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Transcript
Plants, Fungi and the colonization of Land HBio Ch 17 What is Kingdom Plantae?? • strictly Multicellular – specialized tissues and systems, including growth regions (meristems), true stems and leaves • Chlorophylls a & b, plus accessory pigments • Store food as starch, cellulose in cell walls • Sexual & Asexual reproduction Kingdom Protista vs. Kingdom Plantae Alternation of Generations Sexual Reproduction - • Life cycle alternates between gametophyte generation (haploid) –makes gametes • Sporophyte generation (diploid) • makes spores –embryophytes – multicellular, dependent embryo at gametophyte stage; differs from algae Algae life cycle alternation of generations How did life emerge from the sea? Symbiosis led to invasion of land - Fungal Partners • Lichens – Cyanobacteria or algae + fungi – Pioneer species • Make soil – Ecological indicator Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Fungi • Mostly multicellular, one unicellular • Extracellular digestion/absorbtion DECOMPOSERS • Sexual (mating strands) and asexual reproduction (fragmentation, budding) • All mass of a fungus is one cell type – Hyphae (singular), mycelium (mass of hyphae) • Mushroom is the “sexual organ” • Cell wall made of chiton (like insect exoskeleton) • More closely related to animals Pathogenic Fungus (mycosis) Where did plants come from? -green & red algae (K. Protista) charyophyceans • What is needed to move out of the water environment of algae – What “concerns” do plants have that algae don’t? Earliest plants • Bryophytes – One simple step up from algae – Non-vascular • O&D – Haploid spores produced, not seeds Later - Vascular plants (bigger, better, faster, more) • Tracheophytes – Able to survive dryer conditions – A way to move water and nutrients • Xylem & phloem • Roots, stems, leaves – Symbiosis with fungi • mycorrhizae Protection from dessication • Cuticle • stomata And even later, a way to survive tough times… • Non-seed plants vs. seed plants Sexual Reproduction • Spore – Haploid tissue – can’t survive long without water • Seed – Embyro is diploid tissue – Embryo + endosperm (triploid tissue) + seed coat – Can wait for conditions to be right for survival And more complex ways of making & distributing those seeds… • Gymnosperm vs. Angiosperm (monocot/dicot)
