Download Lesson Plan - ScienceA2Z.com

Catherine Mermelstein
Laboratory Title:
Understanding the Rock Cycle with Crayons
Lab Objectives:
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Students will read and engage in discussion about the Earth’s Rock Cycle
Students will review Rock Cycle handout
Students will view and identify different rock samples
Students will participate in groups for this activity
Students will create their own rock cycle with use of materials
Students will discuss findings with their group
Students will participate in class discussion
Benchmark(s) Addressed:
Physical Science
CCG: Matter: Understand structure and properties of matter.
SC.05.PS.01 Identify substances as they exist in different states of matter.
SC.05.PS.01.01 Distinguish among solids, liquids, and gases.
SC.05.PS.01.02 Identify unique properties of each state of matter.
CCG: Matter: Understand chemical and physical changes.
SC.05.PS.02 Describe the ability of matter to change state by heating and cooling.
SC.05.PS.02.01 Recognize that heating and cooling cause changes in states of
matter.
SC.05.PS.02.02 Identify changes in states of matter seen in the environment.
CCG: Force: Understand fundamental forces, their forms, and their effects on motion.
SC.05.PS.03 Describe and compare the motion of objects.
SC.05.PS.03.01 Recognize and describe the motion of an object in terms of one or
more forces acting on it.
SC.05.PS.04 Identify examples of magnetism and gravity exerting force on an
object.
SC.05.PS.04.02 Recognize that things on or near Earth are pulled toward it by
Earth's gravity.
CCG: Energy: Understand energy, its transformations, and interactions with matter.
SC.05.PS.05 Identify forms of various types of energy and their effects on matter.
SC.05.PS.05.01 Identify various forms of energy including heat, light, sound, and
electricity.
SC.05.PS.06 Describe examples of energy transfer.
SC.05.PS.06.01 Identify the direction of heat transfer on a diagram showing
objects at different temperatures.
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SC.05.PS.06.02 Identify ways to produce heat including light, burning, electricity,
friction, and as a by-product of mechanical and electrical machines.
SC.05.PS.06.03 Identify examples of energy transfer in the environment
Earth and Space Science
CCG: The Dynamic Earth: Understand changes occurring within the lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
SC.05.ES.02 Describe patterns of seasonal weather.
SC.05.ES.02.01 Describe weather in measurable quantities including
temperature, wind direction, wind speed, and precipitation.
SC.05.ES.03 Identify causes of Earth surface changes.
SC.05.ES.03.01 Identify effects of wind and water on Earth materials using
appropriate models.
SC.05.ES.03.02 Identify effects of rapid changes on Earth's surface features
including earthquakes and volcanoes.
Materials and Costs:
List the equipment and non-consumable material and estimated cost of each
Item:
Rock Samples ……(school supply)…([email protected])…… $00.00-55.50
Crayons……….(16 per box – 3 boxes)……………………. $03.00
Hot plate…(2 @ 32.25 each)…………………………….… $64.50
Paper Plates………………………………………………… $01.00
Aluminum Foil…………………………………………….. $03.00
Pencil sharpeners………(30)…………………………….… $02.00
Grater………………………………………………………. $02.00
Clothes pins………………………………………………… $01.00
Worksheets…………………………………………………. $00.00
Estimated total, one-time, start-up cost:
Grand Total:
$131.50
List the consumable supplies and estimated cost for presenting to a class of 30
students
Item:
Crayons………..(3)………………………………………… $03.00
Worksheets…………………………………………………. $00.00
Paper Plates………………………………………………… $01.00
Estimated total, reoccurring costs:
Grand Total:
$04.00
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Time:
Initial prep time:
Preparation time:
Instruction time:
Clean-up time:
20-30 min
10 min
30-40
5-10 min
Assessment: Will be conducted by teacher while observing students perform activity
and asking questions of students. Worksheets will be provided for further
understanding of rock cycle as well as an interactive website and quiz for
the Rock Cycle located at
http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/types.html
Instructions:
Supplies:
Rock samples
Paper Plats
Crayons
Hot plate
Aluminum Foil
Pencil sharpeners
Grater
Clothes pins
Worksheets
for identification and appreciation
1 per group, 15 groups
2 crayons per group, 15 groups
Everyone’s use
1 8x10 sheet per group, 15 groups
2 per group, 15 groups
5, everyone’s use
2 per group, 15 groups
30, per person
Worksheets 1 & 2 – Make Copies
1.
Crossword Rock Cycle Vocabulary Worksheet
http://www.science-teachers.com/earth/rocks_crossword.doc
2.
Word Search Rock Cycle Terms
http://www.science-teachers.com/earth/rock_cycle_wordsearch.doc
Directions
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Grate crayons with pencil sharpeners and put in two piles on the foil. These
shavings illustrate sedimentary rock.
Talk about weather processes associated the creation of sedimentary rock.
Fold foil into packet with shavings inside. Apply pressure to shavings with hand.
Open packet and observe how shavings have changed into “metamorphic” rock.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
Discuss with students how the changes occur with sedimentary rock to
metamorphic rock. Show samples of metamorphic rock again.
Put open foil packet on hotplate, use both clothespins and use to take packets off
hotplate. Observe the change to the metamorphic rock when exposed to the heat,
becoming igneous rock.
Discuss the changes from metamorphic to igneous rock. Show samples of
igneous rock.
After cooling this igneous stage can become sedimentary rock through the
processes of weathering. Remind the students that this is a process, a cyclic
process that happens over and over again.
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Name:
__________________________
www.science-teachers.com
1
2
Across
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2 Rocks that form as a result of
cooling magma (7)
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5 A metamorphic rock formed
from limestone. (6)
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10
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6 A metamorphic rock formed
from shale. (5)
8 A rock with hardness '1' on the
Moh's scale. (4)
11 Rock formed when magma
cools at the Earth's surface. (6)
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12 A scale used to measure the
hardness of rocks. (4)
14 A smooth, glassy, black
igneous rock. (8)
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14
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16 A sedimentary rock composed
of large chunks of other rocks
cemented together. (12)
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17 A metamorphic rock formed
from sandstone. (9)
17
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Down
1 Rocks that are formed as a result of deposits from
weathering and erosion. (11)
3 Hot liquid rock that is exposed at the surface. (4)
4 A type of intrusive igneous rock with large crystals. (7)
5 Rocks made when other rocks are subjected to intense
pressure and heat. (11)
7 A sedimentary rock that is sometimes formed by deposits
of shell fragments. (9)
9 A sedimentary rock that is formed from sand deposits. (9)
10 A rock with hardness '10' on the Moh's scale. (7)
13 Hot liquid rock. (5)
15 A sedimentary rock formed from clay deposits. (5)
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www.science-teachers.com
Name:
__________________________
rock cycle
course-grained
erosion
extrusive
fine-grained
foliation
heat
intrusive
lava
magma
pressure
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igneous
metamorphic
sedimentary
basalt
anthracite
chert
gabbro
gneiss
conglomerate
obsidian
marble
gypsum
pumice
schist
limestone
rhyolite
slate
sandstone
soapstone
shale
quartzite
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Rock Cycle Background:
All information obtained from the Mineralogical Society of America, Mineralogy 4 Kids,
website
Rocks are the most common material on Earth. They are naturally occurring aggregates of one
or more minerals.
Rock divisions occur in three major families based on how they formed:
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Each group contains a collection
of rock types that differ from each other on the basis of the size, shape, and
arrangement of mineral grains.
The rock cycle is an illustration that is used to explain how the three rock
types are related to each other and how Earth processes change a rock from
one type to another through geologic time. Plate tectonic movement is
responsible for the recycling of rock materials and is the driving force of the
rock cycle
Sedimentary Rocks
Any rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) exposed at the Earth's surface can become a
sedimentary rock. The forces of wind, rain, snow, and ice combine to break down or dissolve
(weather), and carry away (transport) rocks exposed at the surface. These particles eventually
come to rest (deposited) and become hard rock (lithified).
Sedimentary rocks tell us what the Earth's surface was like in the geologic past. They can
contain fossils that tell us about the animals and plants or show the climate in an area.
Sedimentary rocks are also important because they may contain water for drinking or oil and gas
to run our cars and heat our homes.
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Clastic sedimentary rocks form by weathering processes which break down rocks into pebble,
sand, or clay particles by exposure to wind, ice, and water. Clastic and nonclastic sedimentary
rocks are the only members of the rock family that contain fossils as well as indicators of the
climate (ripple marks, mudcracks and raindrops) that was present when the rock was formed.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are named according to the grain size of the sediment particles.
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Conglomerate=coarse (64 mm to >256 mm), rounded grains
Breccia=coarse (2mm to 64 mm), angular grains
Sandstone=grains ranging in size from 2mm to 1/16 mm
Shale=grains ranging in size from 1/16 mm to <1/256 mm
Nonclastic sedimentary rocks form from chemical reactions, chiefly in the ocean. Nonclastic and
clastic sedimentary rocks are the only members of the rock family that contain fossils as well as
indicators of the climate that was present when the rock was formed. Nonclastic sedimentary
rocks are named according to the mineral present.
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Limestone=composed of the mineral calcite, may contain marine fossils, formed by
precipitation from water
Rock salt= composed of the mineral halite (salt), formed by evaporation
Rock gypsum= composed of the mineral gypsum, formed by evaporation
Chert=composed of microscopic mineral grains of quartz, very hard with sharp edges
Metamorphic Rocks
Any rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) can become a metamorphic rock. If rocks are
buried deep in the Earth at high temperatures and pressures, they form new minerals and
textures all without melting. If melting occurs, magma is formed, starting the rock cycle all over
again.
Geologists can learn the following about the Earth from the study of metamorphic rocks:
1. the temperature and pressure conditions (metamorphic environment) in which the rock
was formed
2. the composition of the parent, or original unmetamorphosed, rock.
3. aids in the interpretation of the platetectonic setting in which the metamorphism took
place
4. aids in the reconstruction of the geological history of an area.
The term "metamorphic" means "to change form." Changes in the temperature and pressure
conditions cause the minerals in the rock to become unstable so they either reorient themselves
into layers (foliation) or recrystallize into larger crystals, all without undergoing melting.
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Foliated metamorphic rocks are formed within the Earth's interior under extremely high pressures
that are unequal, occurring when the pressure is greater in one direction than in the others
(directed pressure). This causes the minerals in the original rock reorient themselves with the
long and flat minerals aligning perpendicular to the greatest pressure direction. This reduces the
overall pressure on the rock and gives it a stripped look.
Foliated metamorphic rocks are identified on the basis of their texture:
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Slate= formed at very low temperatures and pressures, rock breaks along nearly perfect
parallel planes; used in pool tables and as roofing material
Phyllite=low to intermediate temperatures and pressures; slightly more crystallized which
gives the rock a shiny appearance; layers may also be wavy or crinkled
Schist=intermediate to high temperatures and pressures; crystals are larger with the
grains aligned in parallel to subparallel layers
Gneiss (nice)= very high temperatures and pressures; coarse grained texture of
alternating light and dark mineral bands
Igneous Rocks
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There are places on Earth that are so hot that rocks melt to form magma. Because magma is
liquid and usually less dense than surrounding solid rock, it moves upward to cooler regions of
the Earth. As the magma loses heat, it cools and crystallizes into an igneous rock. Magma can
cool on the Earth's surface, where it has erupted from a volcano (extrusive rock) or under the
Earth's surface, where it has intruded older rocks (intrusive rock).
The composition of magma is limited to the eight common elements of the earth's crust. These
elements combine within a melt to form silicate minerals, the most common minerals of igneous
rocks. These silicate minerals include feldspars (plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar),
quartz, micas (muscovite, biotite), pyroxenes (augite), amphiboles (hornblende), and olivine.
These minerals make up over 95% of the volume of the common igneous rocks, making igneous
rocks easy to identifiy.
Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma reaches the Earth's surface a volcano and cools
quickly. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals. Examples include basalt, rhyolite,
and andesite.
Intrusive, or plutonic, igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface.
Most intrusive rocks have large, well-formed crystals. Examples include granite, gabbro, and
diorite.
Types of Rocks found in Rock Cycles
Extrusive Igneous Rock
Basalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene.
The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Pumice is a light-colored vesicular igneous rock. It forms through very rapid solidification of a melt. The
vesicular texture is a result of gas trapped in the melt at the time of solidification. The specimen shown
above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Scoria is a dark-colored, vesicular, extrusive igneous rock. The vesicles are a result of trapped gas within
the melt at the time of solidification. It often forms as a frothy crust on the top of a lava flow or as material
ejected from a volcanic vent and solidifying while airborne. The specimen shown above is about two inches
(five centimeters) across.
Welded Tuff is a rock that is composed of materials that were ejected from a volcano, fell to Earth, and then
lithified into a rock. It is usually composed mainly of volcanic ash and sometimes contains larger size
particles such as cinders. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It
cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.
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Intrusive Igneous Rock - Examples
Gabbro is a coarse-grained, dark colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains feldspar, augite and
sometimes olivine. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Granite is a coarse-grained, light colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains mainly quartz and feldspar
minerals. The specimen above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Pegmatite is a light-colored, extremely coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock. It forms near the margins of a
magma chamber during the final phases of magma chamber crystallization. It often contains rare minerals
that are not found in other parts of the magma chamber. The specimen shown above is about two inches
(five centimeters) across.
Sedimentary Rock - Examples
Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed of large (over two millimeter diameter) angular
fragments. The spaces between the large fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a
mineral cement which binds the rock together. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.
Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It
is also known by the mineral name "halite". It is rarely found at Earth's surface, except in areas of very arid
climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical industry or for use as a winter highway treatment. Some
halite is processed for use as a seasoning for food. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock made up mainly of sand-size (1/16 to 2 millimeter diameter)
weathering debris. Environments where large amounts of sand can accumulate include beaches, deserts,
flood plains and deltas. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Iron Ore is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms when iron and oxygen (and sometimes other
substances) combine in solution and deposit as a sediment. Hematite (shown above) is the most common
sedimentary iron ore mineral. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Conglomerate is a clastic sedimentary rock that contains large (greater then two millimeters in diameter)
rounded particles. The space between the pebbles is generally filled with smaller particles and/or a chemical
cement that binds the rock together. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters)
across.
Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms mainly from plant debris. The plant debris usually
accumulates in a swamp environment. Coal is combustible and is often mined for use as a fuel. The
specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Metamorphic Rock - Examples
Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock that is formed through the metamorphism of shale. It is a low grade
metamorphic rock that splits into thin pieces. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five
centimeters) across.
Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral
grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. The specimen shown above is about two
inches (five centimeters) across.
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Hornfels is a fine-grained nonfoliated metamorphic rock with no specific composition. It is produced by
contact metamorphism. Hornfels is a rock that was "baked" while near a heat source such as a magma
chamber, sill or dike. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is
composed primarily of calcium carbonate. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five millimeters)
across..
Quartzite is a non-foliated metamorphic rocks that is produced by the metamorphism of sandstone. It is
composed primarily of quartz. The specimen above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Schist is metamorphic rock with well developed foliation. It often contains significant amounts of mica which
allows the rock to split into thin pieces. It is a rock of intermediate metamorphic grade between phyllite and
gneiss. The specimen shown above is a "garnet schist" because it contains a significant amount of garnet.
The small crystals visible in the rock are small red garnets. it is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Work Cited
Information obtained from sources for both the hands on laboratory and
PowerPoint presentation.
Mineralogical Society of America, Mineralogy 4 Kids, 13 May 2008. Last updated 2001.
http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/K12/rkcycle/nonclastic.html
Gardiner, Lisa, Windows to the Universe, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
(UCAR). © The Regents of the University of Michigan. 13 May 2008. Last modified August 23,
2005. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/sed_intro.html
© 2008 Annenberg Media. http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/
Ficher, Lynn S., Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison
University 13 May 2008. Last update 2007.
http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/fichter/Fichter/Fichterls.html
Geology.com. 13 May 2008. Last Updated 2005-2008. http://geology.com/rocks/igneousrocks.shtml
Earth Science – Teaching Resources (crossword & word search). http://www.scienceteachers.com/earth/rock_cycle_wordsearch.doc
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