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Classification
Organizing the Diversity of Life
• The grouping of objects or
information based on similarities
• Branch of biology dealing with the
identification, classification, and
nomenclature of organisms.
How to Organize?
Plants
Trees
Shrubs
Herbs
Aristotle (384322 B.C.E.)
Animals
Land
Air
Water
Problem: Birds, bats, and insects were
grouped together
Classification based on physical and
structural similarities
• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• Created binomial nomenclature (2 word naming system)
• 1st word = Genus (genera if plural) = a group of similar
species
• 2nd word = specific epithet = Species
• Scientific name = Genus + specific epithet
e.g. Homo sapiens
Rules for writing species names
1. Latin is the language of scientific names (Latin
is no longer spoken, so it does not change)
2. Italicize in print and underline when hand
written
3. 1st letter of the genus is CAPITALIZED & 1st
letter of specific epithet is lowercase
Canis latrans = Coyote
Canis lupus = Grey wolf
Cougar?
Puma?
Panther?
Catamount?
Mountain lion? Or…
Cougar?
Puma?
Panther?
Catamount?
Mountain lion? Or… Felis concolor?
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Kinky
Phil
Came
Over
For
Good
Sex
All Living Organisms are grouped into... 3
DOMAINS
• EUBACTERIA - true bacteria
• ARCHAEA - ancient prokaryotes
• EUCARYA - modern eukaryotes
• Species – organisms that look alike and successfully
interbreed
• Genus – A group of similar species which that have
similar features and are closely related
• Family – A group of similar genera
• Order – A group of similar families
• Class – A group of similar orders
• Phylum – A group of similar classes
• Kingdom – A group of similar phyla
Six Kingdoms
Eubacteria
·
Prokaryotic
·
True bacteria
·
RNA is simple
·
Have true cell walls
·
Unicellular
Archaebacteria
·
Prokaryotic
·
RNA more complex
·
Unicellular
Six Kingdoms
Protista
·
Eukoryotic
·
Autotrophs and heterotrophs
·
Lacks organs systems
·
Lives in moist environments
·
Unicellular or multicellular
Fungi
·
Eukaryotic
·
Heterotrophs
·
Unicellular or multicellular
·
Absorbs nutrients from organic material in its
environment
·
Unicellular or multicellular
Six Kingdoms
Plantae
·
Eukaryotic
·
Autotrophs
·
Multicellular
·
Photosynthetic
Animalia
·
Eukaryotic
·
Heterotrophs
·
Multicellular
Evolutionary Classification
To study history one must know in
advance that one is attempting
something fundamentally impossible,
yet necessary and highly important. To
study history means submitting to chaos
and nevertheless retaining faith in order
and meaning.
-Father
Jacobus
Evolutionary Classification
• Phylogeny - evolutionary history of a group
of organisms
• Cladistics – The study of evolutionary
relationships between groups to construct
their family tree
• Derived characters – Characteristics
which appear in recent parts of a lineage
but NOT in its older members
(Evolutionary innovation)
Evolutionary Classification
• Most recent common ancestor -The ancestral organism from which
a group of descendants arose.
• Character -- Heritable trait possessed by an
organism
• Clade -- a group of organisms which includes the
most recent common ancestor and all of the
descendants of that most recent common ancestor.
• Cladogram -- A diagram, resulting from a cladistic
analysis, which depicts a hypothetical branching
sequence of lineages leading to the taxa under
consideration.
• Nodes --The points of branching within a cladogram.
• ingroup -- In a cladistic analysis, the
set of taxa which are hypothesized to
be more closely related to each other
than any are to the outgroup.
• Parsimony -- the simplest
evolutionary hypothesis; it explains
the data in the most economical way