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India
Sub Continental Region
Introduction
• South Asia comprises of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Nepal and Bhutan
• India is roughly triangular in shape
• Covers 2.9% of worlds land mass – 7th largest country
• Population is over 1 billion – 2nd most populous
• GNP is $450 compared to Irelands $25,520
• Average daily income is $1
Ireland
India
Area (000km)
70
3287
Population
3.7m
1116m
Density
55
342
% Urban Pop
60
28
Physical India
• 3 Major Regions
• Northern Mountains
• Indus-Ganges Plain
• Southern Plateau
• Northern Mountains:
– Dominated by Himalayas formed by collision of Indo-Australian plate
and Eurasian Plate
– Area prone to Earthquakes
– Mt Everest (8,850m) is in Himalayas
• Indus-Ganges Plain
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Half of pop live in this lowland plain
Drained by 3 rivers Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra
Fertile Alluvial floodplains led to high population density
Rivers often flood especially in summer due to Monsoon and melting
mountain snow
• Southern Plateau;
• Peninsular India – plateau’s, coastal plains and Mountains
• Deccan Plateau – 300m to 800m high, slopes from W to E
• Coastal lowlands are narrow rising in west to form Western Ghats and in east to
form Eastern Ghats
Climate
Monsoon Climate with 3 distinct stages
• October – February
• Cool Dry season
• Dry NE winds blow out from high pressure area in
the continental interior, North of Himalayas
• Some rainfall in south east as winds pick up
moisture over Bay of Bengal
• Brings freezing temperatures and snow in Mts of
North India
• Called Retreating Monsoon
Wet Monsoon
• June – Sept, hot and wet, warm ocean air is drawn into low
pressure in continental interior from south west Indian
ocean
• Heavy Rainfall and Flooding
• Tropical Cyclones with speeds of 160km/ph
• Can cause tidal waves
• Brings ¾ of India’s annual rainfall
• 2 Branches:
• A) flows SW across Arabian Sea, heavy rain as winds forced
over Western Ghats, at Cherrapunji rainfall may exceed
10,800mm
• B) Blows across Bay of Bengal veering North along the
Ganges, Rainfall heavy in the deltas of Ganges and
Brahmaputra
• March – June, Hot Dry season
• Land temperatures reach 45 degrees
• Humidity levels also increase
Importance of Monsoon’s
• India depends on the monsoon rains for crop
growth
• Delays in monsoon affect the planting of crops
and the use of Irrigation systems
• Poor rain leads to poor growing season i.e.
Poor harvest (rice thrives in water logged
condition) can lead to starvation
• Rains too heavy it leads to flooding, soil
erosion and landslides
Soils
• Alluvial – Ganges and Indus Valleys, most
fertile
• Laterites (Tropical red soils)
• Heavily Leached due to monsoon rains,
leaching most common in western and
eastern Ghats
• Black soil, high clay content so hold moisture,
colour comes from the weathered underlying
Basalt – Deccan Plateau
• Agriculture:
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Primary activities
65% of labour force
Most of land has agri potential except Thar desert
Cultivated land area equals total land under cultivation in EU
India’s farm output second highest in the world
Most produce sold locally
Most fertile land in Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra valley’s
Farming intensive subsistent, paddy fields surrounded by bunds
(banks stabilised by coconut + banana trees)
Rice most common crop in Ganges valley– 90% of local diet
Planting & Weeding done by hand
Avg farm size is 2 hectares
Double cropping with wheat & Millet in dry season
Irrigation necessary
Cash crops also grown in some places i.e. cotton, coconuts and tea
• Largest livestock population in world per capita – cattle sacred so
beef comes from animals that die of old age
• Monoculture can lead to infertile soils
• Deforestation (teak & rosewood + pop growth) results in huge soil
erosion
• Fishing and aquaculture along the coast (Sharks & Anchovies)
• Tea in North east (Assam)
• Tobacco in North West
• Green Revolution:
• Began 1970’s
• Pop was increasing by 1.5% per year
• It introduced irrigation schemes, genetically modified, fertilisers
and pesticides
• Efforts to improve farming in response to food shortages in less
developed economies by introducing new types of high yielding
rice and wheat.
• These miracle seeds are resistant to diseases and pests. Rice and wheat
output increased. By late 1990’s India became a net exporter of food.
• Only benefitted regions that can afford new technologies and
fertilisers
• Problems for Green Revolution:
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Requires large amounts of fertilisers
Migration from land as more mechanisation
Number of farms reduced as size increases
Benefits larger farmers with more to invest
Environmental pollution
• Land Reform is needed
• 1n 1990 25% of most fertile land is owned by 5% of
farming families
• Land needs to redistributed
• Forestry: 20% of landmass
– Teak and Rosewood
– Grow in areas of high rainfall and hot wet climate
encourages rapid growth
– 10% of trees used in paper in pulp
– 97% of forests are publically owned
– Govt committed to re-afforestation
– Deforestation leads to mudslides
• Fishing:
– Worlds largest exporter of seafood
– Aquaculture is also quite developed
– Exports shrimp, sardines, shark and anchovies
• Mining/Energy:
– 3rd largest producer of coal
– Also produce diamonds, copper, iron, and oil
• Agriculture
•
• Describe and explain any two factors that
influence the development of agriculture in a
• non-European Continental / Sub-Continental
Region that you have studied.
Secondary Economic Activities
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India Ranks 14th in world for industrial output
17% of workforce employed in secondary
Pre independence in 1947 only 2% employed in manufacturing
Traditional industry was food processing, tea production and
cotton. 13% of exports are tea and 30% are textiles
• Main centres in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai
• 1947 development began with 3 aims:
– Increase employment opportunities, in labour intensive local craft e.g.
weaving, food processing, agri-industries
– Promote increase wealth
– Reduce dependence on imported goods
• Hoping to prevent outward migration as 70% of population is rural
• Well educated, low cost workforce
• Education in heavily invested in
• India produces more 3rd level graduates than Canada and
USA combined
• 40% have degrees in science and engineering
• Salaries 1/10 of American Graduates
• 4 zones of development
• Kolkata – NE India
– Traditional Industries of Cotton and clothing
– Near the largest deposits of coal and iron in India for
steel, iron and chemical industries
– Tata Iron and Steel Company
– Energy supplies attract companies, Coal and HEP
• Chennai, Bangalore and Madurai – SE
– Policy of Industrialisation
• Software parks, improved infrastructure, tax breaks
– Textiles and light engineering
– Software companies (MNC’s – IBM and Texas)
– Bangalore is India’s Silicon Valley – low wages and highly educated
(IBM, Texas, Microsoft)
– UK Aviva and Llyod’s TSB – telesales service
• Mumbai – W
– Main Port
– Food processing and cotton
– Electronics and Pharmaceuticals (MNC’s)
• Ahmadabad – NW
– Cotton, chemicals, engineering and food processing
Newly Industrialised Country – could be a major competitor to EU and
US in near future
Advantages of India for
Industrialisation
• Large Population (1 billion) Guaranteed
market
• Natural resources (Coal+Iron) – Kolkata
• HEP – (Himalayas+W Ghats)
• Some nuclear power
• There is interdependence between industry +
agriculture – fertiliser, machinery+ food
processing
• Emphasis is on labour intensive industries to
absorb India’s large population. Labour is cheap
giving India an advantage
• 75% of pop is rural based so most investment in
rural industry which stems out migration
• Why India attracts MNC’s?
• Skilled workers due to massive investment at 3rd
level – India more 3rd level graduates in science
and engineering than Canada and USA combined
• Low costs
• Improved Communication
Tertiary Economic activities
• Tertiary Service is underdeveloped
• Most locals can barely meet their basic needs – health care and
education are beyond most people
• Urban areas are wealthier
• Black economy thrives – unlicensed street vendors and prostitution
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Underdeveloped
In Calcutta, New Delhi, 2 types of services exist
1-big pop and wealthy people require banking, education and finance
2 – black economy-drugs, prostitution, street sellers
60%-70% live in rural areas
Subsistence agriculture so little money available for investment in
education and hospitals etc.
• Transport:
– Not equal across the country, rural areas very underdeveloped,
over 50% of rural villages don’t have tarred road
– Cars not common, 5 per 1000 compared to 500 per 1000 in west
– City traffic very congested, accidents regular and ox-drawn carts
often on main roads
– Second largest rail network in the world, 62,000km, out of date
and mainly using steam engines
– Rail network is improving – diesel and electric trains
– Underground opened in Calcutta in 1989
– Road network is expanding but car ownership is small 5 per
1000 compared with 500 per 1000 in west
• Air + water:
– In 2011 Air India combined the international and internal
airlines
– Calcutta, Bombay and Chennai are major ports
• Tourism:
– Many attractions
– Fastest growing economic sector, 2007 visited by 5m people, 18000
from Ireland
– Worth 5billion euro and employs 23% of workforce
– Tourism provides much needed revenue and helps prevent
outmigration
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Himalayas
Architectural wonders and Temples e.g. Taj Mahal
Southern Beaches e.g Goa
Tea Planatations – Darjiling
Rivers – Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra
• International Tourism limited, people discouraged by poverty – govt
trying to introduce standards of cleanliness
• Internal tourism growing as SoL improves they have more
disposable income
• Adventure holidays – rafting, rock climbing etc
• Bollywood movies – produces about 1000 films a year earning 2
billion dollars
Human Factors
• Population:
– Over 1billion expected to reach 2b by 2040
– Natural increase of 1.6% per year
– 60% -Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra (fertile soil)
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Deltas of East Coast
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alluvial and marine soils along western Coast
– 800 per km2 along Ganges and Indus
Birth Rate
Death
Rate
Annual
Increase
Pop will
double in
India
25
9
1.6
39yrs
Ireland
14
8
0.6
139yrs
Problems of population growth
• Pressure on agriculture to feed increasing
numbers
• Rural-Urban migration
• Unemployment
• Family planning is not working due to:
– Lack of education
– People are required to work the land
– A sign of virility
– The birth rate should decline as urbanisation
increases
Language
• No common Language
• 3 major languages:
– Indo European languages are spoken in N and
central India
• Migrants arrived in NW of India from Europe
• Hindi is the largest language (250m)
– English – 2% of Indians
• Important for business and education
– Dravidian languages – S India (200m)
Religion
• Hinduism is the dominant religion
• Divides individuals into social classes determined
by birth- Caste system
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Priests at top
Warriors
Merchants
Serfs
Untouchables
• Caste system breaking down in urban areas
• Hindus regard the cow as sacred so cannot be
killed so allowed to roam freely and is a
hindrance to development
Other Religions
• Islam – introduced through trade- NW (200m
muslims)
• Conflict between Hindus and Muslims – many
converted to Islam as everybody equal in Islam
religion
• Rioting in 2002 left 2000 dead
• Buddhism – developed in India in 6thC S. India
• Sikhism – developed 15thC – mixture of Hindu
and Islam – everybody the same
• Christianity – developed when India was colony
of England – scattered throughout
Urban-Rural Development
• Urbanisation increasing - now 270m
• Why?
– Influence of colonialism – developed ports and
centres of administration – Bombay and Calcutta
– Urban centres promote industrial development
– Rural to urban migration= Pull + Push factors
• Push = no need for farm workers due to machinery
• Pull = increased job opportunities
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4 Major Cities
West Coast – Bombay 18.1m
SE Coats – Chennai 6.6m + Bangalore 5.5m
NE – Calcutta 12.7m
North – New Delhi 11.7m
All urban centres have problems:
– Poverty, Crime, Unemployment, Poor health and
eudcation
• 760m live in rural areas:
– Subsistence farming, little money, caste system,
dependent of monsoons, over-population.
Indian Culture