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Psychological Therapies Therapy • It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized. • Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization. Somatic Therapies (psychiatrist or clinical psychologist?) Psychopharmacology • Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) • Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) • Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) • Bipolar (lithium) Psychopharmacology • The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. Antianxiety Drugs • Includes drugs like Valium,Xanax Librium. •Like alcohol, they depress nervous system activity. •Most widely abused drugs. Do they really solve the problem? Lithium chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders Antidepressant Drugs • Lift you up out of depression. Most increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and serotonin. Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft • Work by blocking serotonin reuptake. Drugs and Hospitalization Somatic Therapy • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression. • Psychosurgury lobotomy Psychotherapy • An interaction between a trained therapist and someone suffering from psychological difficulties. Psychoanalytic Therapy what name???what time of life??? • Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis free association, dream, interpretation). • Unconscious • Transference Transference • In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships. How effect is Psychotherapy? • Eysenck’s challenge in 1950’s • Meta-analysis ( statistically combining the results of many different studies) Humanistic Therapy past or present??? Schizophrenics? • Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers • These are non-directive therapies and use active listening. • Self-actualization, freewill and unconditional positive regard. • Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self. Most widely used Humanistic technique is: Client (Person) Centered Therapy • Developed by Carl Rogers •Therapist should use genuineness, acceptance and empathy to show unconditional positive regard towards their clients. Active Listening • Central to Roger’s client-centered therapy •Empathetic listening where the listener echoes, restates and clarifies. Behavioral Therapies here and now/anyone other than schiz Counterconditioning 1. Classical Conditioning 2. Aversive Conditioning 3. Systematic desensitization 4.Flooding 5.Operant Conditioning 6.Token Economy Behavior Therapies • Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. •The behaviors are the problems- so we must change the behaviors. Classical Conditioning Techniques Counterconditioning: • A behavioral therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. Two Types: Systematic Desensitization • A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli. How would I use systematic desensitization to reduce my fear of old dentists? ANXIETY HIERARCHY USED IN SYSTEMATC DESENSITIZATION Behavior Therapy Systematic Desensitization Flooding Aversive Conditioning What are some ways you can change the behaviors of your friends with aversive conditioning who bite their fingernails? Aversive Conditioning • A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. How would putting poop on the fingernails of a nail biter effect their behavior? Aversive Conditioning Virtual Technology Exposure Therapy Operant Conditioning Token Economy: an operant conditioning procedure that rewards a desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats. Cognitive Therapy • Change the way we view the world (change our schemas) • Aaron Beck • Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapies • A therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumptions that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive Therapists try to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking. Is .300 a good or bad batting average? Cognitive Therapy Aaron Beck and his view of Depression • Noticed that depressed people were similar in the way they viewed the world. • Used cognitive therapy get people to take off the “dark sunglasses” in which they view their surroundings Cognitive Therapy- Does It Work? Group Therapy Eclectic Approach • The most popular form of therapyit is basically a smorgasbord where the therapist combines techniques from different schools of psychology.