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Chapter 4 Population Ecology
Chapter Homework (Due 2 days before the test):
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Pg. 103 Lesson 1 Assessment # 1 – 4
Pg. 109 Lesson 2 Assessment # 1 – 4
Pg. 117 Lesson 2 Assessment # 1 – 3
Pg. 121 Chapter Assessment # 1 – 30 SKIP # 22, 27,
Lesson 4.1 Studying Ecology
Objectives:
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Describe the different levels of organization studied by ecologists.
Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors.
Discuss how an organism’s habitat relates to its survival.
1. Levels of Ecological Organization
a. Everything on Earth is connected to how to ecologists study anything?
b. _________________________ is the study of how organisms interact with each other and
with their environments.
c. Scientists study ecology at various levels of ___________________________________.
d. Individual
i. Ecology at this level involves describing relationships between individual
________________________ and their ___________________________.
e. Populations
i. Individual organisms are classified into ____________________________.
1. Species is a group of individuals that ____________________________ and
produce fertile ____________________________.
2. Species have similar ________________________________.
ii. Members of a species that live in the same area at the same time make up a
________________________________.
iii. Ecology at this level involves how _______________________ within a
___________________________ interact with one another.
f.
Communities
i. All of the __________________________________ in a particular area.
ii. Ecology at this level involves interactions among ____________________.
g. Ecosystems
i. Include all the ____________________ things and their physical
_______________________ within a particular area.
ii. __________________ and ______________________ things
iii. Ecology at this level involves studying the living and nonliving components of a
_____________________ together.
h. Biosphere
i. Includes all of Earth that hosts ________________________, with all of its
organisms and __________________________________.
ii. Ecology at this level involves how ______________________ and
______________________ cycles through the biosphere and influence organisms
_________________________________.
i.
Checkpoint! What is the difference between a species and a population? Between a
population and a community?
2. Biotic and Abiotic Factors
a. Biotic factors: parts of an ecosystem that are ____________________ or used to be
________________________.
i. Ex: ____________ ________________________, ____________________
_______________________
b. Abiotic factors: Parts of an ecosystem that have NEVER been ________________________.
i. Ex: _______________________, _______________________________________
3. _______________________________ is a specific environment in which an organism lives.
a. Consist of _________________________ and _________________________ elements.
b. Habitats provide an organism with ______________________________ - anything an
organism needs to survive and reproduce, including food, shelter, and mates.
c. The difference between a habitat and an ecosystem is that a habitat’s
_________________________ are defined by the __________________________ that lives
there.
i. Habitats may be a ___________________________ of an ecosystem OR habitats
may be a ___________________________ of ecosystems.
Lesson 4.2 Describing Populations
Objectives:
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Explain the usefulness of tracking population size
Define population density
Describe the three ways populations can be distributed
Explain what age structure diagrams tell you about a population.
4. Population Size
a. The number of _____________________________ in a population at a given
______________________.
b. Sudden and dramatic ____________________________ in population size can indicate an
unhealthy population headed toward _______________________________.
c. When population size _____________________________ or remains steady, it is often a
sign of a ______________________ population.
5. Determining Population Size
a. It is nearly ______________________________ to count each individual in a population.
b. Population is estimated using _________________________
_____________________________.
i. Count individuals in a small sample area
ii. Use that to ____________________________ number of individuals in large overall
area.
6. Checkpoint! When is sampling necessary?
7. Population Density
a. Measure of how __________________________ a population is
b. Larger organisms generally have _______________________ population densities.
c. Low population density
i. More ____________________________, resources; finding
________________________ can be difficult
d. High population density:
i. Finding ____________________ is easier; tends to be more
_________________________; more infectious _________________________,
more vulnerability to ______________________________.
8. Population Distribution
a. How organisms are ______________________________ within an area.
i. Random distribution:
1. Organisms arranged in no particular _____________________________;
_______________________ are spread out
ii. Uniform distribution:
1. Organisms _______________________ spaced; hold
_________________________/compete for _________________________.
iii. Clumped distribution:
1. Organisms grouped near ________________________, most common
distribution in __________________________.
9. Checkpoint! What is the difference between population density and population distribution?
10. Age Structure:
a. Describes the relative number of organisms of each _____________
_______________________ within a population.
b. Can be used to predict _________________________ population growth of a population.
c. Individuals capable of having offspring make up the ___________________________ group
d. Young individuals who have not yet reached the age where they can reproduce are called
_____________________________________________.
e. Older individuals past the age of having offspring are called
_____________________________________________.
f. Population with __________________ age distribution will most likely remain
___________________ (birth = death)
g. Populations made up of mostly post-reproductive individuals will likely
_______________________ over time
h. Populations made up of mostly pre-reproductive individuals will likely
__________________________ over time.
11. Age structure Diagram
a. How will each population change over time?
12. Sex Ratios
a. Proportion of ___________________ to ___________________________
b. Age structure diagrams give information about sex ratios
c. For a ________________________________ species, the ideal sex ratio is
__________:_________
Lesson 4.3 Population Growth
Objectives:
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Describe the factors that influence a population’s growth rate
Explain exponential growth and logistic growth
Explain how limiting factors and biotic potential affect population growth.
13. Birth and Death Rates
a. A population’s relative birth and death rates (_________________________ and
______________________) affect how it grows.
b. When birthrate is ___________________ than death rate, population size
__________________________.
c. When death rate is __________________________ than birth rate, population size
_______________________________.
d. ____________________________ ______________________ show how the likelihood of
death varies with age.
e. Survivorship curves
i. Graphs that show how the likelihood of death varies with _____________________
ii. Type I curve has higher mortality rates at _____________________ ages
iii. Type II curve has _____________________ mortality rates at all ages
iv. Type III curve has higher mortality rates at ________________________ ages.
f. Age structure and population growth:
i. Consider a population following a Type I survivorship curve
1. If the population is made up of more young people, then there is likely to be
more ______________________ than ________________________.
2. If the population is made up of more old people, then there is likely to be
more _________________________ than
______________________________.
14. Checkpoint! Which type of survivorship curve describes populations whose mortality is highest at
younger ages?
15. Immigration and Emigration
a. In addition to births and deaths, population growth is affected by immigration and
emigration – individuals moving __________________ and out of a
___________________________.
b. _______________________________, seasonal movement into and out of an area, can
temporarily affect population size.
16. Calculating Population Growth
a. Determined by the following equation: ( ____________________________ +
_______________________) - (____________________________ +
____________________________)
b. Growing populations have a _________________________ growth rate; shrinking
population have a ___________________________ growth rate.
c. Usually expressed in terms of individuals per __________________________.
17. Exponential Growth
a. Population increases by a ___________________ percentage each year.
b. Normally occurs only when small populations are introduced to an area with
___________________
environmental conditions.
c. Rarely lasts ____________________.
d. Ex: ______________________
growing on bread
18. Logistic Growth and Limiting Factors:
a. Population growth almost always slows and stops due to ________________________
__________________________.
b. Limiting Factors:
i. ______________________________ ________________________________ slow
population growth and determine carrying capacity (largest population size a given
environment can support).
ii. Density Dependent: influence changes with _________________________ density,
examples are competition for ____________________, predation,
____________________.
iii. Density Independent: Influence does NOT change with
__________________________ density; examples are ____________________,
fires, _______________________________
19. Population Growth in Nature:
a. ___________________________: cycle indefinitely above and below carrying capacity
b. ________________ __________ ________________________: rise very quickly, overshoot
the carrying capacity, and then crash
20. Checkpoint: Why is severe weather considered a density-independent factor?
21. Biotic Potential
a. An organisms maximum ability to produce _____________________ in ideal conditions.
b. Many factors influence biotic potential, including __________________________ (time to
be “born”) and ___________________________ time (span from time of organism’s birth
until time it has its own offspring).
c. Organisms with ____________________ biotic potential can recover more quickly from
population declines than organisms with _______________ biotic potential.