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Sample Syllabus
The Global Politics of Islam:
Ideas, Actors, Sites and Practices
Notes to Instructors:
The present syllabus is intended as a template for the teaching of Islamic Politics within a Higher Education
context. It is suitable, mutatis mutandis, for a one-semester module at either the final level of the undergraduate
degree programme or at post-graduate level.
In its uncut version, it consists of 14 sessions, covering both epistemological questions, conceptual discussions
and empirical material relating to intellectual and political history of diverse states, movements, thinkers and
activists.
Details on institutional policies and module assessments have not been specified, due to a natural diversity in
practices amongst institutions and teaching staff. Nor has the format been determined in order to allow for both
lecture-based and seminar-based teaching.
Compiled for the Higher Education Academy by:
Naveed S. Sheikh
RC4SPIRE,
Keele University,
August 2012
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The Global Politics of Islam: Ideas, Actors, Sites and Practices
Objectives of the Module:
This module intends to introduce the student to historical and ongoing debates about the nature and
characteristics of the politics of Islam, understood both as a normative construct and as faith community. It
introduces foundational political concepts in classical Islamic political thought as well as later developments
in Islamicate political ideas and practices, from the middle of the 18 th century to the contemporary period. It
focuses on both key institutions (such as states), epistemic communities (such as the ‘ulama), and key
thinkers, ideologues, activists and movements. Geographically, the module covers diverse cases of Political
Islam in the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Intended Learning Outcomes
This module systematically and instrumentally pursues the following ten outcomes:
1. To attain a critical understanding of the founding axioms and ideas in Islamic political thought, both
classical and contemporary.
2. To obtain a critical awareness of the diverse approaches to the study of Islamic politics and a broad
familiarity with important contributions to the literature thereon.
3. To develop an ability to critically differentiate between variant ideological currents of Islamist
thought and to situate them in their contemporaneous intellectual and political context as well as
within the context of their intellectual or political histories.
4. To enable critique and evaluation of the central set of ideas and tropes of key thinkers, both Muslim
and non-Muslim, on Islam’s relation with the political.
5. To obtain familiarity with the diversity of institutional arrangements and political strategies of
Islamic states in relation to Islam as a political resource.
6. To develop systematic knowledge into the social, economic, ideational, and political causes and
consequences of Muslim radicalism.
7. To develop a comparative understanding of the political contexts in which Political Islam has
emerged and the challenges in politics and society to which Political Islam has responded and/or
exacerbated.
8. To independently access and situate contemporary organizations and movements in relation to their
ideological and theological allegiances as well as in relation to similar or opposed entities in a variety
of global geographies.
9. To enable the critical juxtaposition of proponents of Political Islam in relation to notions of war,
peace, gender roles and democracy.
10. To enable understanding and critique of state practices, both Western and non-Western, in relation
to the challenge of political Islam.
Suggested Preterm reading:
The present module requires no pre-requisites in terms of prior learning. However, students who are
encountering the study of the Muslim world without prior study or engagement, may wish to avail
themselves of the literature below, intended as pre-term primers.
The Prophet:
Armstrong, K. (2001), Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (London: Phoenix)
Ramadan, T. (2008), The Messenger: The Meanings of the Life of Muhammad (London: Penguin)
Watt, W.M (1974), Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
Islamic Theology and Religious Practice:
Du Pasquier, R. (1992), Unveiling Islam (Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society)
Esposito, J. (1991), Islam: The Straight Path, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
Murata, S. and W. Chittick (1998), The Vision of Islam (New York: Paragon House)
Islamic History
Fuller, G.E. (2010), A World Without Islam (New York: Little, Brown and Co.)
Lapidus, I. (1995), A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Silverstein, A.J. (2010), Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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Voll, J.O (1994), Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University
Press)
Modern Islamic Politics:
Cole, J.(2010), Engaging the Muslim World (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
Black, A. (2001), History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present (Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press), in particular Chapter 26: “The Age of Fundamentalism, 1920-2000.”
Esposito, J. (1991), Islam: The Straight Path, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), in particular
Chapter 5: “Contemporary Islam: Religion and Politics.”
Key Textbooks:
The present module is reading intensive and therefore requires engagement with a vast array of diverse
literature. There is no single textbook, but the following four texts will recur frequently:
Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Muslim World (Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press)
Hroub, K., ed. (2010), Political Islam: Context versus Ideology (London: Saqi)
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge)
Milton-Edwards, B. (2004), Islam and Politics in the Contemporary World (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Readers and Handbooks:
It is recommended that the following five handbooks be frequently consulted in the library:
Aburabi, I.M. (2010), The Contemporary Arab Reader on Political Islam (London: Pluto Press).
Akbarzadeh, S. (2011), The Routledge Handbook on Political Islam (London: Routledge).
Euben, Roxanne L. and Muhammad Qasim Zaman, eds. (2009), Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought:
Texts and Contexts from al-Banna to Bin Laden (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Roy, Olivier and Antoine Sfeir, eds (2007), The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism (New York:
Columbia University Press).
Volpi, Frédéric, ed. (2011), Political Islam: A Critical Reader (London: Routledge)
Outline Contents:
Session 1:
Islam in Relation to the Political: Conceptual Challenges and Methodological Dilemmas
Session 2:
Seeking the Islamic State: Post-Westphalia and the Burden of History
Session 3:
Religious Authority and the Islamic Polity: Whither the ‘Ulama?
Session 4:
Managing Islam: Contrasting Examples of the Religio-Politics of Contemporary “Islamic
States”
Session 5:
Understanding the Islamist Spectrum: Terminologies, Typologies and Approaches
Session 6:
Ideological Foundations of Islamism: From Wahhabi ‘Fundamentalism’ to Salafist
‘Revivalism’
Session 7:
The Radical Turn in Islamism: Qutb, Mawdudi, Khomeini
Session 8:
Dying for National Liberation: Hamas and Hezbollah
Session 9:
Transnational Terror in the Name of the Umma: Al-Qaida and Global “Jihadism”
Session 10:
Debating the Role of Force in the Political: Retrieving the Shariatic Norms of Jihad
Session 11:
Gender and the Politics of Islam: Women and Agency in Religio-Politics
Session 12:
Islamization, Democratization or Synthetization? Questions of Compatibility
Session 13:
Islamic Politics in Southeast Asia: Revisiting the Full Spectrum
Session 14:
Political Islam in Europe: (How) Does Context Matter?
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Session 1:
Islam in Relation to the Political: Conceptual Challenges and Methodological Dilemmas
Discussion Questions:
Is the understanding of Islam as a religion a Western hegemonic construction? To what extent can we
generalize about Islam and politics? Does Islam have a particular/peculiar relationship with politics? What is
entailed in Said’s critiques of the Orientalist approach to Muslim societies?
Keywords:
The concept of religion, causality in the social world, social construction, Ethnocentrism, Orientalism and its
Critics, policy contexts, Edward Said, Ernest Gellner, Talal Asad.
Primary Readings:
Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press), Chapter 1:
“Defining Concepts, Demolishing Myths”
Asad, T. (2003), Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reason of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore,
MD: John Hopkins University Press), Chapter 1: “The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological
Category”.
Bromley, S. (1994), Rethinking Middle East Politics (Cambridge: Polity Press). Chapter 1: “Understanding the
Middle East.”
Browers, M (2005), “The Secular Bias in Ideology Studies and the Case of Islamism,” Journal of Political
Ideologies, 10:1, pp. 75-93.
Eickelman, D.F. and J. Piscatori (2004), Muslim Politics, 2nd edn ( Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Chapter 1: “What is Muslim Politics?”
Esposito, J.L. (2010), The Future of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter 1: “The Many Faces of
Islam and Muslims,” and Chapter 2: “God in Politics.”
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 1: “Introduction: Thinking about
Islam and Politics in Global Perspective.”
Milton-Edwards, B. (2004), Islam and Politics in the Contemporary World (Cambridge: Polity Press), Chapter
1: “Islam and Democracy Defined.”
Ismail, S. (2004), “Is there an Islamic Conception of Politics?”, in A. Leftwich, ed., What is Politics? (Cambridge:
Polity Press), pp. 147-165.
Said, E. (1997), Covering Islam, 2nd edn ( London: Vintage), Chapter 2: “Communities of Interpretation,” and
Chapter 8, “The Politics of Interpreting Islam.”
Supplementary Readings:
Alamdari, K. (2003), "Terrorism cuts across the East and the West: deconstructing Lewis's Orientalism," Third
World Quarterly, 24:1, pp. 177-86.
Ansari, K. H. (2011), “The Muslim World in British Historical Imagination: Re-thinking Orientalism,” British
Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 38:1, pp.73-93.
Asad, T. (1986), The Idea of an Anthropology of Islam (Washington, DC: Center for Contemporary Arab
Studies).
Daniel, N. (1993), Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Oxford: OneWorld), Chapter 4: “The Place of
Violence and Power in the Attack on Islam.”
Esposito, J.L. (1984), Islam and Politics, 3rd edn, (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press), Chapter 1, “Religion,
Politics and Society”.
Esposito, J.L. (1995), The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter
2: “Islam and the West.”
Gellner, E. (1982), Muslim Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Gerges, F.A., (1999), America and Political Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), Chapter 2: “The
Intellectual Context of American Foreign Policy.”
Halliday, Fred (1981), “Does Islam have a Social Impact?” (Review Article), The Guardian, 16 July 1981.
Hasenclever, A. and V. Rittberger (2000), “Does Religion Make a Difference? Theoretical Approaches to the
Impact of Faith on Political Conflict,” Millennium, 29:3, pp. 641-674.
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Jackson, R. (2007), “Constructing Enemies: ‘Islamic Terrorism’ in Political and Academic Discourse,”
Government and Opposition, 42:3, pp. 94-426.
Lewis, B. (1990), “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” The Atlantic Monthly, 266:3, pp. 47–60.
Lewis. B. (1993), Islam and the West (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter 6: "The Question of
Orientalism.”
Lockman, Z. (2004), Contending Visions of the Middle East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
McTernan, O. (2003), Violence in God’s Name (New York: Orbis Books), Chapter 1: “The Clash of Paradigms.”
Murden, S.W. (2002), Islam, the Middle East and the New Global Hegemony (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002),
Chapter 2: “Reconstructing the Post-Cold War World: Islam in the Cultural Discourse of the West.”
Pasha, M.K. (2005), “Islam, ‘Soft’ Orientalism and Hegemony: A Gramscian Rereading,” Critical Review of
International Social and Political Philosophy, 8:4, pp. 543-558.
Said, E. (1995), Orientalism, 2nd edn (Harmondsworth: Penguin).
Said, E. (2002), “Impossible Histories: Why the Many Islams Cannot be Simplified,” Harper’s, July 2002:
www19.homepage.villanova.edu/silvia.nagyzekmi/cultural/Said,%20_Impossible%20Histories.pdf.
Sayyed, B., (2003), A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism (London: Zed),
Chapter 2: “Thinking Islamism, (Re)Thinking Islam.”
Strenski, I. (2010), Why Politics Can’t Be Freed From Religion (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell), Chapter 2,
“Interrogating Religion”.
Turner, B.S., (1983), Religion and Social Theory (London: Heinemann).
Volpi, F. (2010), Political Islam Observed (London: Hurst), read “Introduction: ‘We Have Facts and Data’.”
Watt, H.M. (1968), Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), Chapter 8: “The
Community as Bearer of Values.”
Zubaida, S. (1995), “Is there a Muslim Society? Ernest Gellner’s Sociology of Islam,” Economy and Society
24:2, pp. 151-188, reprinted in S. Zubaida (2011), Beyond Islam (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 1.
Session 2
Seeking the Islamic State: Premodernity, Post-Westphalia and the Burden of History
Discussion Questions:
In which ways does the Constitution of Medina establish political principles that can be reconciled with
modern ideas of statecraft? How did the Abbasid jurists, such as al-Ghazzali, reconcile Islam with power? To
what extent were either the Medinan model or al-Ghazzali’s polity theocratic? Before the Westphalian Order,
what was the paradigm of the Islamic state? To which extent are late-modern reimaginations of the “Islamic
State” borrowing from Western (totalitarian) models, rather than Islam’s own political theory?
Keywords:
The Constitution of Medina, The Shariatic polity, constitutional order, institutional balance of power,
Caliphate, Sultanate, the Westphalian state system, the ‘Ulama, theocracy, Caesaropapism.
Primary Readings:
Afsaruddin, A. (2006), “The ‘Islamic State’: Genealogy, Facts and Myths,” Journal of Church and State, 48, pp.
153–73.
Binder, L. (1955), “Al-Ghazzali’s Theory of Islamic Government”, Muslim World, 45, pp. 229-241
Belkeziz, A. (2009), The State in Contemporary Islamic Thought (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 4: “From the
Nation State to the State of the Khilafah: Renewal of ‘Islamic Legal Politics’,” and Chapter 7: “The State
and al-Shari’ah in the Criticism of the Secular Idea.”
Black, A. (2001), History of Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), Chapter 9: “AlGhazali’s Balance”
Enayat, H. (2005), Modern Islamic Political Thought (2nd edn, London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 2: “The Crisis over
the Caliphate” and Chapter 3: “The Concept of the Islamic State.”
Feldman, N. (2008), The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), read
“Introduction,” Part III: “The Rise of the New Islamic State,” and “Conclusion”.
Lapidus, I.M. (1996), “State and Religion in Islamic Societies,” Past & Present, No. 151, pp. 3-27.
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Milton-Edwards, B. (2004), Islam and Politics in the Contemporary Period (Cambridge: Polity Press), Chapter
2: “Islam and the State.”
“The Constitution of Medina”. See various renditions online at http://www.constitutionofmadina.com and
www.constitution.org/cons/medina/con_medina.htm.
Supplementary Reading:
Akhavi, S. (2009), The Middle East: The Politics of the Sacred and Secular (London: Zed Books), Chapter 2:
“The Sacred and the Secular”, and Chapter 6: “The State.”
Akhtar, S (2011), Islam as Political Religion (London: Routledge), Chapter 7: “An Imperial Religion.”
Al-Barghouti, T. (2008), The Umma and the Dawla (London: Pluto Press), Chapter 2: “Definitions.”
Arjomand, S.A. (2009), “The Constitution of Medina: A Socio-Legal Interpretation of Muhammad’s Act of
Foundation of the Umma,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41:4, pp. 555-575.
Ayubi, N (1991), Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 1: “Theory and Practice of the Islamic State.”
Brown, L.C. (2000), Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics (New York: Columbia University
Press), Chapter 7: “Muslim Attitudes Toward the State.”
Dallal, A. (2000), “Appropriating the Past: Twentieth-Century Reconstruction of Pre-Modern Islamic
Thought,” Islamic Law and Society, 7:3, pp. 325–58.
Djait, H. (1988), “The Origins of the Islamic State,” in K. Ferdinand and M. Mozaffari (eds), Islam: State and
Society (London: Routledge), pp. 74-82.
El-Affendi, A. (1991), Who Needs an Islamic State? (London: Grey Seal Books).
Fakhry, M. (1954), ‘The Theocratic Idea of the Islamic State in Recent Controversies’, International Affairs,
30:4
Gibb, H.A.R. (2008), Studies on the Civilization of Islam, 2nd edn (London: Routledge), Chapter 8: “Some
Considerations on the Sunni Theory of the Caliphate.”
Hamidullah, M. (1986), The First Written Constitution in the World (New York: Kazi Publications).
Hillenbrand, C. (1988), "Islamic Orthodoxy or Realpolitik? Al-Ghazali's Views on Government," Journal of
Persian Studies, pp. 81-94. Available online.
Iqbal, J. (1986), “The Concept of State in Islam,” in M. Ahmad (ed), State Politics and Islam (Indianapolis, IN:
American Trust), pp. 37-50.
Jadaane, F. (1990), “Notions of the State in Contemporary Arab-Islamic Writings,” in G. Luciani (ed.), The
Arab State (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press)
Khan, M.A.M. (2001), “The Compact of Medina: A Constitutional Theory of the Islamic State,” Ijtihad:
http://www.ijtihad.org/compact.htm
Lambton, A.K.S. (1981), State and Government in Medieval Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter
7: “Al-Juwayni and Al-Ghazali: The Sultanate”.
Pankhurst, R. (2010), “Muslim Contestations over Religion and the State in the Middle East,” Political
Theology, 11:6, pp. 826-845.
Piscatori, J. (1986), Islam in a World of Nation States (Cambridge University Press)
Tibi, B. (2002), The Challenge of Fundamentalism, 2nd edn (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press),
Chapter 8: “The Idea of an Islamic State and the Call for the Implementation of the Shari’a/Divine Law.”
Rosenthal, E.I.J. (1973), “The Role of the State in Islam: Theory and the Medieval Practice, Islam, 50, pp. 1-28
Taji-Farouki, S. (1996), “Islamic State Theories and Contemporary Realities,” in A.S. Sidahmed and A.
Ehteshami, Islamic Fundamentalism (Oxford: Westview) , pp. 35-50
Vikør, K. (2005), Between God and the Sultan: A History of Islamic Law (London: Hurst & Co). Chapter 10:
“The Court and the State”, and Chapter 13: “Implementing the Shari’a”
Watt, H.M. (1968), Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), Chapter1, “The Islamic
State under Muhammad,” and Chapter 11: “Islam in Contemporary Politics.”
Yildirim, Y. (2009), “The Medina Charter: A Historical Case of Conflict Resolution,” Islam and ChristianMuslim Relations, 20:4, pp. 439-50.
Zaman, M.Q. (2002). The Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press), Chapter 4: “Conceptions of the Islamic State”
Zeghal, M. (1999), “Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of Al-Azhar, Radical Islam, and the State (195294),” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 31:3, pp.371-400.
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Session 3
Religious Authority and the Islamic Polity: Whither the ‘Ulama?
Discussion Questions:
What effect does the absence of a hierarchically organized clergy have on Islam’s political institutions? How
did the role of the ‘ulama change during and after the colonial period? In which ways do modern technologies
undermine the religious authority of the ‘ulama? Why have the ‘ulama been sidelined in contemporary
movements of Political Islam? Why have the ‘ulama been sidelined by liberal reformers? How has the falling
fortunes of the Ulama been linked with the status of the Sharia as a source of state law?
Keywords:
Normativity, Interpretative Control, Religious Authority, the ‘Ulama, Cyberspace, antisacerdotalism.
Primary Readings:
Arkoun, M. (1988), “The Concept of Authority in Islamic Thought,” in K. Ferdinand and M. Mozaffari (eds),
Islam: State and Society (London: Routledge), pp. 53-72.
Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), Chapter 2:
“Islam’s Multiple Voices.”
Berkey, J.P. (2007), “Madrassas, Medieval and Modern: Politics, Education and the Problem of Muslim
Identity,” in R.W. Heffner and M.Q. Zaman (eds), Schooling Islam: The Culture and Politics of Modern
Muslim Education (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp. 40-60.
Eickelman, D.F. and J. Piscatori (2004), Muslim Politics 2nd edn (Princeton: Princeton University Press),
Chapter 3: “Sacred Authority in Contemporary Muslim Societies.”
Gilsenan, M. (2000), Recognizing Islam: Religion and Society in the Modern Middle East 2nd edn. (London: I.B.
Tauris), Chapter 2: “The Men of Learning and Authority”
Hallaq, W. (2009), An Introduction to Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), Chapter 9,
“State, Ulama and Islamists.”
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 9: “Who Speaks for Islam?
Religious Authority in the Global Umma.”
Mandaville, P. (2007), “Globalization and the Politics of Religious Knowledge: Pluralizing Authority in the
Muslim world,” Theory, Culture & Society, 24:1, pp. 101-115.
Zaman, M.Q. (2002), The ‘Ulama in Contemporary Islam: Custodians of Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press), Chapter 6: “Religiopolitical Activism and the ‘Ulama”
Supplementary Readings:
Abou El-Fadl, K. (2001), And God Knows The Soldiers: The Authoritative and Authoritarian in Islam, 2nd edn
(Lanham: University Press of America).
Akhtar, S (2011), Islam as Political Religion (London: Routledge), Chapter 5: “A Secular Religion”
Agrama, H.A. (2010), “Ethics, tradition, authority: Toward an anthropology of the fatwa,” American
Ethnologist, 31:1, pp. 2-18.
Ajijola, A. (1998), “The Problem of the Ulama,” in C. Kurzman (ed.), Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook (Oxford:
Oxford University Press), pp. 239-243.
Brown, L.C. (2000), Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics (New York: Columbia University
Press), Chapter 3: “Muslim ‘Church Government’.”
Brown, N .J. (1997), “Sharia and State in the Modern Middle East,” International Journal of Middle East
Studies, 29:3, pp
(1997), pp. 359-76
Bunt, G. (2009), iMuslims: Rewiring the House of Islam (London: Hurst), Introduction and Conclusion
Crone, P. (2005), Medieval Islamic Political Thought, 2nd edn (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press),
Chapter 17: “The Nature of Government.”
Feldman, N. (2008), The Fall and Rise of the Islamic State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), Part I:
“What Went Right?,” and Part II: “Decline and Fall.”
Heck, P.L, (2006), “Introduction,” in P.L. Heck (ed) Sufism and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Marcus Weiner).
Saffari, S. (1993), “The Legitimation of the Clergy’s Right to Rule in the Iranian Constitution of 1979,” British
Journal for Middle Eastern Studies, 20:1.
Shboul, A., (2005), “Between Rhetoric and Reality: Islam and Politics in the Arab World,” in N. Lahoud and
A.H. Johns (eds), Islam in World Politics (London: Routledge), pp. 170-191.
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Van Buinessen, M. (2009), “Sufism, ‘Popular Islam’ and the Encounter with Modernity,” in MK. Masud, A.
Salvatore and M. van Buinessen (eds), Islam and Modernity (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press),
pp. 206-236.
Watt, H.M. (1968), Islamic Political Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), Chapter6: “The
Religious Institution.”
Zaman, M.Q. (2009), “The Ulama and Contestations over Religious Authority,” in MK. Masud, A. Salvatore and
M. van Buinessen (eds), Islam and Modernity (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), pp. 206-236.
Zubaida, S. (1995), “Is there a Muslim Society? Ernest Gellner’s Sociology of Islam,” Economy and Society
24:2, pp. 151-188, reprinted in S. Zubaida (2011), Beyond Islam (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 1.
Zubaida, S. (2003), Law and Power in the Islamic World (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 2: “Institutions: Courts,
Qadis and Muftis” and Chapter 4: “The Age of Reform: The Etatization of Law.”
Session 4:
Managing Islam: Contrasting Examples of the Religio-Politics of Contemporary “Islamic States”
Discussion Questions:
Are constitutional provisions sufficient to make a state “Islamic”? In which sense is Pakistan an “Islamic
Republic”? How, and why, does the Iranian model differ from the Pakistani? How has the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia reconciled monarchy with Islamic rule? How does Islam influence foreign policy? Can a meaningful
distinction be made between Islam as a policy rationale and Islam as a political discourse?
Keywords:
The Islamic Republic of Iran, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Comparative
constitutionalism, Islamic institutions, Islam in foreign policy.
Primary Readings:
Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), Chapter 3:
“Self-Proclaimed Islamic States.”
Esposito, J.L. (1998), Islam and Politics, 4th edn (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press), Chapter 4: “The
Modern State.”
Faksh, M.A. (1989), “The Islamic State System: A Paradigm of Diversity,” Islamic Quarterly, 1, pp. 5-24.
Kepel, G. (2006), Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, 2nd edn (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 5: “Khomeini’s
Revolution and Its Legacy. ”
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 5: “Islam as the System: Islamic
States and ‘Islamization’ from Above.”
Sayyed, V.R.N (2001), Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the Making of State Power (Oxford: Oxford University
Press), Introduction: “Defining the Problem”.
Sheikh, N.S. (2003), The New Politics of Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 3: “A Geopolitical Genealogy of
the OIC.”
Supplementary Readings:
Adnan, A. (2006), “Pakistan: Creation and Genesis”. The Muslim World, 96: 201–217.
Ahmed, I. (1987), The Concept of an Islamic state in Pakistan: An Analysis of Ideological Controversy in
Pakistan (London: Palgrave Macmillan)
Akhavi, S. (1983), “The Ideology and Praxis of Shi’ism in the Iranian Revolution,” Comparative Studies in
Sociology and History, 25:2.
Alamdari, Kazem (2005), “The power structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran” Third World Quarterly, 26:8,
pp. 1285-1301.
Al-Rasheed, M (2007), Contesting the Saudi State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), Chapter 1:
“Consenting Subjects: Official Wahhabi Religio-Political Discourse.”
Ansari, A. (2001), Iran, Islam and Democracy: The Politics of Managing Change (London: Royal Institute of
International Affairs.
Arjoman, S.A. (2009), After Khomeini (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
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Ayoob, M. (1992), ‘Two Faces of Political Islam: Iran and Pakistan Compared’, Asian Survey, 57:3.
Banuazizi, A. (1986), The State, Religion, and Ethnic politics: Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan (Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press).
Belkeziz, A. (2009), The State in Contemporary Islamic Thought (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 3: “The
Conditional State: The Constitutional Question in Modern Shi’ite Political Fiqh,” and Chapter 10:
“Pseudo-Theocracy: On the ‘Wilayat al-Faqih’.”
Brumberg, D. (2001), Reinventing Khomeini, the Struggle for Reform in Iran (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press)
Butterworth, C.E and I.W. Zartman, eds (2001), Between the State and Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press).
Cohen, S.P. (2004), The Idea of Pakistan (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press).
Cole, J. (1986), Shi’ism and Social Protest (Yale: Yale University Press).
Ehteshami, A. (1995), After Khomeini (London: Routledge)
Esposito, J.L. (1995), The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter
4: “Islam and the State.”
Dakhil, Khalid (2008), “Wahhabism as an Ideology of State Formation,” in M. Ayoob and H. Kosebalan, eds.,
Religion and Politics in Saudi Arabia, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
Feldman, N. (2003), After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy (New York: Farrar, Straus
and Giroux), Part II: “Varieties of Islamic Democracy.”
Floor, W.M. (1980), “The Revolutionary Character of the Iranian Ulama: Wishful Thinking or Reality?,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 12:4.
Gause, F.G., Oil Monarchies (New York: Council on Foreign Relations), Chapter 2: “The Bases of ‘Traditional’
Politics: Islam and Tribalism.”
Halliday, F. (2000), Nation and Religion in the Middle East (London: Saqi), Chapter 7: “Fundamentalism and
the State: Iran and Tunisia.”
Haqqani H, “The Role of Islam in Pakistan’s future” The Washington Quarterly 28:1 pp. 85–96.
International Crisis Group (2002), “Pakistan: Madrasas, Extremism and the Military,” Asia Report, No 36.
International Crisis Group, (2003), “Pakistan: The Mullahs and the Military,” Asia Report, no 49.
Keddie, N. (1980), “Iran: Change in Islam, Islam and Change,” International Journal of Middle East Studies,
11:4.
Khan, M.A. ed. (1986), Islam, Politics and the State: the Pakistan Experience (London: Zed Books).
Khan, A. (2006), “Ethnicity, Islam and the National Identity in Pakistan,” in A. Roy, Islam in History and
Politics (New Delhi: Oxford University Press), pp. 181-197.
Khory, K. (2009), “Pakistan: Have the Chickens Come Home to Roost?”, in S.J. Hansen, A. Mesog and T. Kardas
(eds), The Borders of Islam (London: Hurst & Co.), pp. 65-82.
Labeviere, R. (2000), Dollars for Terror (New York: Algora), Chapter 13: “Why Saudi Arabia Finances
Islamism”
Malik, I.H. (1999), Islam, Nationalism, and the West: Issues of Identity in Pakistan (London: Palgrave
Macmillan).
Martin, V. (2007), Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the making of New Iran (London: I.B. Tauris),
Chapter 5: “Visions of the Islamic State I: The Khomeini Version.”
Momen, M. (n.d.), “Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran,” Online Resource:
www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/shia.htm
Moslem, M. (2002), Factional Politics in post-Khomeini Iran (Syracuse, NY: University of Syracuse Press).
Mustafa, D. and K. E. Brown (2010), “The Taliban, Public Space, and Terror in Pakistan,” Eurasian Geography
and Economics, 51: 4, pp. 496–512.
Nasr, S.V.R. (1993), “Islamic Opposition to the Islamic State: The Jamat-i Islami, 1977-88’, International
Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 25:2, pp.261-283.
Rahnema S. (1996), Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic State (London: I.B. Tauris).
Saikal, A. (2010), “Afghanistan and Pakistan: The Question of Pashtun Nationalism?,” Journal of Muslim
Minority Affairs, 30:1, pp. 5-17.
Shapiro, J. N. and C. Christine Fair (2009/10), “Understanding Support for Islamist Militancy in Pakistan,”
International Security, 34: 3, pp. 79–118.
Steinberg, G. (2005), “The Wahhabi Ulama and the Saudi State, 1745 to the Present,” in P. Aarts and G.
Nonneman (eds), Saudi Arabia in the Balance (London: Hurst & Co), pp. 11-33.
Weaver, M.A. (2002), Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux).
Zaman, M.Q. (2011), “Pakistan: Shari’a and the State,” in Robert Hefner (ed.) Shari’a Politics: Islamic Law and
Society in the Modern World (Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2011), pp. 207-243.
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Session 5:
Understanding the Islamist Spectrum: Terminologies, Typologies and Approaches
Discussion Questions:
What are the key streams of contemporary political thought among Muslim thinkers? How have scholars
provided different classifications or taxonomies in relation to the types of thinking that exist within political
Islam? What is implied by the term “fundamentalism” and how well does this apply to the Islamists? What is
the conceptual and practical difference between radicalism and extremism? How do we differentiate between
Islamism and political Islam? How do we best understand the Islamic revival: in terms of ideology, class
politics or identity politics? What contributions has social movement theory made to our understanding of
Islamism and what are its weaknesses?
Keywords:
Fundamentalism, Revivalism, Radicalism, Extremism, Ideology, Social Class, Political Sociology, Political
Economy, Social Movement Theory, Identity politics.
Primary Readings:
Abdullah, S. (2007), “Trends in Contemporary Islam: A Preliminary Attempt at a Classification,” Muslim
World, 97:3, pp. 395-404.
Ayoob, M. (2004) “Political Islam: Image and Reality,” World Policy Journal , 21: 3, pp. 1-14.
Ayubi, N (1991), Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 3: “The Variety of Modern Islam.”
Burke III, E. (1988), “Islam and Social Movements: Methodological Reflections,” in E. Burke and I. Lapidus
(eds), Islam, Politics and Social Movements (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Dekmejian, R.H. (1989), “Islamic Revival: Catalysts, Categories and Consequences”, in S. Hunter (ed.), The
Politics of Islamic Revivalism (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press), pp. 3-22.
Denoeux, G. (2002), “The Forgotten Swamp: Navigating Political Islam,” Middle East Policy, 9:2, pp. 56-81.
Ismail, S. (2003), Rethinking Islamist Politics (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 1, “The Study of Islamism
Revisited,” and Chapter 6: “The Paradox of Islamist Politics.”
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 2, “Islam and Politics: History and
Key Concepts.”
Varisco, D.M. (2010), “Inventing Islamism: The Violence of the Rhetoric,” in R.C. Martin and A. Barzegar (eds),
Islamism: Contested Perspectives on Political Islam (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 33-47
Yavuz, M.H. (2004), “Opportunity Spaces, Identity and Islamic Meaning,” in Q. Wiktorowicz (ed.), Islamic
Activism: A social Movement Theory Approach (Indiana University Press), pp. 270-88.
Zubaida, S. (2009), Islam, the People and the State (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 3: “Classes as Political Actors
in the Iranian Revolution”
Secondary Readings:
Akbarzadeh, S.(2011), “The Paradox of Political Islam,” in S. Akbarzadeh (ed.), The Routledge Handbook on
Political Islam (London: Routledge), pp. 1-8.
Beinin, J. (2005), “Political Islam and the New Global Economy: The Political Economy of an Egyptian Social
Movement”, The New Centennial Review 5, pp. 111-39
Burke, E. and I. Lapidus, eds. (1990), Islam, Politics and Social Movements (Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press)
Burgat, F. (2005), Face to Face with Political Islam (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 4: “From One Islamism to
Another”
Dabashi H. (2005), Theology of Discontent, 2nd edn (New York: Transaction Publishers).
Hroub, K. (2010), “Introduction,” in K. Hroub (ed), Political Islam: Context versus Ideology (London: Saqi).
Ismail, S. (2000), “The Popular Movement Dimensions of Contemporary Militant Islamism: Socio-Spatial
Determinants in the Cairo Urban Setting,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 42:2, pp. 363393.
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Kurzman, C. (2004), “Conclusion: Social Movement Theory and Islamic Studies,” in Q. Wiktorowicz (ed.),
Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press), pp.
289-304.
Ramadan, T. (1999), To Be a European Muslim (Leicester: The Islamic Foundation), Appendix I: “Introduction
to ‘Islamic Tendencies’ in Europe and the World.”
Sinanovic, E. (2012), “Islamic Revival as Development: Discourses on Islam, Modernity and Democracy,”
Politics, Religion & Ideology, 13:1, pp.3-24.
Shepard, W.E. (1987), “Islam and Ideology: Towards a Typology,” International Journal of Middle East Studies
19, pp. 307-336.
Wickham, C.R. (2002), Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, and Political Change in Egypt (New York:
Columbia University Press), Chapter 7: “Explaining the Success of the Islamist Outreach.”
Zubaida S. (2011), Beyond Islam (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 2: “Political Modernity in the Middle East.”
Session 6:
Ideological Foundations of Islamism: From Wahhabi ‘Fundamentalism’ to Salafist ‘Revivalism’
Discussion Questions:
In which ways did Wahhabism influence the later trajectory of political Islam? How do we distinguish
between Wahhabism and Salafism? What founding axioms were carried on from Salafism to Islamism?
Discuss the proposition that Jamal al-Din al-Afghani was concerned primarily with the global balance of
power and not so much with the authenticity of faith. What motivated Hassan al-Banna to found the Muslim
Brotherhood?
Keywords:
Wahhabism, Salafism, Takfir, Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Rashid Rida, Hassan al-Banna
Primary Readings:
Al-Afghani, S.J.A. (2007), “An Islamic Response to Imperialism,” in J.J. Donohue and J.L. Esposito (eds.), Islam
in Transition: Muslim Perspectives, 2nd edn, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 13-15.
Al-Banna, H. (2007), “The New Renaissance,” in J.J. Donohue and J.L. Esposito (eds.), Islam in Transition.
Muslim Perspectives, 2nd edn, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 41-43.
Abu-Rabi, I.M (1996), Intellectual Origins of Islamic Resurgence in the Modern Arab World (Albany, NY: SUNY
Press), Chapter 3: “Hassan al-Banna and the Foundation of the Ikhwan: Intellectual Underpinnings.”
Ayubi, N. (1991), Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 6: “Political Islam: Intellectual Sources,” and
Chapter 7: “Political Islam: Socioeconomic Bases.”
El-Affendi, A. (2010), “Umma, State and Movement: Events that Shaped the Modern Debate,” in K. Hroub (ed),
Political Islam: Context versus Ideology (London: Saqi), pp. 20-36.
Jansen, J.J.G. (1997), The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism (London: Hurst & Co), Chapter 2: “The
Century of Al-Afghani and Ibn Taimiyyah”.
Lia, B. (2010), The Society of Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of An Islamic Mass-Movement 1928-42
(London: Ithaca Press).
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 3: “State Formation and the Making
of Islamism.”
Meijer, R., (2010), “Salafism: Doctrine, Diversity and Practice,” in K. Hroub (ed), Political Islam: Context versus
Ideology (London: Saqi), pp. 37-59.
Rida, R. (2007), “Patriotism, Nationalism, and Group Spirit in Islam,” in J.J. Donohue and J.L. Esposito (eds.),
Islam in Transition. Muslim Perspectives, 2nd edn, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 59-63.
Ruthven, M. (2002), A Fury for God (London: Granta Books), Chapter 5: “Cultural Scizophrenia.”
Zollner, B. (2011), “The Muslim Brotherhood,” in S. Akbarzadeh (ed), The Routledge Handbook on Political
Islam (London: Routledge).
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Supplementary Readings:
Abduh, M. (2000), “The True Reform and its Necessity for Al-Azhar,” in M. Moaddel and K. Tataloff (eds),
Modernist and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam (London: Palgrave), pp. 45-51.
Al-Afghani, S.J.A. (2007), “Islamic Solidarity,” in J.J. Donohue and J.L. Esposito (eds.), Islam in Transition.
Muslim Perspectives, 2nd edn, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 16-19.
Afsaruddin, A. (2009), The First Muslims (Oxford: Oneworld), Chapter 9: “Constructing the Pious Forebears II:
Historical Memory and the Present.”
Abduh, M., “The Necessity of Religious Reform,” in M. Moaddel and K. Talattof (eds), Contemporary Debates
in Islam (Location: Publisher), pp. 45-52.
al-Afghani, S. J., “Religion versus Science,” in M. Moaddel and K. Talattof (eds), Contemporary Debates in
Islam (Location: Publisher), pp. 23-28
Algar, H., Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
Brown, L.C. (2000), Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics (New York: Columbia University
Press), Chapter 13: “The Radical Muslim Discourse.”
Dallal, A. (1993), “The Origins and Objectives of Islamic Revivalist Thought, 1750-1850,” Journal of the
American Oriental Society, 113:3.
Esposito, J.L. (1998), Islam and Politics, 4th edn (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press), Chapter 3:
“Nationalism”
Haddad, M. (1997), “Arab Religious Nationalism in the Colonial Era: Rereading Rashid Rida’s ideas on the
Caliphate”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 117:2, pp.253-277.
Harris C.P. (1980), Nationalism and Revolution in Egypt: the Role of the Muslim Brotherhood (New York:
Hyperion Press).
Keddie, N., (1983), An Islamic Response to Imperialism: Political and Religious Writings of Sayyid Jamal al-Din
al-Afghani (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press).
Kedouri, E. (1966), Afghani and Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam
(London: Routledge).
Kerr, M. (1966), Islamic Reform: The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad ‘Abduh and Rashid Rida
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press)
Layish, A. (1978), “The Contribution of the Modernists to the Secularization of Islamic Law”, Middle Eastern
Studies, 14:3
Lia, B. (2006), The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: the Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, 1928-1942
(London: Ithaca).
Matthee, R. (1989), “Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and the Egyptian National Debate,” International Journal of
Middle East Studies, 21:2, pp.151-169.
Mitchell, R.P. (1969), The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
Mousalli, A. (1999), Moderate and radical Islamic fundamentalists (University Press of Florida).
Sirriyeh, E. (1989), “Wahhabis, unbelievers and the problems of exclusivism,” Bulletin (BRISMES), 16: 2
Soage, A.B. (2008), “Hassan al-Banna or the Politicization of Islam,” Totalitarian Movements and Political
Religions, 9:1, pp. 21-42.
Utvik, B.O. (2003), “The Modernizing Force of Islamism,” in J.L. Esposito and F. Burgat (eds), Modernizing
Islam (London: Hurst & Co.), pp. 43-68.
Weismann, I. (2009), “Genealogies of Fundamentalism: Salafi Discourse in Nineteenth Century Baghdad,”
British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 36:2, pp. 267-80.
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Session 7:
The Radical Turn in Islamism: Qutb, Mawdudi, Khomeini
Discussion Questions:
In which ways have Islamist thinkers understood the Islamic faith as an ideology and what are the
implications of this understanding? What was entailed in Qutb’s rethinking of the Jahiliyya precept? Which
life experiences of Qutb might have radicalized his thinking? How did Qutb’s approach challenge alternative
streams within the Muslim brotherhood? In which ways did Ayatollah Khomeini depart from Shi’i
traditionalism in promulgating his velayet-i faqih doctrine of government? What “family resemblance” does
radical Islamism have with European totalitarianism?
Keywords:
Ideologization, Sayyid Qutb, Abul A’la Mawdudi, Ayatollah Khomeini, jahiliyya, fikr Islami, Islamic State,
velayet-i faqih
Primary Readings:
Bergesen, A., ed. (2008), The Sayyid Qutb Reader: Selected Writings on Politics, Religion and Society (London:
Routledge).
Calvert, J. (2004), “The Mythic Foundations of Radical Islam,” Orbis, 48:1, pp. 29-41.
Desai, M. (2007), Rethinking Islamism (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 3: “Religion and Ideology”.
Kepel, G. (2006), Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, 2nd edn (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 5: “Khomeini’s
Revolution and Its Legacy. ”
Kepel, G. (2005), The Roots of Radical Islam, 3rd edn (London: Saqi), Chapter 2: “‘Signposts’.”
Khomeini, R. (2000), “The Necessity of Islamic Government,” in M. Moaddel and K. Tataloff (eds), Modernist
and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam (London: Palgrave), pp. 251-262.
Lahoud, N. (2010), The Jihadis’ Path to Self-Destruction (London: Hurst & Co), Chapter: 3: “Islam
Reconsidered.”
Lahoud, N. (2005), Political Thought in Islam (London: RoutledgeCurzon), Chapter 3: “Are Islamic Politics
Islamic or Islamist?”
Mazarr, M.J. (2007), Unmodern Men in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), Chapter
5: “The Antimodern Ideology.”
Mousalli, A.S. (2011), “Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Political Ideology,” in S. Akbarzadeh (ed.), The
Routledge Handbook on Political Islam (London: Routledge), pp. 9-26.
Mozaffari, M. (2009), “The Rise of Islamism in the Light of European Totalitarianism,” Totalitarian Movements
and Political Religions, 10:1, pp. 1-13.
Ruthven, M. (2002), A Fury for God (London: Granta Books), Chapter 3, “The Aesthetics of Martyrdom.”
Supplementary Readings:
Brown, L.C. (2000), Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics (New York: Columbia University
Press), Chapter 14: “Al-Banna, Mawdudi and Qutb.”
Brumberg, D. (1997), “Khomeini’s Legacy,” in R. S. Appleby (ed), Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist
Leaders of the Middle East (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 16-82.
Calvert, J. (2010), Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism (London: Hurst), Chapter 3: “Turn to
Islamism,” and Chapter 6: “Radicalization.”
Euben, R.L. (1999), Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Farhand, R. (2007), Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran (Austin, TX: University of Texas
Press), Chapter 2: “The Second Generation: The Politics of Revolution.”
Hizb ut-Tahrir (1999), Political Thoughts from the Literature of Hizb ut-Tahrir (London: Khilafah
Publications).
Jansen, J.J.G. (1997), The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism (London: Hurst & Co), Chapter 3: “Onward
Muslim Soldiers”.
Judy, R.A.T. (2004), “Sayyid Qutb’s Fiqh al-Waqi’, or New Realist Science,” Boundary 2, 31:2, pp. 113-48.
Kepel, G. (2003), Muslim Extremism in Egypt: the Prophet and Pharaoh (Berkeley : University of California
Press).
Khatab, S. (2006), The Power of Sovereignty: The Political and Ideological Philosophy of Sayyid Qutb
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(London: Routledge), Part I: “Religio-Political Discourse.”
Khomeini, R. (2000), “The Nature of the Islamic State and the Qualifications of the Head of States,” in M.
Moaddel and K. Tataloff (eds), Modernist and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam (London: Palgrave), pp.
247-250.
Khomeini, R. (2000), “The Necessity of Islamic Government,” in M. Moaddel and K. Tataloff (eds), Modernist
and Fundamentalist Debates in Islam (London: Palgrave), pp. 251-262.
Khomeini, R. (2007), “Islamic Government,” in J.J. Donohue and J.L. Esposito (eds.), Islam in Transition:
Muslim Perspectives, 2nd edn, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 314-322 .
Mawdudi, A. A. (2010), “Political Theory of Islam,” in K. Ahmad (ed.), Islam: Its Meaning and Message
(Leicester: Islamic Foundation).
Moaddel, M. (1992), “Ideology and Episodic Discourse: The Case of the Iranian Revolution,” American
Sociological Review, 57:3, pp. 353-79.
Moin, B. (2009), Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 12: “The Ruler: Creating an
Islamic Republic.”
Mousalli, A.S. (1992), Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb
(Beirut: American University of Beirut Press).
Mozaffari, M. (2007), “What is Islamism? History and Definition of a Concept,” Totalitarian Movements and
Political Religions, 8:1, pp. 17-33.
Musallam, A. (2005), From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism
(Westport: Praeger)
Nasr, S. V. R. (1994), The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jama’at-i-Islami of Pakistan (Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press).
Post, J. M., E. Sprinzak, and L. M. Denny (2003), ‘Terrorists in Their Own Words: Interviews with Thirty-Five
Incarcerated Middle Eastern Terrorists,” Terrorism and Political Violence, 15:1, pp.171-84
Qutb, S. (1991) Milestones (New York: American Trust Publications)
Rubin, B. (2002), Islamic Fundamentalism in Egyptian Politics (London: Macmillan), Chapter 4: “The
Jama’at.”
Sivan, E. (1990), Radical Islam: Medieval Theology and Modern Politics (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press).
Soage, A.B. (2009), “Islamism and Modernity: The Political Thought of Sayyid Qutb,” Totalitarian Movements
and Political Religions, 10:2, pp. 189-203.
Zimmerman, J.C. (2004), “Sayyid Qutb’s Influence on the 11 September Attacks,” Terrorism and Political
Violence 16:2, pp.222-254.
Zollner, B. (2007), “Prison Talk: The Muslim Brotherhood’s Internal Struggle during Gamal Abdel Nasser’s
Persecution 1954-1971,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39, pp. 411-33
Zubaida, S. (2009), Islam, the People and the State (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 1: “The Ideological
Preconditions for Khomeini’s Doctrine of Government.”
Session 8
Dying for National Liberation: Hamas and Hezbollah
Discussion Questions:
What is peculiarly “Islamic” about Islamic liberation movements? How has the ideology of Hamas evolved
since its inception? What ideological, political and financial ties does Hezbollah have to Iran? Account for the
political strategies of either Hamas or Hezbollah, balancing militant strategies with social initiatives. How do
we account for the public support behind Hamas and Hezbollah? What logic is at play in the use of suicide
terrorism in the Middle East? Is the ‘Bad Press’ that Hamas and/or Hezbollah receives in the West justified?
Keywords:
Islamic liberation movements, Islamic liberation theology, Hamas, Hezbollah, Sheikh Yasin, Sayyid Fadhlallah,
Hassan Nasrallah, suicide terrorism.
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Primary Readings:
Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), Chapter 6:
“Islamist National Resistence,” pp. 112-130.
Deeb, L., “Hizbullah in Lebanon,” in S. Akbarzadeh (ed.), The Routledge Handbook on Political Islam (London:
Routledge), pp. 74-89.
Hafez, M.H and M.A. Walthar, “Hamas: Between Pragmatism and Radicalism,” in S. Akbarzadeh (ed.), The
Routledge Handbook on Political Islam (London: Routledge), pp. 62-73.
Hroub, K. (2010), “Hamas: Conflating National Liberation and Socio-Political Change,” in K. Hroub (ed),
Political Islam: Context versus Ideology (London: Saqi), pp. 230-252.
Kepel, G. (2006), Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, 2nd edn (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 14: “Hamas, Israel,
Arafat and Jordan.”
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 6: “Islam for the Lack of a System:
Islamism Weak or Failed States.”
Moussawi, I. (2010), “The Making of Lebanon’s Hezbollah,” in K. Hroub (ed), Political Islam: Context versus
Ideology (London: Saqi), pp. 210-30.
Pape, R.A. (2003), “The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism,” American Political Science Review, 97:3.
Zisser, E. (2003), “Hizballah: Between Armed Struggle and Domestic Politics,” in B. Rubin (ed.),
Revolutionaries and Reformers: Contemporary Islamist Movements in the Middle East (Albany, NY:
SUNY).
Supplementary Readings:
Abu-Amr Z. (1994), Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank & Gaza Strip (Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press).
Abu-Amr, Z. (1993), “Hamas: A Historical and Political Background,” Journal of Palestine Studies, 22:4, pp. 519.
Abu-Amr, Z. (1997), ‘Shaykh Ahmad Yasin and the Origins of Hamas’, in R. S. Appleby (ed), Spokesmen for the
Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 225256.
Allen, L. (2002), “There are Many Reasons Why: Suicide Bombers and Martyrs in Palestine,” Middle East
Report, no. 223, pp. 34-37.
Araj, B. (2008), “Harsh State Repression as a Cause of Suicide Bombing: The Case of the Palestinian-Israeli
Conflict,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 31:4, pp. 284-303.
Byman, D. (2011), “The Lebanese Hizballah and Israeli Counterterrorism,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism,
34:12
Chehab, Z. (2007), Inside Hamas (New York: Nation Books), Chapter 7: “International Relations.”
Deeb M. (), Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon
El-Affendi, A. (2009), “The Terror of Belief and the Belief in Terror,” in M. Al-Rasheed and M. Shterin (eds),
Dying for Faith: Religiously Motivated Violence in the Contemporary World (London: I. B. Tauris), pp.
59-78.
Gunning J. (2007), Hamas in Politics: Democracy, Religion, Violence (London: Hurst & Co.), in particular
Chapter 3: “Hamas’ Political Philosophy.”
Gunning, J. (2004), “Peace with Hamas? The Transforming Potential of Political Participation,” International
Affairs, 80:2.
Hafez, M. (2003), Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World, (Boulder, CO: Lynne
Rienner)
Hajjar, L. (1993), “The Islamist Movements in the Occupied Territories: An Interview with Iyad Barghouti,”
MERIP Report, No. 183, pp. 8-13.
HAMAS (2007), “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement,” in J.J. Donohue and J.L. Esposito (eds.),
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives, 2nd edn, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 433-443.
Hamzeh, A. N. (2004), In the Path of Hizbullah (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press),
Harb, M. and R. Leenders (2005), “Know thy Enemy: Hizbullah, ‘Terrorism’ and the Politics of Perception,”
Third World Quarterly, 26:1.
Harik, J. P. (2004), Hezbollah : the Changing Face of Terrorism (London: I.B. Tauris)
Hatina, M. (2001), Islam and Salvation in Palestine: the Islamic Jihad Movement (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse
University Press).
Hroub, K (2000), Hamas: Political Thought and Practice (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies).
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Hroub, K. (2006), Hamas: A Beginner’s Guide (London: Pluto Press), in particular Chapter 5: “Hamas’s
Political and Social Strategy,” and Chapter 7: “Hamas and ‘International Islamism’.”
Harik, J. P. (2004), Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism (London: I. B. Tauris).
Ibrahim, F. (2009), “Al-Shahada: A Centre of the Shiite System of Belief,” in M. Al-Rasheed and M. Shterin
(eds), Dying for Faith: Religiously Motivated Violence in the Contemporary World (London: I. B.
Tauris), pp. 111-23.
International Crisis Group (2003), “Hizballah: Rebel without a Cause?” ICG Middle East Briefing Paper.
Available online.
International Crisis Group (2011), “Radical Islam in Gaza,” Middle East Report, No 104. Available online.
Jaber, H. (1997), Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance (New York: Columbia University Press).
Johnson, N. (1983), Islam and the Politics of Meaning in Palestinian Nationalism (London: Kegan & Paul)
Kramer, M. (1997), “The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah,” in R. S. Appleby (ed),
Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press), pp. 83-180.
Kristiansen. W. (1999), “Challenge and Counterchallenge: Hamas’s Response to Oslo,” Journal of Palestine
Studies, 28:3.
Lybarger, L.D (2007), Identity and Religion in Palestine (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), in
particular Chapter 1: “Islamism and Secular Nationalism.”
Maqsi, M. (1993), “Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine,” Journal of Palestine
Studies, 22:4.
Milton-Edwards, B. (1999), Islamic Politics in Palestine (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 6: “Islamic Palestinian
Solutions.”
Milton-Edwards, B. (1992), “The Concept of Jihad and the Palestinian Islamic Movement: A Comparison of
Ideas and Techniques,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 19:1.
Milton-Edwards, B. (2006), “Political Islam and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict,” Israel Affairs, 12:1, pp. 65-85.
Milton-Edwards, B. (2007), “Hamas: Victory with Ballots and Bullet,” Journal of Global Change, Peace and
Security, 19:3, pp. 301-316.
Milton-Edwards, B. and L. Adoni (1997), “Searching for Answers: Gaza’s Suicide Bombers,” Journal of
Palestine Studies, 26: 4, pp.
Milton-Edwards, B. and S. Farell (2010), Hamas: The Islamic Resistance Movement (Cambridge: Polity Press),
Chapter 11: “A House Divided.”
Milton-Edwards, B. and A. Crooke (2004), “Waving Not Drowning, Strategic Dimensions of Ceasefires and
Islamic Movements,” Security Dialogue, 35:3, pp. 295-310.
Mishal, S. and A. Sela (2000), The Palestinian Hamas (New York: Columbia University Press).
Moghadam, A. (2003), “Palestinian Suicide Terrorism in the Second Intifada: Motivations and Organizational
Aspects,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 26
Norton, A. R. (2007), Hezbollah: A Short History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Nuesse, A. (1999), Muslim Palestine: the Ideology of Hamas (London: Routledge)
Qassem, N. (2005), Hizbullah: The Story from Within (London: Saqi).
Saad-Ghorayeb, A. (2002), Hizbu’llah: Politics and Religion (London: Pluto Press).
Sankari J. (2005), Fadlallah: The Making of a Radical Shi’ite Leader (London: Saqi)
Shanahan, R. (2005), “Hizballah Rising: The Political Battle for the Loyalty of the Shi’a of Lebanon,” Middle
East Review of International Affairs, 9:1. Available online.
Tamimi, A. (2006), Hamas: The Unwritten Chapters (London: Hurst & Co).
Session 9
Transnational Terror in the Name of the Umma: Al-Qaida and Global “Jihadism”
Discussion Questions:
Is the term “jihadism” a meaningful signifier of a particular stream of Islamism? How has al-Qaida evolved
ideologically since its inception? What kind of reading of history enabled the development of militant
thought? How has globalization helped the new global current of Jihadism? What is the relationship between
transnational militant actors and state actors? Is al-Qaeda an anarchist organization? How can it be argued
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that al-Qaeda is a modernist movement? Does al-Qaeda act in the name of God or in the name of the umma?
Why is this distinction important?
Keywords:
Jihadism, al-Qaeda, 9/11, Globalization, anarchism, Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri
Primary Readings:
Burgat, F. (2008), Islamism in the Shadow of al-Qaeda (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press), Chapter 7:
“From Sayyid Qutb to Mohammed Atta.”
Gelvin, J.L. (2008), “Al-Qaeda and Anarchism: A Historian’s Reply to Terrorology,” Terrorism and Political
Violence, 20, pp. 563-81.
Gerges, F. (2005), The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), Chapter
3: “The Rise of Trnasnationalist Jihadis and the Far Enemy.”
Gray, J. (2003), Al Qaeda and what it Means to be Modern (New York: The New Press).
Kepel, G. (2006), Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, 4th edn (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 13: “Osama bin
Laden and the War Against the West.”
Lahoud, N. (2010), The Jihadis’ Path to Self-Destruction (London: Hurst & Co), Chapter 4: “Why Jihad and Not
Democracy”
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 7: “Radical Islamism and Jihad
beyond the Nation-State.”
Milton-Edwards, B. (2004), Islam and Politics in the Contemporary Period (Cambridge: Polity Press), Chapter
6: “Gun barrel Politics.”
Moghadam, A. (2008), The Globalization of Martyrdom (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press), Chapter 4,
“From al Qaeda to Global Jihad.”
Tawil, C. (2010), “Al-Qaeda in the Middle East, North Africa and Asia: Jihadists and Franchises,” in K. Hroub
(ed), Political Islam: Context versus Ideology (London: Saqi), pp. 231-252.
Wiktorowicz, Q. (2005), “A Genealogy of Radical Islam,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 28:2, pp.75-97.
Supplementary Reading:
AbuKhalil, A. (2002), Bin Laden, Islam, and America's New ‘War on Terrorism’ (New York : Seven Stories)
Al-Shishani, M.B. (2010), “The Islamists of Iraq and the Sectarian Factor: The Case of Al-Qaeda in
Mesopotamia,” in K. Hroub (ed), Political Islam: Context versus Ideology (London: Saqi), pp. 230-252.
Atwan, A.B. (2008), The Secret History of al-Qaeda (Berkeley: University of California Press)
Bin Laden, O (2007), “Declaration of War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places
(August 23, 1996),” in B.B. Lawrence and A.K. Karim (eds), On Violence (Durham: Duke University
Press).
Bergen, P. and P. Cruickshank (2012), “Revisiting the Early Al-Qaeda: An Updated Account of its Formative
Years,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 35:1
Bodansky, Y. (2001), Bin Laden: the Man Who Declared War on America, 2nd edn (New York: Prima)
Brachman, J. M. (2009), Global Jihadism: Theory and Practice (London: Routledge).
Bunt, G. (2009), iMuslims: rewiring the house of Islam (London: Hurst), Chapters 5: “The Cutting Edge:
Militaristic Jihad in Cyberspace.”
Burke, J. (2002), Holy War, Inc. (New York: Phoenix)
Burke, J. (2004), Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror (London: I.B. Tauris)
Corbin, J. (2002), The Base : In Search of Al-Qaeda, The Terror Network that Shook the World (New York:
Simon & Schuster).
Filiu, J.-P. (2009), “The Local and Global Jihad of al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghrib,” The Middle East
Journal 63:2.
Gunaratna, R. (2002), Inside Al Qaeda (New York: Columbia University Press)
Habeck, M. (2006), Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Hegghammer, T. (2009), ‘Global Jihadism after the Iraq War’, in L Fawcett (ed), International Relations of the
Middle East, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 296-316.
Hellmich, C. (2011), Al-Qaeda: From Global Network to Local Franchise (London: Zed Books).
Hellmich, C. (2005), “Al-Qaeda: Terrorists, Hypocrites, Fundamentalists? The View from Within,” Third World
Quarterly, 26:1, pp. 39-54.
Kepel, G. and J.-P. Milelli, eds (2010), Al-Qaeda in its Own Words (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press)
Lahoud, N. (2010), The Jihadis’ Path to Self-Destruction (London: Hurst & Co), Chapter: 1: “Past and Present
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Jihadis”
Lawrence, B., ed. (2005), Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama Bin Laden (London: Verso), in
particular pp. xi-xxiii, 23-30, 160-172.
Lindholm, C. and J.P. Zuquete (2010), The Struggle for the World (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press),
Chapter 5: “Purifying the World: The Global Jihad.”
Mansfield, L. (2006), His Own Words: A Translation of the Writings of Dr Ayman al-Zawahiri (New York:
TLG), see in particular “Knights under the Prophet’s Banner.”
Marret, J.-L. (2008), “Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb: A “Glocal” Organization,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism,
31:6, pp. 541-552.
Milton-Edwards B. (2005), Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945, (London: Routledge), Chapter 5: “Going
Global: Fundamentalism and Terror.”
Mishal, S. and M. Rosenthal (2005), “Al-Qaeda as a Dune Organization: Toward a Typology of Islamic Terrorist
Organizations,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 28:4, pp. 275-293.
Moghadam A. (2008), The Globalization of Martyrdom (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press), in
particular Chapter 3: “Salafi Jihad and the Veneration of Martyrdom.”
Moghadam, A. (2008/9), “Motives for Martyrdom: Al-Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Spate of Suicide Attacks,”
International Security, 33:3
Riedel, B. (2010), The Search for Al-Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology and Future , 2nd edn (Washington, DC:
Brookings Institution).
Scheuer, M. (2007), Through our Enemies’ Eyes, 2nd edn (New York: Potomac), Chapter 4: “Getting to Know
Bin Laden: Substantive Themes of the Jihad.”
Vertigans, S. (2009), Militant Islam: A Sociology of Characteristics, Causes and Consequences (London:
Routledge).
Wiktorowicz, Q. and J. Kaltner (2003), “Killing in the name of Islam: Al-Qaeda's justification for September
11,” Middle East Policy, 10:2, pp.76-92.
Session 10
Debating the Role of Force in the Political: Retrieving the Shariatic Norms of Jihad
Discussion Questions:
How does the traditional understanding of Jihad differ from the Jihadist understanding? Which have been the
key arguments promoted by Traditionalist scholars against Jihadism? What has been the key concern of the
Traditionalist in countering militancy within Islam? What resources are available within Islam for peace
building? Do non-Islamist forms of political Islam exist, and if so what are they predicated on?
Keywords: Nomocentrism vs. antinomianism, legal traditionalism, peace building, Islamic liberalism, Islamic
humanism, Tahir ul-Qadri, Fethullah Gulen, Khaled Abou el-Fadl, post-Islamism.
Primary Readings:
Abou el-Fadl, K. (2006), Rebellion and Violence in Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Abou el Fadl, K. (2007), The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists (New York: HarperCollins),
Chapter 11: “Jihad, Warfare and Terrorism.”
Bonner, M. (2006), Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)
Bonney, R. (2004), Jihad: From the Quran to Bin Laden (New York: Palgrave Macmillan),
Denny, F. (2004), “Islam and Peace-Building: Continuities and Transitions,” in H. Coward & G. S. Smith (ed.),
Religion and Peacebuilding (New York: SUNY Press).
Dakaka, D. (2004), “The Myth of Militant Islam,” in J.E.B. Lumbard (ed.), Islam, Fundamentalism, and the
Betrayal of Tradition (Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom), pp. 39-77.
Khan, M.A. (2011), The Vision and Impact of Fethullah Gülen (New York: BlueDome), Chapter 7: “Gülen on
Jihad, Tolerance and Terrorism.”
Murad, A.H (2008), Bombing Without Moonlight: The Origins of Suicidal Terrorism (Bristol: Amal Press).
Qadri, M.T. (2010), Fatwa on Terrorism and Suicide Bombings (London: Minhaj). Partially available online.
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Tamimi, A. (2009), “The Islamic Debate of Self-Inflicted Martyrdom,” in M. Al-Rasheed and M. Shterin (eds),
Dying for Faith: Religiously Motivated Violence in the Contemporary World (London: I. B. Tauris), pp.
91-104.
Supplementary Readings:
Abou el-Fadl, K. (2002), “The Orphans of Modernity and Clash of Civilizations,” Global Dialogue, 4:2, pp. 1-16.
Al-Akiti, M. A. (2005), Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians
(London: Aqsa Press). Available online.
Al-Qaradawi, Y. (1998), “Extremism,” in C. Kurzman (ed.), Liberal Islam: A Source Book (Oxford: Oxford
University Press), pp. 196-204.
Akyol, M. (2011), Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (New York: WW Norton)
Aras, B. and O. Caha (2003), “Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal “Turkish Islam” Movement” in B. Rubin (ed.),
Revolutionaries and Reformers: Contemporary Islamist Movements in the Middle East (Albany, NY:
SUNY).
Armstrong, K. (1988), Holy War/Jihad (London: Macmillan)
Cook, D. (2005), Understanding Jihad (Berkeley: University of California Press)
Copinger-Symes, T.R., (2003), “Is Osama bin Laden’s ‘Fatwa Urging Jihad Against American’, dated 23
February 1998, Justified by Islamic Law,” Defence Studies, 3, pp. 44-63.
Dalacoura, K. (2002), “Violence, September 11 and the Interpretations of Islam,” International Relations, 16,
pp. 269-73.
Devji, F. (2005), Landscapes of the Jihad (London: Hurst), Chapter 2: “ A Democratic History of Holy War.”
Heck, P. L. (2004), “Jihad Revisited,” Journal of Religious Ethics 32, pp. 95-128.
Johnson, J. T. (1997), The Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions (University Park, PA:
Pennsylvania State University Press).
Johnson, J. T. and J. Kelsey (1991), Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives (Westport:
Greenwood)
Kelsay, J. and J.T. Johnson, eds, (1991), Just War and Jihad (Greenwood)
Kurzman, C .(2003), “Liberal Islam: Prospects and Challenges,” in B. Rubin (ed.), Revolutionaries and
Reformers: Contemporary Islamist Movements in the Middle East (Albany, NY: SUNY).
Lahoud, N. (2010), The Jihadis’ Path to Self-Destruction (London: Hurst & Co), Chapter: 1: “Past and Present
Jihadis”
Lauciere, H. (2005), “Post-Islamism and the Religious Discourse of 'Abd al-Salam Yasin,” International Journal
of Middle East Studies, 37:2, pp. 241-261.
Lumbard, J.E.B. (2004), “The Decline of Knowledge and the Rise of Ideology in the Modern Islamic World,” in
J.E.B. Lumbard (ed.), Islam, Fundamentalism, and the Betrayal of Tradition (Bloomington, IN: World
Wisdom), pp. 39-77.
Mahmoudi, S. (2005), “The Islamic Perception of the Use of Force in the Contemporary World,” Journal of the
History of International Law, 7, pp. 55-68.
Milton-Edwards, B. (1992), “The Concept of Jihad in the Islamic Movements of Palestine,” British Journal of
Middle Eastern Studies, 19:1, pp. 48-53.
Noorani, A.G. (2003), Islam and Jihad: Prejudice versus Reality (London: Zed Books).
Peters, R. (1979), Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (Boston, MA: De Gruyter)
Peters, R. (1996), Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam (Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener)
Shah-Kazemi, R. (2004), “Recollecting the Spirit of Jihad,” in J.E.B. Lumbard (ed.), Islam, Fundamentalism, and
the Betrayal of Tradition (Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom), pp. 39-77.
Zawati, H. (2002), Is Jihad a Just War? War, Peace, and Human Rights under Islamic and Public International
Law (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen)
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Session 11
Gender and the Politics of Islam: Women and Agency in Religio-Politics
Discussion Questions:
Do women retain agency when working in an Islamist organization, or are they appropriated by men? How
does Muslim patriarchy differ from Western patriarchy? Consider the argument that women can subvert
Islamist organizations by attaining membership: do you agree? How have women influenced Islamist politics?
How are women conceived of in different streams of Islamist thinking? Is the term “Islamic feminist” an
oxymoron?
Keywords:
Gender, agency, sexuality, masculinity, patriarchy, norms, activism, Islamic feminism
Primary Readings:
Christiansen, C.C. (2003), “Women’s Islamic Activism: Between Self-Practices and Social Reform Efforts,” in
J.L. Esposito and F. Burgat (eds), Modernizing Islam (London: Hurst & Co.), pp. 145-166.
Kandiyoti, D (2009), “Islam, Modernity and the Politics of Gender,” in M.K. Masud, A. Salvatore and M van
Bruinessen, eds, Islam and Modernity (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), pp. 91-124.
Marcotte, R. D. (2005), “Identity, Power, and the Islamist Discourse on Women: An Exploration of Islamism
and Gender Issues in Egypt,” in N. Lahoud and A.H. Johns (eds), Islam in World Politics (London:
Routledge), pp. 29-53.
Milton-Edwards, B. (2004), Islam and Politics in the Contemporary Period (Cambridge: Polity Press), Chapter
5: “Bringing Down the Barricade: The Gender Debate.”
Parashar, S. (2010), “The Sacred and the Sacrilegious: Exploring Women’s Politics and Agency in
Radical Religious Movements in South Asia,” Politics, Religion & Ideology, 11:3-4, pp.435-455.
Saliba, T., C. Allen and J. Howard, eds (2002), Gender, Politics and Islam (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press).
Stowasser, B. (1993), “Women’s Issues in Modern Islamic Thought,” in J. Tucker, ed, Arab Women: Old
Boundaries, New Frontiers (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press).
Secondary Readings:
Ayubi, N (1991), Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 2: “The Politics of Sex and the Family”
Abdellatif, O. and M. Ottaway (2007), “Women in Islamist Movements: Toward an Islamist Model of Women’s
Activism,” Carnegie Papers, No. 2.
Abou el Fadl, K. (2007), The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists (New York: HarperCollins),
Chapter 12: “The Nature and Role of Women.”
Abu-Lughod, L., ed. (1998), Remaking Women: Feminism and Modernity in the Middle East (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Abu-Lughod, L. (2002), “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?” American Anthropologist, 104:3, pp. 783790.
Ahmed, L. (1992), Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Alatiyat, I. and H. Barari (2010), “Liberation Women with Islam? The Islamists and Women’s Issues in Jordan,”
Politics, Religion & Ideology, 11:3-4, pp. 359-78.
Gerami, S. (2003), "Mullahs, Martyrs and Men: Conceptualising Masculinity in the Islamic Republic of Iran."
Men and Masculinities, 5:3, pp.257-74.
Haddad, Y.Y. (1998), “Islam and Gender: Dilemmas in the Changing Arab World,” in Y.Y. Haddad J.L Esposito
(eds), Islam, Gender and Social Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 3-29.
Holt, M. (2010), “Agents of Defiance and Despair: The Impact of Islamic Resistance on Palestinian Women in
the West Bank and Gaza Strip,” Politics, Religion & Ideology, 11:3-4, pp. 397-415.
Hirschkind, C. and S. Mahmoud (2002), “Feminism, the Taliban, and the Politics of Counter-Insurgency,”
Anthropological Quarterly, 75, pp. 339-354.
Jamal, A., (2010), “‘To Enjoin Virtue and Restrain Vice’: Modernizing Discourses and Engendered Traditions in
Pakistan’s Jama’at-e Islami,” Politics, Religion & Ideology, 11:3-4, pp.327-340.
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Kandiyoti, D., ed. (1996), Gendering the Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris).
Kandiyoti, D. (1999), “Islam and Patriarchy: A Comparative Perspective,” in S. Hesse-Biber, C. Gilmartin and R.
Lydenberg (eds), Feminist Approaches to Theory and Methodology (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Keddie, N. R. (2007), Women in the Middle East: Past and Present (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Kimmel M. (2003), "Globalisation and Its Mal(E)Contents: The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of
Terrorism." International Sociology Vol. 18:3, pp.603-19
Moghadam, V. (2003), Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East (Boulder, CO:
Lynne Rienner).
Mahmood, S. (2005), Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (Princeton: Princeton
University Press).
Taraki, L. (2008), “The Role of Women” in J. Schwedler and D. J. Gerner (eds), Understanding the
Contemporary Middle East (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner), pp.345-372.
Terman, R. (2010), “The Piety of Public Participation: The Revolutionary Muslim Women in the Islamic
Republic of Iran,” Politics, Religion & Ideology, 11:3-4, pp.289-310.
Von Knop, K. (2007), “The Female Jihad: Al Qaeda's Women,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 30:5, pp. 397414.
Session 12
Islamization, Democratization or Synthetization? Questions of Compatibility
Discussion Questions:
In which ways is Islam compatible with democracy? Is democracy useful for the Muslim world? Do Muslims
desire democracy? What have historically been the obstacles to democratization in the Muslim world? What
intellectual resources in the Islamic tradition can Muslim democrats draw upon? Is a religious democracy
conceivable? Which preconceptions about the Muslim world has the Arab Spring challenged? How have
Islamist positions changed after the Arab Spring?
Keywords:
Democracy, Liberal Democracy, Religious Democracy, Theocracy, Shura, Public Representation, Arab Spring,
Noah Feldman.
Primary Readings:
Abou el-Fadl, K. et al. (2004), Islam and the Challenge of Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press)
Ayoob, M. (2008), The Many Faces of Political Islam (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), Chapter 5:
“Muslim Democracies.”
Belkeziz, A. (2009), The State in Contemporary Islamic Thought (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 8: “Al-Shura
and Democracy: Connection and Disjuncture.”
Esposito, J.L. and D. Mogahed (2008), Who Speaks for Islam: What a Billion Muslims Really Think (New York:
Gallup Press), Chapter 2: “Democracy or Theocracy,” pp. 29-64.
Feldman, N. (2003), After Jihad: America and the Struggle for Islamic Democracy (New York: Farrar, Straus
and Giroux), Part I: “The Idea of Islamic Democracy.”
Hashemi, N. (2009), Islam, Secularism and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter 1: “Towards
a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies.”
Mandaville, P. (2007), Global Political Islam (London: Routledge), Chapter 4: “Islam in the System: The
Eveolution of Islamism as Political Strategy.”
Milton-Edwards, B. (2004), Islam and Politics in the Contemporary Period (Cambridge: Polity Press), Chapter
4: “The Democracy Debate.”
Ramadan, T. (2001), Islam, the West and the Challenges of Modernity (Leicester: The Islamic Foundation),
Chapter 8: “Shura or Democracy?”
Sinanovic, E. (2004), “The Majority Principle in Islamic Legal and Political Thought,” Islam and ChristianMuslim Relations, 15:2, pp. 237-256.
Sadowski, Y (), “The New Orientalism and the Democracy Debates”, in Political Islam, pp. 33-50
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Tibi, B. (2002), The Challenge of Fundamentalism, 2nd edn (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press),
Chapter 8: “Democracy and Democratization in Islam.”
Supplementary Readings
Abou el Fadl, K. (2007), The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists (New York: HarperCollins),
Chapter 9: “Democracy and Human Rights.”
Abootalebi, A. R. (2003), “Islam and Democracy,” in B. Rubin (ed.), Revolutionaries and Reformers:
Contemporary Islamist Movements in the Middle East (Albany, NY: SUNY).
Asad, T. (1999), “‘Religion, Nation-state, Secularism,” in P. van der Veer and H. Lehman (eds), Nation and
Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), pp.178-198.
Ayubi, N., “Islam and Democracy”, in D. Potter et al (eds), Democratization
Bayet, A. (2007), Making Islam Democratic (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press)
Bradley, J.R. (2012), After the Arab Spring (London: Palgrave Macmillan), Chapter 6: “What Next”
Brumberg, D. (2002), “Islamists and the Politics of Consensus,” Journal of Democracy, 13:3, pp.109-115.
Burgat, F. (2005), Face to Face with Political Islam (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 10: “Allah or the People?
Islamists and Democracy”
Diamond, L. (2010), “Why Are There No Arab Democracies?,” Journal of Democracy, 21:1, pp. 93-104.
El-Affendi, A. (2003), “Democracy and the Islamist Paradox,” in R. Axtmann (ed), Understanding Democratic
Politics (London: Sage).
El-Affendi, A. (2004), “On the State, Democracy and Pluralism” in S. Taji-Farouki and B.M. Nafi (eds), Islamic
Thought in the Twentieth Century (London: I.B. Tauris), pp. 172-194.
Esposito, J.L. and J. Voll (1996), Islam and Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
Esposito, J.L and J. Piscatori (1991), “Democratization & Islam”, Middle East Journal, 45:3, pp. 427-440
Esposito, J.L. and A. Tamimi, eds. (2000), Islam and Secularism in the Middle East (New York: New York
University Press).
Fattah, M.A. (2006), Democratic Values in the Muslim World (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
Filali-Ansary, A. (1996), “Islam and Liberal Democracy,” Journal of Democracy, 7:2, pp. 76-80.
Hill, J. (2011), “Islamism and Democracy in the Modern Maghreb”, Third World Quarterly, 32:6, pp.10891105.
Hirschkind, C. (2001), “Civic Virtue and Religious Reason: An Islamic Counterpublic”, Cultural Anthropology,
16:1, pp. 3–34.
Jawad, H. (2010), “Islam and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century” in G. Marranci (ed.), Muslim Societies
and the Challenges of Secularisation (London: Routledge), pp.65-81.
Khan, M., ed. (2006), Islamic Democratic Discourse (Lexington, KY: Lexington Books).
Kuru, A. (2009), “A Research Note on Islam, Democracy and Secularism,” Insight Turkey, 11: 4, pp. 29-40.
Lewis, B. (2010), Faith and Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter 4: “Islam and Liberal
Democracy,” and Chapter 7: “Democracy and Religion in the Middle East.”
Mahmood, S. (2006), Secularism, Hermeneutics and Empire: The Politics of Islamic Reformation,” Public
Culture 18:2, pp. 323-347.
Milton-Edwards, B. (2006), “Faith in Democracy: Islamization of the Iraqi Polity after Saddam Hussein,”
Democratization 13:3, pp. 472-89.
Moussalli, A. (2003), The Islamic Quest for Democracy, Pluralism and Human Rights (Gainesville, FL:
University of Florida Press).
Mozaffari, M. (1988), “Islam and Civil Society,” in K. Ferdinand and M. Mozaffari (eds), Islam: State and Society
(London: Routledge), pp. 105-116.
Murphy, E. C. (2008), “Institutions, Islam and Democracy Promotion: Explaining the Resilience of the
Authoritarian State,” Mediterranean Politics, 13:3, pp. 459-466.
Pasha, M.K. (2002), “Predatory Globalization and Democracy in the Islamic world,” Annals of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science, No. 581, pp.121-132.
Plattner, M.F. and L. Diamond, eds. (2003), Islam and Democracy in the Middle East (Baltimore: John Hopkins
University Press).
Sachedina, A. (2001), The Quranic Roots of Democratic Pluralism (Oxford: Oxford University Press), Chapter
1: “In Search For Democratic Pluralism in Islam.”
Sadiki, L. (2002), The Search for Arab Democracy (London: Hurst & Co).
Secor, A. (2011), “Turkey's Democracy: A Model for the Troubled Middle East?” Eurasian Geography and
Economics, 52:2, pp.157-172
Soroush, A.-K. (2000), Reason, Freedom and Democracy in Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
Stepan, A. (2000), “Religion, Democracy and the ‘Twin Tolerations’,”’ Journal of Democracy 11:4, pp. 37-57.
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Tamimi, A. (2007), “Islam and Democracy from Tahtawi to Ghannouchi,” Theory, Culture & Society, 24, pp.
39-58.
Volpi, F. (2004), “Pseudo-Democracy in the Muslim world.” Third World Quarterly, 25:6, pp. 1061-1078.
Session 13
Islamic Politics in Southeast Asia: Revisiting the Full Spectrum
Discussion Questions:
How has the state incorporated Islam in national identity in respectively the Malaysian and Indonesian cases?
How does ethnicity and class concern have a bearing on Islamic politics in Malaysia? How has the state sought
to manipulate Islamic sentiments to strengthen national cohesion in Indonesia? What are the ideological and
strategic aims of Jemaah Islamiyyah? Does the ideological difference between Nahdlatul Ulama and
Muhammadiya have any parallel in other parts of the Muslim world? How do Islamic parties in Southeast Asia
navigate the question of Shari’a in modern society? How has the Moro Islamic Liberation Front been affected
by international developments?
Keywords:
Islam and national identity, Shari’a, Islamization, Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, Pan-Malaysian Islamic
Party, Jemaah Islamiyyah, Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Moluccan conflict, militant Islamism.
Primary Readings:
Barton, G. (2004), Indonesia’s Struggle: Jemaah Islamiyah and the Soul of Islam (Sydney: University of New
South Wales Press).
Fealy, G. (2005), “Islamisation and Politics in Southeast Asia: The Contrasting Cases of Malaysia and
Indonesia,” in N. Lahoud and A.H. Johns (eds), Islam in World Politics (London: Routledge), pp. 152169.
Hefner,R. Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
2000).
Poter, D. (2005), Managing Politics and Islam in Indonesia (London: Routledge), Chapter 4: “State
Management of Muslim Associational Life,” and Chapter 6: “Nahdlatul Ulama: Between Incorporation
and Independence.”
Rabasa, A. (2003), “Political Islam in Southeast Asia: Moderates, Radicals and Terrorists,” International
Institute of Strategic Studies, Adelphi Papers, No. 358.
Sheikh, N.S. (2009), “Islam and Democracy in Malaysia: The Ambiguities of Islamic(ate) Politics,” in S. Hua
(ed), Islam and Democracy in Asia (Amherst, NY: Cambria Press).
Supplementary Readings:
Abu Bakar, M (1981), “Islamic Revivalism and the Political Process in Malaysia,” Asian Survey, 21:10.
Abuza, Z. (2003), Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner)
Barraclough, S. (1983), “Managing the Challenges of Islamic Revival in Malaysia: A Regime Perspective,” Asian
Survey, 23:8 .
Boland, B.J. (1982), The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff)
Camroux, D. (1996), “State Responses to Islamic Resurgence in Malaysia: Accommodation, Co-Option, and
Confrontation,” Asian Survey, 36:9.
Che Man, W. K. (1990), Muslim Separatism: the Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern
Thailand (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
Conboy, K. (2005), Second Front: Inside Asia’s most Dangerous Terrorist Network (New York: Equinox).
Effendy, B. (2004), Islam and the State in Indonesia (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press), Chapter 3:
“Emergence of the New Islamic Intellectualism: Three Schools of Thought.”
George T.J.S, (1980), Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics (Oxford: Oxford University
Press).
Hamilton-Hart, N. (2005), “Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Expert Analysis, Myopia and Fantasy,” The Pacific
Review 18:3, pp.303–325.
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Hasan, N. (2005), “Between Transnational Interest and Domestic Politics: Understanding Middle Eastern
Fatwas on Jihad in the Moluccas,” Islamic Law and Society, 12:1, pp. 73-92.
Hefner, R. W., ed. (2001), The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore
and Indonesia (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press)
International Crisis Group (2004), “Indonesia Backgrounder: Jihad in Central Sulawesi,” Asia Report, No 74.
International Crisis Group (2005), “Weakening Indonesia’s Mujahedin Networks: Lessons from Poso and
Maluku,” Asia Report, No. 103.
International Crisis Group (2008), “The Philippines: The Challenge of Peace in Mindanao,” Asia Briefing, No
83.
International Crisis Group (2011), “Indonesian Jihadism: Small Groups, Big Plans,” Asia Report, No 204.
King, M., H. Noor, and D. M. Taylor (2011), “Normative Support for Terrorism: Attitudes and Beliefs of
Immediate Relatives of Jema’ah Islamiyya Members,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 34:5, pp. 402417.
Liddle R. W. (1996), “The Islamic Turn in Indonesia: A Political Explanation,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 55:
3, pp. 613-34.
Mauzy, D.K. and R.S. Milne (1983-84), “The Mahathir Administration in Malaysia: Discipline Through Islam,”
Pacific Affairs, 56:4.
Means, G.P. (1978), “Public Policy toward Religion in Malaysia,” Pacific Affairs, 51:3
McKenna, T. M. (1998), Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern
Philippines (London: Anvil)
Millard, M. (2004), Jihad in Paradise: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia
(London: M.E. Sharpe)
Mutalib, H. (1990), Islam and Ethnicity in Malay Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Nagata, J. (1994), “How To Be Islamic Without being an Islamic State: Contested Models of Development in
Malaysia,” in A. Ahmed and H. Donnan (eds.), Islam, Globalization & Modernity (London: Routledge).
Noble, L. G. (1981), “Muslim Separatism in the Philippines, 1972-1981: The Making of a Stalemate,” Asian
Survey, 21:11, pp. 1097-1114.
Pavlova E. (2007), “From a Counter-Society to a Counter-State Movement: Jemaah Islamiyah According to
PUPJI,” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 30:9
Peletz, M.G. (2002), Islamic Modern: Religious Courts and Cultural Politics in Malaysia (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Rahman, S. A., & Nurullah, A. S. (2012), “Islamic Awakening and Its Role in Islamic Solidarity in Malaysia,”
American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 29:1
Ramage D. E. (1997), Politics in Indonesia: Democracy. Islam, and the Ideology of Tolerance, 2nd edn (London:
Routledge).
Smith P. J. , ed. (2004), Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and
Regional Security (London: M.E. Sharpe).
Sirozi, M. (2005), “The Intellectual Roots of Islamic Radicalism in Indonesia: Ja‘far Umar Thalib of Laskar Jihad
(Jihad Fighters) and His Educational Background,” The Muslim World, 95:1, pp. 81-120.
van Bruinessen, M. (1996), “Traditions for the Future: The Reconstruction of Traditionalist Discourse within
NU,” in G. Barton and G. Fealy (eds), Nahdlatul Ulama, Traditional Islam and Modernity in Indonesia,
(Clayton, VIC: Monash Asia Institute), pp. 163-189.
World Bank (2005), “The Mindanao Conflict: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividends,” Social
Development Papers, No. 24.
Yegar, M. (2002), Between Integration and Secession: the Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines,
Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar (Lexington Books)
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Session 14
Political Islam in Europe: (How) Does Context Matter?
Discussion Questions:
How has Europe historically constituted itself in relation to Islam? Describe the peculiar trajectory of Political
Islam in Turkey. Is there in AKP a model for emulation elsewhere? Is “Islamophobia” an accurate description
of conditions of hostility faced by Muslim faith communities in Europe? What are the ways in which militant
Islamists operate in Europe? Are Islamic parties meaningful in a Western context? Has the spectre of
‘homegrown’ terrorism been exaggerated after 7/7? Which challenges face the Muslim community in moving
forward after 7/7?
Keywords:
Islamophobia, Citizenship, Radicalization, 7/7, Homegrown terrorism, Euro-Islam, Tariq Ramadan, Turkish
Islamism, AKP
Primary Readings:
Al-Sayyed, N. and M. Castells, eds (2002), Muslim Europe or Euro-Islam (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books)
Connor, K. (2005), “‘Islamism’ in the West? The Life-Span of the Al-Muhajiroun in the United Kingdom,”
Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 25:1, pp. 118-133.
Cesari, J. (2006), When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and the United States (London:
Palgrave Macmillan), Chapter 1 and 4
Kuru, A. (2005), “Globalization and Diversification of Islamic Movements: Three Turkish Cases,” Political
Science Quarterly, 120:2.
Nielsen, J.S. (2000), “Fluid Identities: Muslims and Western Europe’s Nation States,” Cambridge Review of
International Affairs, 13:2, pp. 212-227.
Roy, O. (2004), Globalised Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (London: Hurst & Co)
Vertovec, S., and C. Peach, eds (1997), Islam in Europe: The Politics of Religion and Community (London:
Macmillan)
Ramadan, T. (2005), Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
Ramadan, T. (2002), “Europeanization of Islam, or Islamization of Europe?,” in S. Hunter (ed.), Islam: Europe’s
Second Religion (Boulder, CO: Praeger), pp. 207-218
Silvestri, S. (2007), “Europe and Political Islam: Encounters of the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries,” in
T. Abbas (ed.), Islamic Political Radicalism: A European Perspective (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
Press), pp. 57-70.
Silvestri, S. (2010), “Moderate Islamist Groups in Europe: The Muslim Brothers,” in K. Hroub (ed), Political
Islam: Context versus Ideology (London: Saqi), pp. 265-285.
Supplementary Readings:
Bakker, E. (2007), “Jihadi Terrorists in Europe,” Clingendael Institute, CSCP Paper.
Brown, K.E. (2010), “Contesting the Securitization of British Muslims: Citizenship and Resistance,”
Interventions: International Journal of Post-Colonial Studies 12:2, pp.171-182.
Caeiro, A. and M. Al-Sayfi (2009), “Qaradawi in Europe, Europe in Qaradawi?: The Global mufti’s European
Politics,’ in B. Gräf and J. Skovgaard-Petersen (eds.), Global Mufti (New York : Columbia University
Press).
Cesari, J. and S. McLoughlin, eds (2005), European Muslims and the Secular State (Farnham: Ashgate)
Esposito, J. L. and F. Burgat , eds. (2003), Modernising Islam: Religion in the Public Sphere in Europe and the
Middle East (London: Hurst & Co)
Fekete, L. (2004), “Anti-Muslim Racism and the European Security State,‟ Race & Class, 46:1, pp. 3-29.
Gest, J. (2010), Apart: Alienated and Engaged Muslims in the West (London: Hurst)
Hamid, S (2007), “ Islamic Political Radicalism in Britain: The Case of Hizb-ut-Tahrir,” in T. Abbas (ed.),
Islamic Political Radicalism: A European Perspective (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press), pp. 145159.
Husain, E. (2009), The Islamist 2nd edn (New York: Penguin).
Hurd, E.S. (2007), “Political Islam and Foreign Policy in Europe and the United States,” Foreign Policy
Analysis, 3, pp. 345–367.
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Gilliat-Ray, S. (2010), Muslims in Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Karic, E. (2002), “Is ‘Euro-Islam’ a Myth, Challenge or a Real Opportunity for Muslims and Europe?,” Journal of
Muslim Minority Affairs, 22:2.
Kepel, G. (1997), Allah in the West: Islamic movements in America and Europe (Cambridge: Polity)
Kepel, G. (2006), Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, 2nd edn (London: I.B. Tauris), Chapter 15: “The Forced
Secularization of Turkish Islamists”
Keyman, E.F. (2007), “Modernity, Secularism and Islam: The Case of Turkey”, Theory, Culture & Society 24,
pp. 215-234.
Klausen, J. (2005), The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe (Oxford: Oxford University
Press).
Kohlmann, E.F. (2008), “‘Homegrown’ Terrorists: Theory and Cases in the War on Terror’s Newest Front,”
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618:1, pp. 95-109.
Lambert, R. (2008), “Salafi and Islamist Londoners: Stigmatised Minority Faith Communities Countering alQaeda,” Crime, Law and Social Change, 50:1-2, pp. 73-89.
Mandaville, P. (2009), “Muslim Transnational Identity and State Responses in Europe and the UK after 9/11:
Political Community, Ideology and Authority,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35: 3.
Mandaville, P. (2010), “Muslim Networks and Movements in Western Europe” Pew Forum Report.
March, A.F. (2009), Islam and Liberal Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press),
Neumann, P. R. (2009), “Joining al-Qaeda: Jihadist Recruitment in Europe” Adelphi Papers, No. 399.
Nielsen, J. S. (1999), Towards a European Islam? (London: Macmillan)
Nielsen, J. S. (2000), “Muslims in Britain: Ethnic Minority, Community or Ummah?,” in H. Coward et al (eds),
The South Asian Diaspora in Britain, Canada, and the United States, (Albany, NY: State University of
New York Press), pp.109-125.
Nielsen, J. S. (2003), “Transnational Islam and the Integration of Islam in Europe,” in J. S. Nielsen & Allievi
(eds), Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities In and Across Europe (Leiden: Brill).
Ramadan, T. (1999), To Be a European Muslim (Leicester: Islamic Foundation)
Ramadan, T. (2001), Islam, the West and the Challenges of Modernity (Leicester: Islamic Foundation).
Ramadan, T. (2010), “Islam and Muslims in Europe,” in K. Hroub (ed), Political Islam: Context versus Ideology
(London: Saqi), pp. 253-264.
Robertson, B.A. (1994), “Islam and Europe: An Enigma or Myth?,” Middle East Journal, 48:2, pp.288-307.
Roy, O. (2006), “Islam in the West or Western Islam? The Disconnect of Religion and Culture,” The Hedgehog
Review, 8: 1-2, pp.127-133.
Soper, J. C. and J. S. Fetzer (2007), “Religious Institutions, Church-State History and Muslim Mobilisation in
Britain, France and Germany,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33:6, pp.933-944.
Tibi, B. (2005), Islam: Between Culture and Politics, 2nd edn (London: Palgrave Macmillan), Chapter 9: “Islam
Matters to the West!”
Vertovec, S. (2002), “Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain” in Y.Y. Haddad (ed.), Muslims in the
West, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp.19-35.
Vertovec, S. (1997), “Muslims, the State, and the Public Sphere in Britain,” in G. Nonneman, T. Niblock and B.
Szajkowski (eds), Muslim Communities in the New Europe (London: Ithaca Press), pp. 169-184.
Vervotec, S. and C. Peach (1997), “Introduction: Islam in Europe and the Politics of Religion and Community,”
in S. Vervotec and C. Peach (eds), Islam in Europe (New York: St. Martin’s).
Winter, T.J. (2003), “British Muslim Identity: Past, Problems and Prospects,” Muslim Academic Trust, MAT
Papers, no. 6.
Yavuz, M.H. (2003), Islamic Political Identity in Turkey, (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
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