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English 101 Nouns Pronouns Adjectives Verbs Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections What part of speech is tree? Person, place, thing, or idea Usually tangible, except ideas Common Nouns—high school Proper Nouns—Chestnut Ridge High School http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfnXUWJ z0sE Used in place of nouns makes the language easier and less repetitive Types of Pronouns Personal—he, she, it, they, we, us, you,… Intensive—I myself will do the work Reflexive—refers back to subject: You must go yourself. Demonstrative---that book, those papers Indefinite---12-4-5 (everybody, everyone, all, some) Numeral---one, two, three Interrogative---ask questions (who, what, when… 12 (He) 4 (They) 5 Everybody Both Some Everyone Few Any Somebody Several None Someone Many All Nobody No one Anybody Anyone Each One Either Neither Most PP Use these cheater codes: He=Who Him=Whom His=Whose Examples: 1. (Who, Whom) is going on the trip? 2. To (who, whom) should I give the money? Modify nouns or pronouns Questions What kind? How much? How many? Which one? Whose? Inflection Positive Comparative—compare two things (add –er or use more or less) Superlative—compare three or more (add –est or most) Predicate Adjectives: Subject + Linking Verb + PA Positive: The soup is good. The carpet is ugly. The snow is beautiful. Comparative: The soup is better than the toast. The carpet is uglier than Carissa’s hair. The snow is more beautiful than the rain. The snow is less beautiful than the rain. Superlative: Green Harvest soup is the best soup of all. The carpet is the ugliest I have ever seen. The snow is the most beautiful there is. The snow is the least beautiful of all precipitation. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NkuuZEey_bs Prepare (for further study) concerning the English test. He begged his sobbing girlfriend to tell him the entire story of the incestuous, sordid lust. Gregory smiled with crooked teeth and slobbery lips. That red-haired girl has a bountiful disposition. The American flag is red, white, and blue. I want eight of those delicious apples. Action—show action Linking/Being—am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been (seem, become, taste, etc.) Helping/Auxiliary—am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, should, can, could, will, would… Action or linking: smell, taste, feel, appear, remain, become, seem… The I soup tasted good. tasted the soup. Transitive—has a direct object (DO) Action is transferred from the subject to the object Formula: Subject + Action Verb->Whom/What? Intransitive—no He threw the ball. Think: He threw what? (the ball is the DO) John direct object threw up. Think: John threw what? (no DO—up is an adverb) If there is an indirect object (IO), it must follow this formula: Subject + Action Verb -> IO DO She threw me the ball. She threw the ball (to me). S+ AV+ DO Follow linking verbs Types Predicate Adjective She is pretty. My older brother is annoying. Predicate Noun The boy in the front row is my brother-in-law. The kid in my ninth period class is a nuisance. Always look at the last verb in the verb phrase: I am going to the mall. I am tired. I have been truthful with him. Modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs Usually end in –ly, but not always! Example: lovely is an adjective Usually are movable in the sentence Odd adverbs: very, not, quite, rather, tomorrow Questions adverbs answer: How? When? Where? Why? To what extent? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Pete smelled the flowers and grinned. Diane was running home when it happened. I would never have thought that such a thing could happen. The police raided the pool (adj.) room (DO). My wife loves [to play bingo.] (Do) Anna’s (adj.) anger rose swiftly. He jumped (into the pool) and began [swimming] (DO). Christa was jogging (with her dog) (along the track). We walked slowly (ADV) (to the bus). He never (adv.) studies (for his math tests). Quietly (adv), he trudged home (adv.) (to his mother.) The sassy (adj.) squirrel rarely (adv.) runs (across the busy highway). She is truly (adv.) sorry (PA). Connectors of compound sentences Examples: However, furthermore, nevertheless, subsequently, thus… I was angry; nevertheless, I apologized anyway. S1; CA, S2. Show relation Examples: in, on, up, down, below, along, during, with, between, but (when it means “except”), upon, of, … Compound prepositions: according to, in spite of, because of, together with, out of, as far as End in a noun or pronoun To the store With me By the lake During the game Beneath the pile Of leaves Function as adjectives or adverbs We saw him under the bridge. (answers Where? =adv.) The boy with the red hair is my brother.(answers which one?) Joining words Types Coordinating (7 of them) Correlative—always are in pairs And, or, nor, but, for, so, yet Both/and; either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also Subordinate—introduce dependent clauses If, where, although, because, since, unless, etc. I will go {if you accompany me.} sub. {Because she was tired,} Mary went (to bed) early. Mary went to bed early because she was tired. Neither John nor Harry is able [to attend the meeting.] (You) Go and lie down (for a while). Show surprise Examples: Also, Oh, yes, no, well, gosh… many curse words fall into this category! Rise—means “to go up” or “went up” Intransitive Does it all by itself Rise, Rose, Have Risen Raise----means “to put up” or “caused” Transitive—has a direct object usually Someone is doing something to something else Raise, Raised, Have Raised Please (rise, raise) the window to let in some air. I (rose, raised) my hand to answer a question. The sun (rose, raised) in the eastern sky. The smoke from the chimney (rose, raised) into the air. Prices (rose, raised) to an all-time high. The manager (rose, raised) the prices. Rise—go up Rise Rose Have risen Raise—put up (transitive—DO) Raise Raised (past) Have raised Sit—means Intransitive Does it all by itself Sit, Sat, Have Sat Set—means “rest” “put” or “place” Transitive Someone is doing something to something else Set, Set, Have Set Please (sit, set) the vase on the counter. (Sit, Set) down on that chair. The vase has been (sitting, setting) on the counter for months. The salivating dog (set, sat) on his haunches and stared at the bunny. I have (sat, set) the money on the dresser for you. Since I have (sat, set) here, I have seen no one. Lie—means Intransitive Does it all by itself Lie, Lay, Have Lain (Napped) Today I lie in the sun; yesterday I lay in the sun; I have lain in the sun. Lay—means “rest” “put” Transitive Someone does something to something else Lay, Laid, Have Laid Present Past Lie lay Lay Laid Please Past Part. have lain have laid (lie, lay) your coat on the chair. I am going home to (lay, lie) in the sun. A ten dollar bill (lay, laid) on the sidewalk. I have (laid, lain) in bed for two hours. Means rest place Regular Verbs Most verbs are made into the past tense by adding –ed. Irregular Verbs Do not add –ed to make them past tense. Instead the verb changes. Example: go, went, gone Active—the subject is doing the verb He threw the ball. Mary chased the cat. Passive—the subject is not doing the verb The ball was thrown by him. The cat was chased by Mary. ACTIVE VOICE IS PERFERRED!!! Indicative—statement of fact or close relation to reality The mouse scared me. Did the mouse scare you? I like pink pajamas. Imperative—express command or request Take this to the office. Please put your books away. Subjunctive—expresses hope, wish, possibility or condition contrary to fact If I were president… I wish that I were in Paris. Let the ballots be counted. Regular—add –ed to ending Regular verbs are called WEAK verbs. Irregular—change the vowels or forms Irregular verbs are called STRONG verbs. Lie Rise I do it all by myself. Intransitive Sit Set Raise lay Placing something. Transitive Look like verbs, but function as something other than the verb in the sentence 3 types of verbals Gerunds Participles Infinitives Looks like a verb, but functions as a noun Always What ends in –ing kind of noun can it be? Subject Direct object Predicate noun Object of the preposition Appositive S[Hiking] is my favorite hobby PN. I love [swimming]. DO My favorite sport is [curling.] PN My uncle made his [living] DO (by [snorkeling].op) (2 in this one!) My favorite hobby, [skipping]APP, keeps me (in shape). [Swimming (in the ocean)] is my favorite hobby. I enjoy [hiking (in the mountains).] The love of my life is [backpacking (through Europe).] Complete questions 1, 3, 5, 7,9,11 Look like verbs, but act like adjectives 2 types Past Participles: usually end –ed, unless it is an irregular verb [Burdened (by the heavy load)], he trudged (up the mountain). [Stung (by a bee)], the little boy cried. Present Participles: end in –ing [Crying like a baby,] Tyler ran home. Tyler, crying like a baby, ran home. Complete questions 4, 8, 10, 13, 15 The word “to” plus a verb. Function as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns I want [to go (to the store).] DO NOUN The tests [ to be [graded]] are (on my desk). [To stop [smoking]] is a difficult task. In the wrong place in the sentence. Example: Jumping up and down hysterically, I took my puppy to the park. Correct: Jumping up and down hysterically, my puppy went to the park with me. Have no antecedent Antecedent—word to which it refers back to Example: When typing, semicolons should be used with care. When typing, you should use semicolons with care. Declarative—makes a statement Ends in a period Interrogative—question Ends in a question mark Imperative—command or request Usually ends in period or exclamation point Sit. Exclamatory—a sentence sentence said with feeling Ends in exclamation point Dependent (Subordinate)—have a subject and verb but cannot stand alone Since he was gone Because he was late Although they were fighting Independent—are sentences, stands alone He was late for class. They were fighting in the hall. He was gone on vacation. Simple—one sentence He went on vacation. Becky and Jane saw the muskrat. (Around the bend) (in the road), Becky saw the overturned car and was horrified. Compound—two or more sentences joined together She saw the boy, and he skipped home. She saw the boy; he skipped home. , and , but , or/nor , for , so , yet ; Formula: Sentence 1 ,C Sentence 2 Sentence 1 ; Sentence 2 Has one sentence and at least one dependent clause C Although he was late, the teacher did not yell at him. S Although he was late, the teacher did not yell at him because he made an excuse. At least 2 sentences and at least one dependent clause Since he was late, the teacher yelled, and the principal screamed. Simple—one sentence Compound—two or more sentences Complex—one sentence with one or more clauses Compound/Complex— two or more sentences with at least one clause Mary was nervous until the movie started. X My sister has written me regarding her plans (for the coming year). S To become a literate person, one must read and write (with discipline). S Study the assignment, or you may be sorry. C Joining of equal parts Compound Sentences: , and ,but (coordinating conj) … ; Compound Parts: compound subject, compound verb Correlatives : come in pairs Both…and Either…or Neither…nor Whether… or Not… but (only) Not only… but (also) Make one part a clause Use a subordinating conjunction: although, since, because, who, that, while, until, what Since he was late, the teacher sent him to the office. Joining compound sentences Formula : S1; CA, S2 He was late; however, he did not get into trouble. CA: consequently, furthermore, therefore, nevertheless. I was, however, really angry at him. Bill enjoyed drinking beer; however, Mary enjoyed ouzo. CA While Bill enjoyed drinking beer, Mary enjoyed ouzo. Mary enjoyed drinking ouzo while Bill enjoyed drinking beer. Bill enjoyed drinking beer, but Mary enjoyed drinking ouzo. John hated dancing; however, Mary loved to dance. CA Although John hated dancing, Mary loved to dance. John hated dancing, and Mary loved to dance. John hated dancing; Mary loved to dance. John hated dancing while Mary loved to dance. Renames the noun or pronoun in front of it. My student, Justin Toddie, enjoys running, drinking Amp, and playing video games online. Justin Toddie, my student, enjoys… Liz Lynerd hit my student, Justin Toddie. Noun or pronoun followed by a participial phrase. Her eyes glistening with tears, Maria cried steadily throughout the night. Omitted The dinner (being) over, we went outside. Using a city in Alaska, I gave my pet a special name. Junuo, a city in Alaska, is the special name I gave my pet. I felt my pet should have a special name, so I used a city in Alaska. A city being used, a special name was given to my pet. Bill enjoyed drinking beer; whereas, Mary enjoyed drinking ale. (Compound using CA) Bill enjoyed drinking beer, but Mary enjoyed drinking ale. (Compound sentence using coordinating conj) While Bill enjoyed drinking beer, Mary enjoyed ale. Mary enjoyed drinking ale while Bill enjoyed beer. Compound sentence Simple sentence Complex sentence Compound complex sentence Appositive Gerund Participle Infinitive Sentence utilizing a CA