Download Overview of the Circulatory System

Name:_________________________
Chapter 13 – Cardiovascular System
13.1 Introduction
Systemic Circulation – delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste
Pulmonary Circulation – eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung
pathway)
Arteries - carry blood away from the heart
Veins - return blood to the heart
13.2 Structure of the Heart
Heart Size – about 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist)
Coverings of the heart
Pericardium encloses the heart (like a bag) (visceral, parietal)
Pericardial cavity – contains fluid for the heart to float in, reducing friction
Wall of the Heart
Epicardium – outer layer,
reduces friction
Myocardium – middle
layer, mostly cardiac
muscle
Endocardium – inner
layer, blood vessels and
Purkinje fibers
13.3 Heart
Chambers and
Valves
Atria - top chambers
Ventricles - bottom
chambers
Septum - divides left and
right side
Atrioventricular Valve (AV)
Name:_________________________
- these valves are located between the atrium and the ventricle
Tricuspid - right side AV
Bicuspid - left side AV, also called mitral valve
Superior Vena Cava - vessel the returns blood to the heart from the upper body
Inferior Vena Cava - vessel the returns blood to the heart from the lower body
Coronary Sinus - indentation on the front of the heart
Chordae tendinae / Papillary Muscles - muscles and tendons that hold the heart valves
in place
Pulmonary Trunk/Arteries - large vessel that splits into the left and right pulmonary
arteries, these are the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary valve - controls the flow of blood into the pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary Veins - returns oxygenated blood from the lungs
Aorta - large vessel that delivers blood to the body
Aortic Valve - controls the flow of blood into the aorta
Path of Blood Through the Heart
Quick Overview
1. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through the vena cava
2. Blood moves into the right ventricle
3. Blood goes out the pulmonary arteries and heads to the lungs
4. Blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium
5. Blood moves into the left ventricle
6. Oxygenated blood moves out of the left ventricle through the aorta and to the body
Name:_________________________
Labeling Practice - External Heart
Name:_________________________
Heart Labeling
1. ___________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4. ____________________________
5. ____________________________
6. ____________________________
7. ____________________________
8. ____________________________
9. ____________________________
10. ___________________________
11. ___________________________
12. ___________________________
13. ___________________________
14. ___________________________
15. ___________________________
16. . Use arrows to trace the blood flow in the human heart.
17. Name the major vessels that leave the heart and identify where they lead to:
18. Why is the human heart called a "double loop"?
Name:_________________________
Overview of the Circulatory System
Fill in the blanks to trace the path of blood through the circulatory system
From the right atrium to the (1) ____ through the (2)_ ___ valve to the pulmonary trunk
to the right and left (3)____, to the capillary beds of the (4) ____, to the (5) ___, to the
(6) ____ of the heart through the (7) ___ valve, to the (8) _____ through the (9) ____
semilunar valve, to the (10) ___, to the systemic arteries, to the (11) ___ of the body
tissues, to the system veins, to the (12) ____ and (13) ____, which enter the right atrium
of the heart.
1. ____________________________________
2. ____________________________________
3. ____________________________________
4. ____________________________________
5. ____________________________________
6. ____________________________________
7. ____________________________________
8. ____________________________________
9. ____________________________________
10. ___________________________________
11. ___________________________________
12. ___________________________________
13. ___________________________________
Label the Diagram
A - Vessels serving the head and upper limbs
B - Vessels serving the body trunk and lower limbs
C - Vessels serving the viscera
D - Pulmonary Circulation
E - Pulmonary "Pump"
F - Systemic "Pump"
Name:_________________________
13.3 Heart Actions
Cardiac Cycle - once complete heartbeat
Systolic pressure / diastolic pressure
Systolic occurs when blood is forced out of the left ventricle, and the aortic valve
OPENS...this is the high number on a blood pressure reading
Diastolic occurs when the aortic valve closes and the ventricle relaxes, this is the lower
number of the blood pressure reading.
Average (Normal) Blood Pressure = 120/80
Average heart rate = 72 bpm
The cusps (flaps) of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by
fibrous “cords” called chordate tendineae, which attach to the wall by papillary muscles.
This prevents the valves from being pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole.
*The device used to measure blood pressure is a SPHYGMOMANOMETER
Factors affecting blood pressure:
1. Cardiac Output
2. Blood volume (5 liters for avg adult)
3. Blood Viscosity
4. Peripheral Resistance
ECG = electrocardiogram
- recording or electrical events that occur during the cardiac cycle
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P Wave – depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction – systole)
QRS Complex – depolarization of the ventricles (ventricular contraction, systole)
T Wave – Repolarization of the ventricles
Heart Sounds
- the opening and closing of the valves makes a characteristic "lub dub" sound.
- doctors use a STETHESCOPE to listen to the heart sounds, cardiologists are trained to
hear abnormalities.
Cardiac Conduction System: Specialized cardiac muscle tissue which conducts impulses.
1. Sinoatrial (S-A) Node – “Pacemaker.” Posterior wall of the right atrium. Special muscle
tissue that spontaneously generates (initiates) rhythmic impulses which spread through the
Name:_________________________
myocardium. Cells of the S-A Node are “self-excitatory”
2. Junctional Fibers – carries impulses into the A-V Node. Also these slow down the
impulse (smaller fibers)
3. Atrioventricular Node (A-V) – conducts impulses from the atria through the septum, to the
ventricles. Slows the impulse further, giving atria time to empty and the ventricles time to fill.
Found in the floor of right atrium, near septum
4. A-V Bundle – within the interventricular septum. A right and left branch transmits impulse
to walls of the ventricles.
5. Perkinje Fibers – Begin about halfway down the septum. Branch throughout the walls of
the ventricles and carry impulse rapidly throughout ventricles, stimulating contraction
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Regulation of the Cardiac Cycle – controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla
oblongata. The cardiac center signals heart to increase or decrease its rate according to
many factors that the brain constantly monitors.
Increased muscle activity = Higher oxygen demands = increase in heart rate
Higher Body temperature = increased heart rate; Lower body temp = lower heart rate
Blood level of certain ions - Potassium High = Lower heart rate; Potassium Low = Higher
heart rate
- Calcium high = Higher heart rate; Calcium Low = Lower heart rate
Abnormal Heart Rhythms – Arrhythmias
Tachycardia = rapid heartbeat ( > 100 BPM)
Bradycardia = slow heartbeat ( < 60 BPM)
Fibrillation = rapid, uncoordinated unsynchronized heart rate. Atria (not serious. Ventricles
(deadly)
SADS = (Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndromes or Sudden Adult Death Syndrome)
Interpreting ECGs
An ECG is printed on paper covered with a grid of squares.
Notice that five small squares on the paper form a larger
square. The width of a single small square on ECG paper
represents 0.04 seconds. A common length of an ECG
printout is 6 seconds; this is known as a "six second strip."
Defibrillator- common treatment for lifethreatening cardiac arrhythmia The device shocks the heart
and allows it to re-establish its normal rhythm The device
can also be used to start a heart that has stopped
Name:_________________________
13.4 Blood Vessels : arteries, veins,
capillaries
Arteries : strong elastic vessels which carry blood moving
away from the heart. Smallest ones are arterioles which
connect to capillaries .
Veins : Thinner, less muscular vessels carrying blood
toward the heart. Smallest ones are called venules which
connect to capillaries . Contain valves .
Capillaries : Penetrate nearly all tissues. Walls are
composed of a single layer of squamous cells – very thin.
Critical function: allows exchange of materials (oxygen,
nutrients) between blood and tissues.
Control of Blood Flow:
Precapillary sphincters – circular, valve-like muscle at
arteriole-capillary junction.
Vasoconstriction – narrowing blood vessel’s lumen (“passageway”)
Vasodilation – explanding blood vessel’s lumen
Blood flow through veins – not very efficient. Slow, weak “pushing” by arterial blood
pressure is not much of a factor at all.
Important factors include:
1. Contraction of the diaphragm.
2. Pumping action of the skeletal muscles.
3. Valves in the veins.
* Blood Clots can occur if blood does not flow properly through the veins - can occur if a
person does not move enough
Major Blood Vessels
Aorta - Ascending Aorta, Aortic Arch, Descending Aorta, Abdominal Aorta. The aorta is the
largest artery. (leaves right ventricle)
Pulmonary Trunk – splits into left and right, both lead to the lungs (leaves left ventricle)
Pulmonary Veins – return blood from the lungs to the heart (connects to left atrium)
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava – return blood from the head and body to the heart
(connects to right atrium)
Name:_________________________
Branches of the Aorta
Right and Left Coronary Arteries - supply
blood to the heart itself
Brachiocephalic Artery branches into the
Right Subclavian ( supplies blood to the
arms) and the Left Common Carotid
(bicarotid)
The common carotid then branches into
the left and right carotid arteries which
supply blood to the head
Left Subclavian Artery – supplies blood to
the left arms
Note that the vessels are not symmetrical.
Disorders of the Circulatory System
1. MVP - mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve does not close all the way; this creates a
clicking sound at the end of a contraction.
2. Heart Murmurs – valves do not close completely, causing an (often) harmless murmur
sound. Sometimes holes can occur in the septum f the heart which can also cause a
murmur
3. Myocardial Infarction (MI) - a blood clot obstructs a coronary artery, commonly called a
“heart attack”
4. Atherosclerosis – deposits of fatty materials such as cholesterol form a “plaque” in the
arteries which reduces blood flow. Advanced forms are called arteriosclerosis. Treatment:
Name:_________________________
Angioplasty, where a catheter is inserted into the artery and a balloon is used to stretch the
walls open. A bypass can also treat clogged arteries, a vein is used to replace a clogged
artery. Coronary bypass refers to a procedure where the coronary artery is bypassed to
supply blood to the heart. (The phrase “quadruple bypass” means that 4 arteries were
bypassed.)
5. Hypertension – high blood pressure, the force within the arteries is too high. A
sphygmomanometer can be used to diagnose hypertension
Name:_________________________
Circulatory System Review Guide
1. How do you calculate cardiac output (formula)?
___________________
How much blood is contained in the average
human? ________
2. Arteries carry blood ____________ from the
heart.
Veins carry blood _____ the heart.
Which (arteries or veins) carries oxygenated
blood? ___________
Name the one vessel that is the exception:
___________________
3. What do you call the loose, outer layer of the
sac around the heart?
_______________________
What side points toward the heart (inside layer)?
______________________
What layer is on the outside? _____________
4. When vessels expand, it is called _____________________
When they contract? ____________________
5. Briefly describe the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
6. Describe the size and location of the heart.
Where is the apex of the heart located? _______________________
What divides the left and right side of the heart? __________________
Which side is more muscular? __________________
What bone lies directly in front of the heart? _______________
7. During systole, the aortic valve is __________________.
During diastole, the aortic valve is __________________.
8. Veins and arteries meet at ________________________, where nutrients are
exchanged with body tissues.
Name:_________________________
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called _________________
Veins also have smaller branches called __________________
9. What three things push blood back to the heart (through the veins)?
_________________________
What are pre-capillary sphincters? _____________________________________
10. Describe the function of the sinoatrial node and trace the path of a nerve (cardiac)
impulse through the cardiac conduction system.
What is the pacemaker? ____________________________
What fibers cause a contraction in the ventricle? ________________________
Where is the AV node located? ________________________
11. What do the terms tachycardia and bradycardia mean? What is arrhythmia? Be able
to identify these on an ECG.
12. Generally speaking, when the ventricle contracts, the atrium ________________
Any contraction (atrial or ventricular) is called ___________________
Relaxing is called ____________________. At what point is blood pressure at its
highest? ________________
14. Identify the P-Wave, the QRS complex and a T wave on an ECG.
What is an ECG? (Be able to analyze one)
15. What is a defibrillator used for? How does it work?
16. What are systolic pressure and diastolic pressure? What is the “normal” blood
pressure for a human?
17. What two piece of equipment are needed to take a person’s blood pressure?
Describe the procedure:
18. Name and give the function of all four valves of the heart. Some have multiple
names; make sure you know all of them.
19. Blood that moves from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again is in the
_____________________ circuit.
Blood moving throughout the body is in the ___________________ circuit.
20. List the three major vessels that branch off of the aortic arch. You may want to draw
a diagram.
Name:_________________________
21. Label all of the major vessels that attach to the heart.
22. Label a diagram of the heart and trace the flow of blood through the heart.
23. Know each of the following diseases related to the circulatory system, included how
they are treated
Hypertension _______________________________________________________
Atherosclerosis _______________________________________________________
Mitral Valve Prolapse __________________________________________________
Cardiac Infarction ______________________________________________________
Heart Murmer _______________________________________________________
Deep Vein Thrombosis (Blood Clots) ____________________________________
Name:_________________________
Human Heart Models
You will be viewing the heart models in class. Be sure to know the chambers, major
vessels and valves on the models. While it is best to see them in class, these pictures
are provided as a supplement.
Name:_________________________
Name:_________________________
Answers
Name:_________________________
Human Arteries and Veins
As you complete this unit, you will need to know the location of each of the vessels
listed. You must be able to identify them on photos and spell them correctly.
VEINS
Superior / Inferior Venal Cava
Cephalic
Axillary
Internal / External Jugular
Brachial
Basilic
Radial
Ulnar
Left / Right Common Iliac
External / Internal Iliac
Femoral
Great Saphenous
Small Saphenous
Ascending Lumbar
Hepatic Portal Vein
ARTERIES
Aortic Arch / Ascending Aorta /
Descending Aorta
Right Brachiocephalic
Right / Left Subclavian
Right / Left Common Carotid
Occipital
Superficial Temporal
Facial
Lingual
External / Internal Carotid
Axillary
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Vertebral (brain)
Posterior / Anterior Cerebral
Basilar
Posterior Communicating (brain)
Intercostal
Abdominal Aorta
Renal
Superior / Inferior Mesenteric
Left / Right Common Iliac
Internal / External Iliac
Femoral
Popliteal
Anterior / Posterior Tibial
Dorsal Pedis
Test will be 15-20 slides, you will need to write (and spell correctly) the vessels
indicated on those slides.
Name:_________________________
Name:_________________________
Name:_________________________
Name:_________________________
Name:_________________________
Major Arteries of the Body
*Instructions: Locate as many arteries as you can on the drawing and color code them
by providing their name and colors in the chart below. You should be able to identify at
least 20 vessels
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
3. __________________________________
4. __________________________________
5. __________________________________
6. __________________________________
7. __________________________________
8. __________________________________
9. __________________________________
10. _________________________________
11. _________________________________
12. _________________________________
13. _________________________________
14. _________________________________
15. _________________________________
16. _________________________________
17. _________________________________
18. _________________________________
19. _________________________________
20. _________________________________
Name:_________________________
MAJOR ARTERIES OF THE HEAD
Aorta (A)
Brachiocephalic Trunk (B)
Common Carotid Artery (C)
Subclavian Artery (D)
Internal Thoracic Artery (E)
Thyrocervical Trunk (F)
Costocervical Trunk (G)
Vertebral Artery (H)
Basilar Artery (I)
Posterior Cerebral Artery (J1)
Communicating Artery (J2)
Middle Cerebral Artery (J3)
Anterior Cerebral Artery (J4)
External Carotid Artery (K)
Internal Carotid Artery (L)
Lingual Artery (M)
Facial Artery (N)
Occipital Artery (O)
Maxillary Artery (P)
Superficial Temporal Artery (Q)
Superior Thyroid Artery (R)
Name:_________________________
ARTERIES OF THE ARM AND SHOULDER
Aorta (A)
Brachiocephalic Artery (B )
Left Subclavian Artery ( C )
Left Common Carotid Artery ( D )
Right Common Carotid Artery ( E )
Pulmonary Trunk ( F )
Suprascapular Artery ( H )
Right Subclavian Artery ( I )
Axillary Artery ( J )
Brachial Artery ( N )
Deep Brachial Artery ( O )
Nutrient Artery of the Humerus ( P )
Radial Artery ( Q )
Ulnar Artery ( R )
Superficial Palmar Arch ( T )
Deep Palmar Arch ( U )
Digital Arteries ( V )
Name:_________________________
WORD BANK
Left Subclavian |
Superficial
Temporal | Gonadal
| Celiac | Left
Common Carotid |
Right Brachial |
Ulnar | to large
intestine |
Left Internal Carotid|
Superior Mesenteric
| Common Iliac |
Popliteal | Deep
Femoral | Right
External Carotid | to
the heart |
External Iliac | Right
Common Carotid |
Peroneal | Right
Subclavian | Dorsal
Pedis