEL
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Closure Questions
What is force?
What is inertia?
What is energy?
What is matter?
What is friction?
What is gravity?
What is the difference between mass and
weight?
• What is velocity?
• What is a simple machine?
• Be able to identify each simple
machine and label.
Closure Questions
•
•
•
•
State Newton’s 1st Law of Motion?
State Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion?
State Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion?
What is the difference between fission and
fusion?
• What is the difference between potential and
kinetic energy?
• What is the formula for speed?
• What is the formula for acceleration?
• What is the formula for work?
Closure Questions
• Be able to solve word problems for speed?
• Be able to solve word problems for work?
• Be able to solve word problems for
acceleration?
• What is a Newton?