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Programme of the course of Anatomy for students of 1-st year Medical Faculty in Chair and Department of Anatomy Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin Chair and Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy in Pomeranian Medical University Al. Powstańców Wlkp. 72 70-111 Szczecin Tel. 0-91 466 14 80 Fax. 0-91 466 14 81 Head of the Departament: Prof. dr hab. n. med. Florian Czerwiński Coordinator of English Programme Dr n. med. Grzegorz Sławiński Number of hours: Total: 240 hours including: Lectures/seminars -60 hours Practical classes- 180 hours points ECTS: 22 Teaching aims: Aim of teaching of anatomy for the 1-st year students of English Programme of Medical Faculty is introduce detailed structure of human body with special emphasis of most important anatomical anomalies and variations to the students. Types of the classes Course of Anatomy is lead In 1-st and 2-nd semester. It contains 240 didactic hours in different form: lectures, practical classes, partial tests and final examination. lectures/seminars 60 hours, and practical 180 hours. 1. 2. 3. Lectures/seminars - 60 hours. 30h in winter and 30h in summer semester (1 hour twice a week). Groups no than 30 persons/group. Practical classes. 180 hours. 90h in winter and 90h in summer semester (2 hours three times a week). Classes are divided into theoretical part – explanation based on the atlases, multimedia and presentations and practical part, when students work with cadavers in the dissection room. Some cadavers are prepared by students under assistants supervision and some, earlier prepared, are demonstrated to let the students become familiar with the structure, relations and topography of human body. During the classes the progress of students is controlled. Anatomy course is divided into 10 parts: First semester: 1. Osteology and syndesmology 2. Upper limb 1 4. 3.Lower limb 4.Neck 5.Thorax and back Second semester: 6. Abdomen 7. Pelvis and perineum 8. head 9. Brain 10. Organs of senses. After each part, the colloquium evaluating knowledge obtained during lectures and classes is held including the single or multiple choice test and practical skills test. In case of failing, student has opportunity to retake the test twice in written or oral form. Final examination evaluating knowledge of human anatomy is held after passing all partial tests during the summer examination session. It consists of two parts 1.Theoretical - single or multiple choice question test. 2. Practical - evaluating the knowledge of anatomical structures on cadavers. If examination is failed, it can be retaken twice in different form (written essay or oral answer). Recommended textbooks: 1. Gray’s Anatomy For Students, 2-nd edition; Richard Drake, Wayne Vogl, Adam Mitchell; Churchill Livingstone, 2008. 2. Clinical Anatomy 7th edition; Richard S. Snell; Lippincot, Williams & Wilkins 2004. 3. Atlas of Human Anatomy F. Netter 4-th edition. 2006 4. Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy (Two Volume Set) Williams & Wilkins The program of the courses of Human Anatomy for 1-st year students. Osteology and syndesmology. Course 1. – The axes, lines, planes and directions of the human body. Kinds of bones. Structure of the bone. Functions of bones. Articulations of bones. The skeleton and its division: the axial skeleton, bones of the skull, the bones of upper and lower extremities . Course 2. – The axial skeleton. The vertebral column- description and division. The cervical vertebra. The thoracic vertebra. The lumbar vertebra. The sacrum and coccyx. Articulations (joints and synchondrosis) and ligaments of the vertebral column. Course 3- The axial skeleton: the ribs- the structure and division. The true, false and floating ribs. The sternum- the structure and division. The thorax cage- general description. Articulations of the thorax- costovertebral and sternocostal joints. Course 4.- The bones of the upper limb- bones of the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm and hand. Articulations of the upper limb. Detailed description of the shoulder and elbow joints. 2 Course 5. - The bones of the lower limb- bones of the pelvis, thigh, leg and foot. Articulations of the lower limb. Detailed description of the joints: hip, knee and ankle. Course 6. –The skull- description. Bones of the brain-skull and face. Detailed description of the occipital and parietal bone. Course 7. Detailed description of the frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoid bones. Course 8. – The temporal bone- division ( squama, tympanic, mastoid and petrosal parts) detailed structure, canals and its contents. The tympanic cavity. Course 9. – Bones of the face. Description of the maxilla, palatine, zigomatic, lacrimal, nasal bones, inferior nasal conchae and vomer . Course 10. – The structure of the mandible and temporo-mandibular joint. Fossas of the skull temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine, retromandibular, their borders, connections and contents. Course 11. The base and roof of the skull. The anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossaborders and connections. The orbit. The nasal cavity. The paranasal sinuses. Course 12. Practical and written test. Upper limb. Course1. Regions of the upper limb. Superficial veins. Muscles of the shoulder girdle (origin, insertion, innervation and blood supply). The axillary cavity. The delto-pectoral sulcus and trigone. The subclavicular artery and its branches. The origin of the spinal nerve. The cutaneus nerves. Course 2. The brachial plexus- origin, relations, short and long branches. The axillary artery and its branches. The axillary vein and its tributaries. The fascies and muscles of the arm (origin, insertion, innervation and blood supply). The medial and lateral biceptal groove. The brachial artery and its branches.. Course 3. Muscles of the forearm (innervation). The cubital fossa- limits and contents. The radial and ulnar arteries- course and branches on the forearm. Long branches of the brachial plexus on the forearm. The anatomical snuff-box. Course 4. Muscles of the hand (innervation). Retinaculum of flexors- the carpal tunnel, borders and contents. Retinaculum of extensors- compartments and contents. Arterial arches of the hand- origin, relations, branches. The arterial nets of the wrist (carpal and dorsal). Long branches of the brachial plexus on the hand. Course 5. Repetition. Topography of the upper limb. Injuries of the nerves. Pulse detection. Mobility of the upper limb. Course 6. Practical and written test. 3 Lower limb Course 1. Regions of the lower limb. Superficial veins and nerves. The fascia lata. Muscles of the pelvic girdle (division, origin, insertion, function, innervation and blood supply). The greater and lesser ischiac foramina. The inguinal ligament. Lacuna communis (lacuna vasorum and musculorum). The greater femoral triangle. The lesser femoral triangleiliopectineal fossa. The common iliac artery. The internal iliac artery- parietal branches, external iliac artery. Course 2. The ilio-sacral plexus- short and long branches. Muscles of the thigh (groups, origin, insertion, function, innervation and blood supply). The femoral canal. The adductors’ canal. The obturatory canal. ( walls, connection, contents). The femoral artery and its branches. Branches of the iliosacral plexus on the thigh( femoral, obturatory, sciatic nerves). Course 3. Muscles of the leg (groups, innervation, function). The popliteal fossa- limits and contents. The popliteal artery – course and branches. The tibial nerve. The common peroneal nerve ( superficial and deep peroneal nerves). The sural nerve. Course 4. Muscles of the foot (division, innervation, function). Medial malleolar canal – borders and contents. Retinaculi of flexors and extensors. Vessels of the foot (arterial arches, veins). Innervation of the foot. Course 5. Repetition. Topography of the lower limb. Injuries of the nerves. Pulse detection. Mobility of the lower limb. Congenitive and required anomalies. Course 6. Practical and written test. Neck Course 1. General description and topography of the neck ( the processus spinosus C7, the hyoid bone, the jugular notch , the pharyngeal eminenece, pulse detection) . Muscles of the neck.( superficial, infra-and suprahyoid, deep). Fascies and spacies of the neck. Superficial veins and cutaneus nerves. Course 2. The subclavian artery and its branches ( thyro-cervical trunk, costo-cervical trunk, vertebral, internal thoracic arteries). Course 3. Cervical plexus and its branches. The cervical loop (ansa cervicalis)- origin, relations, innervation. The hypoglossal nerve- the course and topography. The phrenic nervecervical part. Jugular (carotid) sheath .The common carotid artery and its division- the internal and external carotid artery. . Course 4. . The external carotid artery and its branches ( sup. thyroid, lingual, facial, pharyngeal asc, occipital, auricular post, maxillar and temporal superficial). The internal carotid artery – cervical part. The jugular vein and its tributaries. The thyroid and parathyroid glands 4 Course 5. The larynx ( cartilages, articulations, ligaments). The quadrangular membrane and elastic cone. Muscles- anatomical and functional division.. Cavities of the larynx. Innervation and blood supply of the larynx. Course 6. The pharynx- laryngeal part. Inferior sphincter of the pharynx- attachments and innervation. Parapharyngeal space and its contents. Course 7. Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk. Cranial nerves- IX, X, XI, XII- their course in the neck . . Course 8. Repetition. Trachea, the esophageus, the cervical part. Lymph nodes of the neck. Course 9. Practical and written test. Thorax and back Course 1 Topographic lines and regions of thorax. Palpation of bony structures- clavicle, sternal angle, ribs. Projection of valves and the heart on chest wall. Muscles: superficial, deep and diaphragm. Lymph nodes: superficial, deep. Intercostal vessels and nerves. Internal thoracic artery. Course 2. Mediastinum: boundaries, division, cavities. The thymus gland- structure, relations. Pericardium: parietal and visceral, ligaments, innervation, sinuses. Course 3. The heart- detailed structure- size, shape and external features; cardiac chambers and internal features; fibrous skeleton of the heart. Epicardium, myocardium, endocrdium. Vessels of the heart ( coronary arteries and veins). Conduction system. Nerve supply to the heart. Course 4. The trachea and bronchi- division, topography, structure. Lung: structure position, relations, surface features, fissures and lobes, hila and roots. Nerves and of the lungs. Blood supply- functional and systemic (nutrient). Course 5. Thoracic aorta- ascending,; arch of the aorta, descending its branches. Brachiocephalic veins, superior and inferior vena cava. Vagus nerve- thoracic part. Course 6. Mediastinal lymph nodes: groups, division. Thoracic duct. Azygos vein system-, azygos, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos vein. Course 7. Oesophagus: relations, topography. Sympathetic trunk and its branches. The phrenic nerve- thoracic part. Course 8. The back. Regions, fasciae, muscles of the back. Suboccipital trigone- limits and contents. Lumbar trigone. Lumbar tendinous space. Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves. Repetition 5 Course 9 Test: practical and written ABDOMEN Course 1. Walls of the abdomen, topographic points and lines, muscles of the abdomen, fascias, sheath of rectus, inguinal canal and its content. Course 2. Anterior abdominal wall: internal view. Umbilical ligaments. Transversalis fascia and ligaments. Hernias. Iliac arteries, terminal branches of internal thoracic. Intercostal nerves and lumbar plexus- repetition Course 3. Peritoneum- development, omental bursa, mesenteries, peritoneal recesses, inter- and extraperitoneal localisation. Course 4. Abdominal aorta and its branches. Inferior vena cava- tributaries. Hepatic portal system, anastomoses between portal and systemic circulation. Course 5. The esophageus. Stomach, small and large intestine, ileocaecal valve, vermiform appendix- topographic, internal and surface anatomy, nerves, vessels, function. Course 6. Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder- topographic, internal and surface anatomy, nerves, vessels, function. Course 7. Pancreas, spleen- topographic, internal and surface anatomy, nerves, vessels, function. Lymphatic drainage of abdomen. Course 8. Retroperitoneal cavity. Kidneys, suprarenal glands- topographic, internal and surface anatomy, nerves, vessels, function. Gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system. Symphatetic trunk. Course 9. Practical and theoretical test. Lesser pelvis and reproductive system Course 1. Bones of the pelvis- repetition. Muscles and fasciae of the pelvis and perineum. Anal triangle and urogenital triangle, superficial and deep perineal space. Ischiorectal fossa- borders, content. Pelvic and urogenital diaphragmas. Course 2. Peritoneum in the lesser pelvis; recto-uterine, vesico-uterine and rectovesical pouch. Rectum, anal canal. Internal and external iliac arteries and their branches. Course 3. Urinary system. Kidneys- topography, capsules, external and internal structure. Vessels and nerves of the kidneys. 6 Course 4. Ureter- topography, parts, vessels and nerves. Urinary bladder- shape, localisation, interior and ligaments of the bladder, vessels and nerves. Male and female urethra- parts, sphincters, vessels and nerves. Course 5. Male reproductive organs. Testes and epididymes, deferent and ejaculatory ducts, spermatic cords - topography, components, anatomy, vessels and nerves. Penis and scrotum, accessory glandular structures - topography, components, anatomy, vessels and nerves. Course 6. Female reproductive organs. Ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus- topography, components, anatomy, ligaments, vessels and nerves. Course 7. Female reproductive organs.Vagina, female external genital organstopography, components, anatomy, vessels and nerves. Menstruation cycle. Anatomy of pregnancy and parturition. Course 8. Scrotal nerve. Sacral part of the parasympathetic system. Repetition. Course 9. Practical and written test. Head Course 1. Bones of the skull- repetition. Muscles of the head – division, function, innervation. External carotid artery- course, branches. Facial artery- course and branches. Dura matter- venous sinuses of the head. Course 2. Facial nerve- nucleus, course, branches, parotid plexus. Intermidiate nerve. Trigeminal nerve- division, ganglia.. Superficial temporal, occipital, posterior auricular artery- course and branches. Course 3. Orbital fossa. Lacrimal gland. Ophtalmic artery. Muscles of the eyeball and their innervation- oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (VI) nerves. Ophtalmic nerve (V1)- course, branches. Ciliary ganglion Course 4. Maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) nerves- course and branches. Maxillary artery segments, course and branches. Messenteric muscle-attachments, innervation, function. Course 5. Internal carotid artery- course. Internal jugular vein- tributaries. Veins of the head. Connections between extra- and intracranial veins. Parotid gland- description, function. Course 6. Oral cavity- vestibulum, proper oral cavity (walls). Palatine (hard, soft)muscles. Kinds of teeth. Alveolar arches. The tongue- description, muscles and functions. Submandibular and sublingual glands. Lingual artery- course and branches. Course 7. External nose. Nasal cavity (vestibulum, meatuses, paranasal sinuses). Innervation and blood supply. Olfactory nerve. 7 Course 8. Pharynx- division, description. Muscles of the pharynx- attachments and function. Innervation and blood supply. Pharyngeal plexus. Ascending pharyngeal artery. Course 9. branches. Cranial nerve: glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), hypoglossal (XII)- course and Course 10. Temporomandibular joint. Fossas: retromandibular, infratemporal, temporal, pterygopalatine- borders and contents. Course 11. Topographic spaces, their contents and connections ( sublingual, parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, submandibular, submental). Course 12. Practical and written test Brain Course1. General description of the brain- lateral, medial and inferior surface. Meninges of the brain. Intermeningeal spaces (subdural, subarachnoid). Division of the central nervous system (anatomical and clinical). Lateral telencephalon- hemispheares and lateral ventricles. Course 2. Medial telencephalon. Rhinoencephalon. The limbic system. The basal nuclei. The extrapiramidal system. Course 3. Diencephalon- thalamus, hypothalamus (pituary gland and its function)division, internal and external structure, function. The third ventricle. Mesencephalon division, internal and external structure, function. Course 4. The hind-brain. Internal and external structure of the pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum and their function. Nuclei of the cerebellum. The 4-th ventricle- borders and connections. Course 5. External and internal structure of the spinal cord. Meninges of the spinal cord. Intermeningeal spaces (supradural, subdural, subarachnoid). Cerebral arterial circle of the brain (Willis’s circle). Arteries of the spine medulla. Veins of the brain and spine medulla. Cerebro-spinal fluid – origin, function and circulation. Course 6. Practical and written test Organs of senses Course 1. External, medial and internal ear- structure, contents, function. Vestibulocochlear nerve. Course 2. Eye. Eyeball – structure (layers), innervation, blood supply. Optic nerve. External and internal muscle of the eye. Protective organs of the eye. Course 3. Practical and written test Repetitory classes 8