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Catherine Mermelstein Laboratory Title: Understanding the Rock Cycle with Crayons Lab Objectives: Students will read and engage in discussion about the Earth’s Rock Cycle Students will review Rock Cycle handout Students will view and identify different rock samples Students will participate in groups for this activity Students will create their own rock cycle with use of materials Students will discuss findings with their group Students will participate in class discussion Benchmark(s) Addressed: Physical Science CCG: Matter: Understand structure and properties of matter. SC.05.PS.01 Identify substances as they exist in different states of matter. SC.05.PS.01.01 Distinguish among solids, liquids, and gases. SC.05.PS.01.02 Identify unique properties of each state of matter. CCG: Matter: Understand chemical and physical changes. SC.05.PS.02 Describe the ability of matter to change state by heating and cooling. SC.05.PS.02.01 Recognize that heating and cooling cause changes in states of matter. SC.05.PS.02.02 Identify changes in states of matter seen in the environment. CCG: Force: Understand fundamental forces, their forms, and their effects on motion. SC.05.PS.03 Describe and compare the motion of objects. SC.05.PS.03.01 Recognize and describe the motion of an object in terms of one or more forces acting on it. SC.05.PS.04 Identify examples of magnetism and gravity exerting force on an object. SC.05.PS.04.02 Recognize that things on or near Earth are pulled toward it by Earth's gravity. CCG: Energy: Understand energy, its transformations, and interactions with matter. SC.05.PS.05 Identify forms of various types of energy and their effects on matter. SC.05.PS.05.01 Identify various forms of energy including heat, light, sound, and electricity. SC.05.PS.06 Describe examples of energy transfer. SC.05.PS.06.01 Identify the direction of heat transfer on a diagram showing objects at different temperatures. C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 1 SC.05.PS.06.02 Identify ways to produce heat including light, burning, electricity, friction, and as a by-product of mechanical and electrical machines. SC.05.PS.06.03 Identify examples of energy transfer in the environment Earth and Space Science CCG: The Dynamic Earth: Understand changes occurring within the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. SC.05.ES.02 Describe patterns of seasonal weather. SC.05.ES.02.01 Describe weather in measurable quantities including temperature, wind direction, wind speed, and precipitation. SC.05.ES.03 Identify causes of Earth surface changes. SC.05.ES.03.01 Identify effects of wind and water on Earth materials using appropriate models. SC.05.ES.03.02 Identify effects of rapid changes on Earth's surface features including earthquakes and volcanoes. Materials and Costs: List the equipment and non-consumable material and estimated cost of each Item: Rock Samples ……(school supply)…([email protected])…… $00.00-55.50 Crayons……….(16 per box – 3 boxes)……………………. $03.00 Hot plate…(2 @ 32.25 each)…………………………….… $64.50 Paper Plates………………………………………………… $01.00 Aluminum Foil…………………………………………….. $03.00 Pencil sharpeners………(30)…………………………….… $02.00 Grater………………………………………………………. $02.00 Clothes pins………………………………………………… $01.00 Worksheets…………………………………………………. $00.00 Estimated total, one-time, start-up cost: Grand Total: $131.50 List the consumable supplies and estimated cost for presenting to a class of 30 students Item: Crayons………..(3)………………………………………… $03.00 Worksheets…………………………………………………. $00.00 Paper Plates………………………………………………… $01.00 Estimated total, reoccurring costs: Grand Total: $04.00 C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 2 Time: Initial prep time: Preparation time: Instruction time: Clean-up time: 20-30 min 10 min 30-40 5-10 min Assessment: Will be conducted by teacher while observing students perform activity and asking questions of students. Worksheets will be provided for further understanding of rock cycle as well as an interactive website and quiz for the Rock Cycle located at http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types.html Instructions: Supplies: Rock samples Paper Plats Crayons Hot plate Aluminum Foil Pencil sharpeners Grater Clothes pins Worksheets for identification and appreciation 1 per group, 15 groups 2 crayons per group, 15 groups Everyone’s use 1 8x10 sheet per group, 15 groups 2 per group, 15 groups 5, everyone’s use 2 per group, 15 groups 30, per person Worksheets 1 & 2 – Make Copies 1. Crossword Rock Cycle Vocabulary Worksheet http://www.science-teachers.com/earth/rocks_crossword.doc 2. Word Search Rock Cycle Terms http://www.science-teachers.com/earth/rock_cycle_wordsearch.doc Directions 1. 2. 3. Grate crayons with pencil sharpeners and put in two piles on the foil. These shavings illustrate sedimentary rock. Talk about weather processes associated the creation of sedimentary rock. Fold foil into packet with shavings inside. Apply pressure to shavings with hand. Open packet and observe how shavings have changed into “metamorphic” rock. C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 3 4. 5. 6. 7. Discuss with students how the changes occur with sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock. Show samples of metamorphic rock again. Put open foil packet on hotplate, use both clothespins and use to take packets off hotplate. Observe the change to the metamorphic rock when exposed to the heat, becoming igneous rock. Discuss the changes from metamorphic to igneous rock. Show samples of igneous rock. After cooling this igneous stage can become sedimentary rock through the processes of weathering. Remind the students that this is a process, a cyclic process that happens over and over again. C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 4 Name: __________________________ www.science-teachers.com 1 2 Across 3 2 Rocks that form as a result of cooling magma (7) 4 5 A metamorphic rock formed from limestone. (6) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6 A metamorphic rock formed from shale. (5) 8 A rock with hardness '1' on the Moh's scale. (4) 11 Rock formed when magma cools at the Earth's surface. (6) 12 12 A scale used to measure the hardness of rocks. (4) 14 A smooth, glassy, black igneous rock. (8) 13 14 15 16 A sedimentary rock composed of large chunks of other rocks cemented together. (12) 16 17 A metamorphic rock formed from sandstone. (9) 17 C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 5 Down 1 Rocks that are formed as a result of deposits from weathering and erosion. (11) 3 Hot liquid rock that is exposed at the surface. (4) 4 A type of intrusive igneous rock with large crystals. (7) 5 Rocks made when other rocks are subjected to intense pressure and heat. (11) 7 A sedimentary rock that is sometimes formed by deposits of shell fragments. (9) 9 A sedimentary rock that is formed from sand deposits. (9) 10 A rock with hardness '10' on the Moh's scale. (7) 13 Hot liquid rock. (5) 15 A sedimentary rock formed from clay deposits. (5) C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 6 www.science-teachers.com Name: __________________________ rock cycle course-grained erosion extrusive fine-grained foliation heat intrusive lava magma pressure C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 7 igneous metamorphic sedimentary basalt anthracite chert gabbro gneiss conglomerate obsidian marble gypsum pumice schist limestone rhyolite slate sandstone soapstone shale quartzite C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 8 Rock Cycle Background: All information obtained from the Mineralogical Society of America, Mineralogy 4 Kids, website Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are naturally occurring aggregates of one or more minerals. Rock divisions occur in three major families based on how they formed: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each group contains a collection of rock types that differ from each other on the basis of the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains. The rock cycle is an illustration that is used to explain how the three rock types are related to each other and how Earth processes change a rock from one type to another through geologic time. Plate tectonic movement is responsible for the recycling of rock materials and is the driving force of the rock cycle Sedimentary Rocks Any rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) exposed at the Earth's surface can become a sedimentary rock. The forces of wind, rain, snow, and ice combine to break down or dissolve (weather), and carry away (transport) rocks exposed at the surface. These particles eventually come to rest (deposited) and become hard rock (lithified). Sedimentary rocks tell us what the Earth's surface was like in the geologic past. They can contain fossils that tell us about the animals and plants or show the climate in an area. Sedimentary rocks are also important because they may contain water for drinking or oil and gas to run our cars and heat our homes. C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 9 Clastic sedimentary rocks form by weathering processes which break down rocks into pebble, sand, or clay particles by exposure to wind, ice, and water. Clastic and nonclastic sedimentary rocks are the only members of the rock family that contain fossils as well as indicators of the climate (ripple marks, mudcracks and raindrops) that was present when the rock was formed. Clastic sedimentary rocks are named according to the grain size of the sediment particles. Conglomerate=coarse (64 mm to >256 mm), rounded grains Breccia=coarse (2mm to 64 mm), angular grains Sandstone=grains ranging in size from 2mm to 1/16 mm Shale=grains ranging in size from 1/16 mm to <1/256 mm Nonclastic sedimentary rocks form from chemical reactions, chiefly in the ocean. Nonclastic and clastic sedimentary rocks are the only members of the rock family that contain fossils as well as indicators of the climate that was present when the rock was formed. Nonclastic sedimentary rocks are named according to the mineral present. Limestone=composed of the mineral calcite, may contain marine fossils, formed by precipitation from water Rock salt= composed of the mineral halite (salt), formed by evaporation Rock gypsum= composed of the mineral gypsum, formed by evaporation Chert=composed of microscopic mineral grains of quartz, very hard with sharp edges Metamorphic Rocks Any rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) can become a metamorphic rock. If rocks are buried deep in the Earth at high temperatures and pressures, they form new minerals and textures all without melting. If melting occurs, magma is formed, starting the rock cycle all over again. Geologists can learn the following about the Earth from the study of metamorphic rocks: 1. the temperature and pressure conditions (metamorphic environment) in which the rock was formed 2. the composition of the parent, or original unmetamorphosed, rock. 3. aids in the interpretation of the platetectonic setting in which the metamorphism took place 4. aids in the reconstruction of the geological history of an area. The term "metamorphic" means "to change form." Changes in the temperature and pressure conditions cause the minerals in the rock to become unstable so they either reorient themselves into layers (foliation) or recrystallize into larger crystals, all without undergoing melting. C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 10 Foliated metamorphic rocks are formed within the Earth's interior under extremely high pressures that are unequal, occurring when the pressure is greater in one direction than in the others (directed pressure). This causes the minerals in the original rock reorient themselves with the long and flat minerals aligning perpendicular to the greatest pressure direction. This reduces the overall pressure on the rock and gives it a stripped look. Foliated metamorphic rocks are identified on the basis of their texture: Slate= formed at very low temperatures and pressures, rock breaks along nearly perfect parallel planes; used in pool tables and as roofing material Phyllite=low to intermediate temperatures and pressures; slightly more crystallized which gives the rock a shiny appearance; layers may also be wavy or crinkled Schist=intermediate to high temperatures and pressures; crystals are larger with the grains aligned in parallel to subparallel layers Gneiss (nice)= very high temperatures and pressures; coarse grained texture of alternating light and dark mineral bands Igneous Rocks C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 11 There are places on Earth that are so hot that rocks melt to form magma. Because magma is liquid and usually less dense than surrounding solid rock, it moves upward to cooler regions of the Earth. As the magma loses heat, it cools and crystallizes into an igneous rock. Magma can cool on the Earth's surface, where it has erupted from a volcano (extrusive rock) or under the Earth's surface, where it has intruded older rocks (intrusive rock). The composition of magma is limited to the eight common elements of the earth's crust. These elements combine within a melt to form silicate minerals, the most common minerals of igneous rocks. These silicate minerals include feldspars (plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar), quartz, micas (muscovite, biotite), pyroxenes (augite), amphiboles (hornblende), and olivine. These minerals make up over 95% of the volume of the common igneous rocks, making igneous rocks easy to identifiy. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma reaches the Earth's surface a volcano and cools quickly. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Examples include basalt, rhyolite, and andesite. Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface. Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed crystals. Examples include granite, gabbro, and diorite. Types of Rocks found in Rock Cycles Extrusive Igneous Rock Basalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene. The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Pumice is a light-colored vesicular igneous rock. It forms through very rapid solidification of a melt. The vesicular texture is a result of gas trapped in the melt at the time of solidification. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Scoria is a dark-colored, vesicular, extrusive igneous rock. The vesicles are a result of trapped gas within the melt at the time of solidification. It often forms as a frothy crust on the top of a lava flow or as material ejected from a volcanic vent and solidifying while airborne. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Welded Tuff is a rock that is composed of materials that were ejected from a volcano, fell to Earth, and then lithified into a rock. It is usually composed mainly of volcanic ash and sometimes contains larger size particles such as cinders. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 12 Intrusive Igneous Rock - Examples Gabbro is a coarse-grained, dark colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains feldspar, augite and sometimes olivine. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Granite is a coarse-grained, light colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains mainly quartz and feldspar minerals. The specimen above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Pegmatite is a light-colored, extremely coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock. It forms near the margins of a magma chamber during the final phases of magma chamber crystallization. It often contains rare minerals that are not found in other parts of the magma chamber. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Sedimentary Rock - Examples Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of large (over two millimeter diameter) angular fragments. The spaces between the large fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement which binds the rock together. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It is also known by the mineral name "halite". It is rarely found at Earth's surface, except in areas of very arid climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical industry or for use as a winter highway treatment. Some halite is processed for use as a seasoning for food. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock made up mainly of sand-size (1/16 to 2 millimeter diameter) weathering debris. Environments where large amounts of sand can accumulate include beaches, deserts, flood plains and deltas. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Iron Ore is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms when iron and oxygen (and sometimes other substances) combine in solution and deposit as a sediment. Hematite (shown above) is the most common sedimentary iron ore mineral. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock that contains large (greater then two millimeters in diameter) rounded particles. The space between the pebbles is generally filled with smaller particles and/or a chemical cement that binds the rock together. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms mainly from plant debris. The plant debris usually accumulates in a swamp environment. Coal is combustible and is often mined for use as a fuel. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Metamorphic Rock - Examples Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock that is formed through the metamorphism of shale. It is a low grade metamorphic rock that splits into thin pieces. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 13 Hornfels is a fine-grained nonfoliated metamorphic rock with no specific composition. It is produced by contact metamorphism. Hornfels is a rock that was "baked" while near a heat source such as a magma chamber, sill or dike. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five millimeters) across.. Quartzite is a non-foliated metamorphic rocks that is produced by the metamorphism of sandstone. It is composed primarily of quartz. The specimen above is about two inches (five centimeters) across. Schist is metamorphic rock with well developed foliation. It often contains significant amounts of mica which allows the rock to split into thin pieces. It is a rock of intermediate metamorphic grade between phyllite and gneiss. The specimen shown above is a "garnet schist" because it contains a significant amount of garnet. The small crystals visible in the rock are small red garnets. it is about two inches (five centimeters) across. C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 14 Work Cited Information obtained from sources for both the hands on laboratory and PowerPoint presentation. Mineralogical Society of America, Mineralogy 4 Kids, 13 May 2008. Last updated 2001. http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/K12/rkcycle/nonclastic.html Gardiner, Lisa, Windows to the Universe, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). © The Regents of the University of Michigan. 13 May 2008. Last modified August 23, 2005. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/sed_intro.html © 2008 Annenberg Media. http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/ Ficher, Lynn S., Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University 13 May 2008. Last update 2007. http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/Fichter/Fichterls.html Geology.com. 13 May 2008. Last Updated 2005-2008. http://geology.com/rocks/igneousrocks.shtml Earth Science – Teaching Resources (crossword & word search). http://www.scienceteachers.com/earth/rock_cycle_wordsearch.doc C. Mermelstein G355, B. Shaw, Page 15