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This chapter will examine
European exploration in Africa
and Asia between the 14005 and
17005.
Section I
European Exploration
Begins
Section 2
Europeans in India and
Southeast Asia
Section 3
Europe Explores
East Asia
'-~ Target
~ Reading Skill
Clarifying Meaning In this
chapter you will focus on clarifying. or better understanding. the
meaning of what you read.
~
In Lisbon. Portugal. the
Monument to the Discoveries
honors Prince Henry. the first
in Europe to run a school for
navigators. It includes statues
of Magellan and Vasco da
Gama.
r•.
Ports controlled by
CD Portugal
0
France
o Spain
-
Trade routes
o England
-
National border
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Movem ent The lure of profit led Europeans to risk their lives on the
sea in search of cargo that they could sell at home. Use the Key Which
country controlled ports on the east coast of Africa? In which ocean did
all four countries have to follow the same route? Apply Information
Which destination in the Pacific Ocean required the longest voyage?
Approximately how many miles did a ship from the Netherlands have to
sail in order to reach the East Indies?
.,
;.
.-
,'
'.
cG~ ~nline
H'chool.com Use Web Code
mup-1601 for step-by-step
map skills practice.
Prepare to Read
Objectives
'-~
In this section you will
1. Learn why Europeans began exploring the
world in the 14005.
2. Identify the early achievements of
Portuguese exploration under Prince Henry
the Navigator.
3. Understand how Portugal's efforts inspired
early Spanish exploration.
Taking Notes
As you read, look for information about the
earliest oceangoing explorations of the land
beyond Europe. Copy the graphic organizer
below, and record your findings in it.
Target
~ Reading Skill
Paraphrase Paraphrasing
can help you understand
what you read. When you
paraphrase, you restate
what you have read in
your own wQrds. You
could paraphrase the first
paragraph of this section
this way: "European
sailors in the BOOs did
not know what to expect,
so they were afraid to sail
their ships very far into
Key Terms
• circumnavigation
(sur kum nav ih GAY shun)
n. going completely
around the Earth,
especially by water
• isthmus (IS mis) n. a
narrow strip of land
connecting two larger
areas of land
the ocean."
Growing knowledge of and interest
in the world beyond Europe
/
I
'"
The use of the sun and moon to
determine latitude and longitude
led to the creation of navigational
tools. Early tools gave way to the
sextant, as shown above.
454 History of Our World
As you read, paraphrase
or "say back" the
information following
each red or blue heading.
W
hat was out there in the ocean, beyond the horizon? In the
BOOs, no European lmew for sure. Were there monsters that
could gobble ships whole? Did the waters of the sea reach the
boiling point if you sailed too far to the south? Some European
sailors actually held such fears. In fact, there was little firsthand
knowledge of the open ocean. European vessels did not sail there.
That was about to change, however. As you learned in
Chapter 15, Europe was emerging from the Middle Ages.
Europeans were growing more interested in faraway lands and
were learning more about them. Merchants were looking for
ways to expand their trade and wealth. Kings and queens were
looking for power and glory-for themselves and their God.
These were some of the reasons that ships from Europe
first sailed out into the deep and mysterious sea. With those
first ocean journeys, Europe's age of exploration began.
)
Why Europe Looked to the East
You have already read about the journey of Marco Polo and
about the Crusades. These events helped increase European
awareness of the wonders of the East. In the last chapter you also
read about the successful merchants of the Italian city-states.
These merchants made fortunes bringing spices and other goods
from Asia and northern Africa. In fact, Italians controlled this
trade when the Renaissance began. But other Europeans also
were interested in expanded trade.
The Crusades also drove Europe's explorations. The spirit of
the Crusades lived on in some parts of Europe. The desire to defeat
the Muslims and spread Christianity remained strong, especially
on the Iberian Peninsula. This is the peninsula on .which
Portugal and Spain are located. Here Christians had
been fighting to remove the Moors, Muslims who had
arrived on the Iberian Peninsula in the 700s .
.(Reading Check What two factors caused Europeans
to look to the East during the
Renaissance?
The Spice Trade
Europeans traded with merchants in
the East for spices. Explain Why were
spices considered prize
trade items?
Portuguese
Exploration
Prince Henry the Navigator was born in
1394. The third son of Portugal's King Joao
I (king zhoo ow), Henry became a driving force behind Portuguese exploration.
Under Henry's guidance, Portuguese navigation and trade advanced significantly.
As a young man, Henry took part in the
conquest of Ceuta (say 00 tah), in North
Africa. Ceuta was a rich Muslim trading
city. For several years after Ceuta's capture,
Henry served as its governor. The capture
of this city gave the prince and his country a
taste for the wealth that was available in
trade. First, however, Portugal would have to
break through-or sail around-Muslim
domination of the region.
The
conquest of Ceuta also helped the Portuguese learn more about the continent of
Africa. Before taking Ceuta, they knew little about this land
and the riches it held. The conquest of Ceuta allowed the
Portuguese to have access to excellent maps of North Africa.
In 1419, Prince Henry decided to press Portugal's exploration
of the African coast. He hired many of Europe's best navigators,
scientists, mapmakers, and shipbuilders. He also provided money
for these journeys of discovery.
Soon Prince Henry's ships were sailing into the unknown .
Over several decades, these voyages pushed farther and farther
down Africa's western coast, establishing trade with the newly
discovered areas. Many historians believe that Henry's ships
sailed as far south as modern-day Sierra Leone. Unfortunately,
these journeys also began the terrible practice of the European
trade in slaves. In the mid -1400s, Portuguese ships were returning to port with African captives. It was a practice that grew
rapidly in the centuries ahead.
Prince Henry died in 1460. He left behind a strong tradition
of Portuguese exploration.
Exploring the African Coast
Prince Henry the Navigator at the
conquest of Ceuta in 1415
~
Paraphrase
Paraphrase the paragraph that begins "In 1419,
Prince Henry ... "
....t
sli~
456 History of Our World
Bartolomeu Dias The Portuguese continued their quest of
exploration. Bartolomeu Dias (bahr too 100 MEE 00 DEE us) had
taken part in explorations of Africa's western coast. In 1487, he
left Portugal to find the southern tip of Africa. In spite of a terrible storm, he succeeded in traveling around Africa's southern tip
in 1488. He named the tip the Cape of Storms. The name was
later changed to the Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama Dias's journey led the way for another Portuguese explorer. In November 1497, Vasco da Gama (VAJ-lS koh
duh GAM uh) sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and into the
Indian Ocean. In 1498, da Gama sailed into the port of Calicut
(KAL uh kut) in India. Da Gama was celebrated as a hero at
home. A Portuguese poet wrote of da Gama's rank at the top of
history's brave explorers:
" Cease All, whose Actions ancient Bards [poets] exprest:
'A brighter Valour rises in the West' "
-The Lusiad, Luis de Camoes
As you will read in the next section, the European presence in
Asia continued to expand in the coming years.
Navigation The astrolabe (AS
troh layb) was one ofthe
devices that helped make possible the exploits of European
ocean explorers. The mariner's
astrolabe made it possible for
sailors to figure out their latitude. Sailors did this by taking
measurements of the sun or
stars.
Astrolabes were developed by
the ancient Greeks. Muslim
scholars helped perfect astrolabe technology. They also
introduced the astrolabe to
Europe.
~ Re ading Check What two Portuguese voyages took place after
Prince Henry's death?
A King's Blessing
Below, King Manuel I of Portugal
blesses da Gama and his expedition to Asia. Da Gama was later
hailed a hero for successfully sailing around the Cape of Good
Hope, as visible in the map on the
left. Compare and Contrast Compare this map with the one on
page 453. How are the maps similar? How are they different?
Chapter 16 Section 1 457
and 1500s, Europeans began
seeking ways to reach the
East by sea.
Recall How did the purpose
of Columbus's proposed voyage differ from those of Dias
and da Gama?
Analyze Information For
many years after Magellan's
voyage, Europeans sought a
"Northwest Passage"
through North America. Why
do you think this goal was so
attractive?
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map skills practice.
Explorers for Portug31
....... Da Gama, 1497-1499
ExpIaTors for Spain
Explorers for England
. . . . Cabot, 1497
Explorers for France
Explomrs for tho Notherlands
........ Hudson, 1609
Columbus,1492-1493
....... Magelian, 1519-15 22
....... Cartier,1 534-1535
-
S-:--M:~~~,i;;i:":-II -'"
'...
National bord er
Columbus Sails Under Spanish Flag
Queen Isabella
In 1492, Spain had just completed its centuries-old struggle to push the Moors from
the land. With this battle
won, Isabella was willing to
take on a challenge that had
seemed hopeless to other
European leaders: supporting
Columbus's idea for a voyage
to the West. Thanks to
Isabella's backing, Columbus
was able to set sail on his
fateful journey.
Christopher Columbus was born in or around Genoa, Italy, in
1451. Like many Genoese, he became a skilled sailor. He traveled
to Portugal and, later, Spain. He also developed a plan to reach
the rich lands of India and the East by sailing to the West.
Little was lmown about the globe at this time. Even though
most people thought the Earth was fiat, many scholars knew that
it was round. Columbus believed that by sailing far enough to the
west, a sailor would eventually arrive at the lands of the East.
Columbus tried unsuccessfully for several years to win support for his plan. But in 1492, Queen Isabella of Spain finally
agreed to pay for the voyage. That year, Columbus led three ships,
the Nil1a, the Pinta, and the Sal1ta Maria. After ten weeks,
Columbus and his weary crew reached an island in the area now
known as tlle Caribbean. The date was October 12, 1492.
Columbus's journey changed history. Instead of reaching
Asia, he had reached the Americas. In Chapter 17, you will read
more about the results of Columbus's voyage.
\(Reaaing Cflee ( How did Columbus believe one could reach Asia?
458 History of Our World
lDIGI
EYEWITNESS TECHNOLOGY
The Santa Maria
After years of preparation, Christopher Columbus
sailed from Spain on August 3, 1492, on what would
be his first voyage to the Americas. The Santa Maria
was the flagship, or lead ship of Columbus's fleet of
three ships. The Santa Maria was the biggest of the
three. It was also the slowest and the hardest to
handle. Thirty-three days of clear sailing brought
the fleet across the Atlantic Ocean to a small island
in the Bahamas, where Columbus landed on
October 12, 1492.
Christopher Columbus
After successfully completing his voyage
in 1492, Columbus was honored with
the title Admiral of the Ocean Sea.
Columbus had his own cabin on
board the S{lI/fn l'vJaria. The rest of
the crew slept on the open deck.
Lookouts wnlched the
seas for signs of land.
Helmsman
The pilot stood on the
deck. He shouted orders to
the helmsman, who steered
the ship from below deck.
Meals were cooked
on the open deck.
The sailors carried live
chickens for eggs and
for fresh meat.
\
\\
\
Stones were
llsed as ballast,
making the ship stable.
Wooden barrels held watef,
vinegar, salted fish, pork, and beef.
Sacks held flour, rice, and beans.
Life-Sized Replicas
In this photo of life-sized replicas
of Columbus's first fleet, the Snlltn
Mm'in is in the lead. The Pil1tn and
the Nilin follow behind.
ANALYZING IMAGES
Why did the crew,
except for Columbus,
sleep on the open deck
of the Santa Maria?
Chapter 16 Section 1 459
Other Explorers Look West
Chart Skills
Even before Magellan's
historic voyages, Portuguese explorers and
navigators of the 1400s
made many important
discoveries. Identify
Name the navigator
who rounded Cape
Blanco in 1443.
Infer What can you
infer from the fact that
the Gambia River was
spotted in 1446 but was
not sailed upon until
14567
Europeans came to know the western lands Columbus had
reached as America. The name can be traced to an Italian trader
known as Amerigo Vespucci (ah meh REE goh ves PO aT chee). In
a letter to a government official in Florence, Italy, Vespucci
claimed to have taken part in four voyages across the Atlantic
Ocean. He wrote that in 1497 he explored the coast of what is
now South America. The name America soon appeared on a map
and came into common use.
For his part, Columbus never gave up the idea that the lands
he had reached were part of Asia. By the early 1500s, however,
Europeans knew that the Americas were not lands of the East.
Balboa Sees t he Pacific In 1511, a Spanish explorer named
Vasco Nl1l1ez de Balboa (VAHS koh NOO nyeth theh bal BaH uh)
arrived on the Isthmus of Panama (IS mis uv PAN uh mah). An
isthmus is a narrow strip of land connecting two larger areas of
land. The Isthmus of Panama connects the continents of North
America and South America. Balboa had heard stories about a
huge ocean and gold treasure to tlle south. He organized an
expedition to find both. After nearly a month, his expedition
reached the shores of a sea that stretched far into the distance.
This great body of water was the Pacific Ocean. Balboa called it
the South Sea. Then he claimed it and all the lands it touched for
Spain. Asia still lay beyond.
Other Portuguese Navigators and Explorers
Names
Accomplishments
Joao Gon~alves ZareD (zhoo ow gohn
SAHL veezh ZAHR koo) and Tristao Vaz
Teixe'ira (treesh TOW vahsh tay SHAY ruh)
Rediscovered the islands of Porto Santo (PAWR toh SAHN to h)
and Madeira (muh DIHR uh) (1418)
Gil Eanes (zhil YAH neesh)
Sailed around Cape Bojador (BaH juh dohr) (1434)
Dinis Dias (dee NEESH DEE us)
Reached the mouth of the Senegal River (SEN ih gawl RIV
ur) (1445)
Nuno Tristao (NOO nyoo treesh TOW)
Rounded Cape Blanco (kayp BLANG kohl (1443), spotted
the Gambia River (GAM bee uh RIV ur) (1446)
Diogo Gomes (DYOH goo GOH mish)
Explored the West African coast and sailed up the
Gambia River (1456), landed on the Cape Verde Islands
(kayp vurd EYE lundz) (1460)
Diogo Cao (DYOH goo kow)
Found the Congo River (1482), reached Cape Cross in
present-day Namibia (nuh MIB ee uh) (1485-86)
460 History of Our World
Magellan's Voyage In 1519, the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan (FUR duh nand muh JEL un) set
out to achieve Columbus's unfulfilled goal of reaching
Asia by sailing west. With great difficulty, Magellan and
three of his ships managed to reach the Pacific in 1520.
In 1521 Magellan landed in the Philippines, where he
was killed by native people. The crew pressed on, and
the one remaining ship reached Spain in 1522. The
voyage of nearly three years was the first circumnavigation of the globe. Circumnavigation means going
completely around the earth, especially by water.
Quest for the No rt h west Passage Magellan's
voyage showed just how hard it was to circle the ·globe.
For this reason, many Europeans sought a shortcut
through North America. This hoped-for shortcut was
referred to as the Northwest Passage. European explorers, including England's Henry Hudson, looked for such
a shortcut for hundreds of years. It was not until the 1900s that a
ship successfully traveled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
Ocean by sailing north of Canada.
Ferdinand Magellan
~Reading Check What did Magellan's voyage have to do with the
search for the Northwest Passage?
L~
,
!;i. Section 1
Assessment
Key Terms
(b) Synthesize Information
Writing Activity
Review the key term at the
beginning of this section. Use each
term in a sentence that explains
its meaning.
What did the quests to expand
trade and to spread Christianity
have in common?
2. (a) Identify Why was the
crusading spirit strong in Portugal?
(b) Summarize How did the
conquest of Ceuta affect the
Portuguese?
3. (a) Identify Where did
Christopher Columbus first learn
to be a sailor?
(b) Draw Inferences What can
you infer from the fact that
Columbus did not know about the
existence of North and South
America?
Sailors in the 1400s and 1500s often
did not know what they would find
when they started their journeys.
Write a diary entry from the point of
view of a sailor leaving for his or her
first voyage. Be sure to talk about
both your hopes and yourfears
about what will happen to you.
~ Target Reading Skill
Paraphrase the achievements of
early Portuguese explorers.
Comprehension and
Critical Thinking
1. (a) Recall Which part of
Europe dominated Asian trade at
the start of the Renaissance?
eGo
nline
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For: An activity on the explorers
of Portugal and Spain
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mud-1610
Chapter 16 Section 1 461
I
n the 1500s, a life at sea was a hard life. During lengthy
voyages of exploration, sailors performed tiring physical
labor, suffered from poor nutrition, and endured long
stretches of boredom. They were often lonely, surrounded
by vast and sometimes violent seas, far from home and
family. They ate dried and salted food that was often infested
with insects or gnawed by rats. They suffered injuries from
their work or from fights with other ~ailors. Sailors'
registries often identified men by their injuries, including
crushed fingers and splinters embedded in the flesh.
Onboard a Ship Sailing was often the best job avail-
able for poor, uneducated men and orphaned boys who
lived near busy ports. Boys as young as seven or eight
served as ship's pages until they were about fifteen. A page's
duties included scrubbing the ship and turning the sand clocks every
half hour to mark the time. Unless they were assigned to specific
officers, pages took orders from everyone on board. When they
were old enough, pages became sailor's apprentices.
Apprentices were young men training to become sailors. They
climbed the rigging in their bare feet to furl, or gather, the sails.
They served as lookouts at the top of the masts, rowed smaller
boats, and carried heavy cargo.
Sailors might work their way up to other positions, including that
of ship's pilot, whose job it was to navigate. A very few men became
the master of a ship. The master commanded the ship and was
usually part owner of the vessel. The illustration at the right shows a
vessel from the 1500s that sailed with about 45 crew members.
Sunken Treasures
This decorated plate and
the pottery jug above were
recovered from a Venetian
shipwreck in the Adriatic Sea.
The shipwreck probably occurred
in the late 1500s.
462
History of Our World
Master's or
Captain's Cabin
Common sailors
slept on deck on
straw-filled sacks.
i
i,
\
\
cargo in the ship's
hold provided
stability.
Describe What duties were
performed on ships in the 1500s?
Infer In the 15005, sailing was a job
performed mostly by young men.
Why do you think that was so?
"Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492."
This is a common statement. But it reveals the speaker's bias-a partial
or narrow view of a fact or situation. This particular bias was common
during the time of European exploration. The explorers arrived in areas
that were new to them, so they felt they were discovering something.
And in a sense they were-by encountering the unknown. But these lands
were not new to everyone. Native people had lived there for thousands
of years, so some would say that Columbus didn't really discover anything .
By studying what you read, you
may find open or hidden bias in
the author's statements. Recognizing an author's bias can help you
to judge what you read and to
place it in context.
Learn the Skill
Use the following guidelines for becoming more
alert to an author's possible bias.
Look for one-sided language and evidence.
Look for words or information that seems
to favor only one side of a situation or an
argument.
This painting is an artist's
representation of Captain
Christopher Newport and
his followers landing in
Jamestown.
a
Ask what kind of sources the writer relies on. Is the
writing based on a balanced variety of sources, or does
the writer rely only on sources that favor one side or
viewpoint?
Look for bias in descriptions. For example, one author
might describe a historical figure as an "explorer"; another
might describe the same person as a "conqueror."
Look for information about the author. Look at the
author's background to see whether that could influence
his or her outlook.
464 History of Our World
Practice the Skill
Read the numbered sentences in the
boxed advertisement at the right.
Then answer the following questions.
Analyze the choice of words and
use oflanguage in sentence l.
Which words or phrases show
bias?
Does sentence 2 use a balanced
variety of sources? Explain.
e
How might the use of the word
"Captain" influence the readers of
this advertisement?
1. Many
people plann .
world prefer ocean g a trip around th
ers to 3i .....l
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2. A recent
survey f
- t' anes.
found th
0 Ocean-lin
1.
at they place h' er travelers
elsurely pace of tray la 19b value on a
3. Capt'
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am OSll(ald H ar .
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skiPper ofb'
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th e LOod
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4. For more
aIrplanes.
reasons t
world by boat
0 travel arOUnd th
re
' come see
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me, Abe Fenster
presenative for
WorldWid
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e Ocean CrUi'ses.
~ What does the author's background say about the possible bias
of the ad? Would the preferred
means of travel be the same if a
flight attendant had written the
advertisemen t?
tfu
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Apply the Skill
Reread the story of the encounter between Sir George Macartney and
Qianlong in Section 3 of this chapter. Then write a biased version of
the story, relating the events
from the viewpoint of either
Sir George Macartney or
Qianlong. Use your imagination to invent new details or
dialogue that will make your
version persuasive and lively.
Chapter 16 465
Prepare to Read
Objectives
'--~
In this section you will
1. Learn how Portugal traded in India.
2. Understand how Portuguese trade
expanded into India and the Spice Islands.
3. Identify the English and the Dutch as
challengers to Portugal's power in Asia.
Taking Notes
As you read, look for information about
European trading in Asia. Copy the graphic
organizer below. Record your findings in it.
Portuguese seek to control India
and Moluccas
t
t
t
t
t
t
Key Terms
Target
'c:J Reading
Skill
Summarize You can
better understand a text
if you pause to restate
the key points briefly
in your own words. A
good sumfllary includes
important events and
details, notes the order
in which the events
occurred, and makes
connections. Use the
graphic organizer at the
left to summarize what
you have read.
• monopoly (muh NAHP uh
lee) n. the exclusive control of goods or services
in a market
• colony (KAHL uh nee) n. a
territory ruled over by a
distant state
I t was horrifying to think about: In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan
currency in various
European countries.
466 History of Our World
had set out from Spain with a crew of more than 250 men on five
ships. Nearly three years later-on September 6, 1522-the single remaining vessel from that voyage sailed into port under a
different commander and with a ragged crew of eighteen.
The journey, however, was far from a total loss. The ship
carried a valuable cargo: tons of cloves. The ship had picked up the
cloves in the Moluccas (moh LUK uz)-islands in the East Indies
also known as the Spice Islands. The value of these spices was
41,000 ducats (DUK utz). The entire voyage had cost a mere
20,000 ducats.
The people of Europe greatly prized spices. The spices you can
now buy at your supermarket for just a few dollars were worth a
small fortu ne hundreds of years ago.
At the beginning of the 1500s, even before Magellan's voyage,
the Portuguese were the first Europeans to take advantage of
these riches. They were followed, however, by other nations.
Portugal Gains a Foothold in India
As you have read, Portugal was the first European countty to
reach the rich ports of Asia. Vasco da Gama's voyage had reached
the trading center of Calicut, India, in 1498 but da Gama left
India empty-handed. Calicut traders had rejected the humble
cloth, honey, and other trade goods he brought from Europe.
The Portuguese soon returned, however. The next time, they
were not disappointed in their quest for riches.
In 1500, Pedro Alvarez Cabral (PAY droh AL vuh rez kuh
BRAHL) set out for India. This long journey included the first
Portuguese landing in an area that is now southeastern Brazil.
Cabral claimed this land for Portugal. The journey also included
a shipwreck that took the life of Bartolomeu Dias, who was part
of Cabral's crew.
Cabral eventually did reach Calicut. There, his efforts to trade
for spices went slowly. A frustrated Cabral got into an armed conflict with Arab traders that left many people dead. In spite of the
bloodshed, Cabral was able to establish a trading post in India. In
1501, he returned to Portugal with a load of spices. But this
Portuguese show of force abroad was not to be the last.
At the palace of the Zamorin,
da Gama negotiated for
trade rights and spices.
Prof its Magellan's voyage
cost 20,000 ducats. It brought
back a cargo worth 41,000
ducats. This means the profit
on the voyage was 21,000
ducats.
.( Reading Che ck Why did da Gama come home empty-handed on his
first voyage to Calicut?
Chapter 16 Section 2 467
The Portuguese Empire Expands
Cabral's voyage was considered a great success. Soon Portugal
was sending more ships to trade in Asia. They were also sending
armed forces. With these forces, Portugal was able to gain control of many trading centers between the east coast of Africa and
the west coast of India. These conquests were sometimes accomplished with bloodshed. Despite the cost in lives, Portugal succeeded in controlling the trade in the region.
Next Portugal looked further to the East. There lay the
Moluccas-the Spice Islands, which lie in the northeastern part
of present-day Indonesia. As you have read, these lands were the
major so urce of cloves, a highly prized spice. In 1511, Afonso de
Albuquerque (ah FAI-IN soh duh AL buh kur keel led a mission to
Malacca, located near these islands, which help ed establish the
Portuguese spice trade.
Portugal's hold on the East was vast. However,
its control was limited mainly to trade. Portugal
held very little territory. This Portuguese empire
did not last very long, as you will read .
.(Reading Check What was Portugal's
response to t he success
of Cabral's voyage?
Troubles at Sea
Expeditions to the Spice Islands
faced many challenges-storms
at sea, tropical heat, sickness,
and mutiny. Link Past and
Present What types of challenges do modern-day crews
and their ships encounter?
468 History of Our World
If
Challengers to Portugal
The Portuguese empire brought wealth to Portugal in the 1500s.
Soon other powerful European nations became interested in the
regIOn.
The Rise of the Dutch The Dutch, the people from Holland
(what we now call the Netherlands), soon challenged Portugal's
leading role in the East. During the 1500s, the Dutch were growing into an economic and military power in Europe. As the century ended, they sought to control Portugal's empire of Asian
trading posts. Portugal was unable to defend these posts against
the more powerful Dutch.
In 1602, the Dutch East India Company wa.s founded in
Holland. The Dutch government gave this company a trade
monopoly in Asia. A monopoly is complete control of the trade
in a market or product.
The Dutch East India Company became a powerful force in
Southeast Asia. From its base in modern-day Indonesia, it
established many new trading posts and relationships. The
company developed close ties with other Asian nations. It
even had its own armies, which it used to seize land and
people to serve its enterprise.
~
Summarize
..9'~ts\l~\ Summarize this section.
Give the main point and two
details.
Chapter 16 Section 2 469
Trading port established by
the British East India Company in Surat, India
'It:.
1:-* Section
The English in As ia England was also interested in Asian
trade. The East India Company, established in England in 1600,
led this effort.
For a time, the British East India Company competed with
the Dutch East India Company in the East Indies. The English
soon moved their focus to India. First the English drove out
the Portuguese. Then they expanded their own trading
operations. Throughout the 1600s, they enjoyed great
success, replacing the Portuguese as the area's leading
trading power.
As the English made headway, the main power in
India, the Mughal Empire, began to lose control of the
country. Groups in India began to fight for power. The
French East India Company, which was also trying to
establish itself there, was among the groups battling for
control. In the mid-l700s, the British emerged from
these struggles as the leading power in India. Over the next
hundred years, Britain tightened its hold. Eventually, in the
mid-1800s, India became a colony of Great Britain. A colony is
a territory ru led over by a faraway country.
European interest in Asia did not stop with India and the East
Indies. In the next section, you will read about European involvement elsewhere in the region.
.(Reading Cheele In what parts of Asia did the English and Dutch
focus their efforts?
2 Assessment
Key Terms
Review the key terms at the
beginning of this section. Use
each term in a sentence that
explains its meaning.
'@ Target Reading Skill
Summarize the information in
the last page ofthis section.
Comprehension and
Critical Thinking
1. (a) Recall Why were the
Portuguese interested in Asian
trade?
470 History of Our World
(b) Draw Inferences What can
you infer from the fact that the
Portuguese sometimes used force
in order to set up trading posts?
2. (a) Explain What was the
Dutch East India company?
(b) Compare and Contrast How
was the Dutch expansion into Asia
similar to and different from the
Portuguese expansion into Asia?
3. (a) Identify Which countries
were England's main rivals for
control of India?
(b) Cause and Effect Why were
the English eventually able to gain
total control over India?
Writing Activity
You are a Dutch businessperson in
the late 1500s. Write a letter to
colleagues in your business about
possible business opportunities
in Asia. Be sure -to discuss the
role of the Portuguese and
other European rivals, such as
the British.
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Prepare to Read
Objectives
In this section you will
1. Learn about European efforts to expand
trade in East Asia.
2. Understand European encounters with
China and Japan, 1600-1700.
Taking Notes
As you read, look for information about
European efforts to e xpand trade in East Asia.
Copy the graphic organizer below and record
your findings in it.
I. Europeans seek trade in East Asia:
1500s and 1600s
A. Portuguese
B.
'-~
'<:J
Key Terms
Target
Reading Skill
Reread or Read Ahead
Rereading and reading
ahead are strategies
that can help you
understand words and
ideas in the text. If you do
not understand a certain
passage, reread it to look
for connections among the
words and sentences. It
might also help to read
ahead, because a word or
idea may become clearer
later on in the text.
• missionary (MISH un ehr
eel n. a person who is
sent to do religious or
charitable work in a
foreign country
• persecution (pur sih
KYOO shun) n. the causing of injury or distress
to others because of
their religion, race, or
political beliefs
c.
II. China and the Europeans
A.
B.
III. Japan and the Europeans
A.
B.
I n 1793, the British government sent Sir George
Macartney (sur jawrg muh KAHRT nee) to ask for greater
British trading rights in China. He presented Qianlong
(CHYAHN lawng), the Chinese emperor, with samples of fine
British manufactured goods. The Chinese, however, were not
moved. "We possess all things, " wrote the emperor in his official
response to George III. "I set no value on things strange or
ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures."
With that, the Chinese rejected the British requests.
Great Britain was not alone in seeking greater trade in East
Asia from the 1500s through the 1700s. Nor was it the only country to come away disappointed. As you will read, the Portuguese,
the Dutch, and the Spanish also tried to tap the riches of the
region during this era. Few of them returned home with much to
show for their efforts.
A Chinese export teapot
from the 1700s decorated
with a river landscape.
Chapter 16 Section 3 471
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on world trade in 1700.
The Philippines The Spanish
colony of the Philippines was
a center for Chinese trade.
However, the Spanish also
came to Asia to spread religion. In fact, they did convert
many Filipinos to Christianity.
Today, the Philippines remains
largely Christian.
Expanding European Trade
European powers established trade and acquired some territory
in India and Southeast Asia in the 1500s. Yet they were aware
that another valuable prize existed nearby: the great riches of
China. This land was famed for its porcelain, jade, and silk.
Even as Portugal seized control of Southeast Asia in the early
1500s, the country was beginning to explore trade in China. At
first, the Chinese saw little reason to deal with the Portuguese,
whom they viewed as little more than pirates. The Portuguese
would not be denied, however; by 1557 they had secured a
trading post at Macao (muh KOU) . Yet China strictly limited and
controlled this trade and did not formally recognize Portuguese
control of Macao.
The Spanish also traded with China during this time. They
operated from their colony of the Philippines. Recall that Magellan had landed-and died-in the Philippines during his ill-fated
voyage. Spain later gained control of the entire chain of islands.
Spain's trade with China was active. Spain used silver mined in
Mexico to pay for fine silks and other goods from China.
It was also in the mid-1500s that Europeans first learned
about Japan. In the 1540s, a Portuguese vessel landed there after
being blown off course. More Europeans later returned to trade
and to spread Christianity.
V:Reai:ling Check Who were the first Europeans to make contact
with China in the early 1500s?
Jade and silk were two of
the riches that attracted
European powers to
East Asia.
472 History of Our World
European Contacts with
China and Japan
As you have read, the Dutch and the British replaced the Portuguese
as the main trading powers in Asia in the 1600s. Like the Portuguese,
they hoped to tap China's riches.
The China Trade Trade with China was difficult for Europeans
in this era. The Chinese viewed themselves as the greatest empire
in the world. They held little regard for "foreign devils," as they
called the Europeans. The Europeans also tended to think of
themselves as superior. This attitude sometimes caused conflict
with the Chinese. When the Chinese did trade, they usually
accepted silver for their goods. Some Europeans, such as the British, would have preferred trading their own manufactured goods.
Still, Europeans pressed for trade. The Dutch seized the
southern part of the island of Taiwan in 1624. Their goal was to
use Taiwan as a base for trade with China and Japan. However,
the Chinese drove the Dutch from this base in 166l.
The British were also frustrated in their efforts. Chinese rulers
allowed only tightly controlled trade. Sir George Macartney's
unsuccessful mission of 1793 aimed at opening up this trade. For
now, China was able to resist the British.
~
Reread or Read Ah ead
Reread to see why
Europeans were not able to
carryon wide trade with China
in the 16005 and 17005.
"'Ot SIi$'
.
,
These workers are
dyeing silk fabric.
Chapter 16 Section 3 473
This plan shows the Dutch
trading post on the island of
Deshima at Nagasaki.
Europeans in Japan Earlier you read
about the first Portuguese to reach Japan in
the 1540s. Soon Portuguese traders and missionaries returned to Japan. A missionary
is someone who travels to a foreign country to spread a religion or do charitable
work. By the late 1500s, however, Japanese
rulers had come to distrust the Portuguese.
Religion was a major cause of this distrust.
The missionaries and Japanese Christians
were persecuted. Persecution is threaten ing or hu rting someone beca use of his or
her religion, race, or political beliefs. The
Portuguese soon left Japan altogether.
In the early 1600s, the Dutch came to
Japan seeking trade. They were allowed to
build a trading post. This post was eventually moved to a humanmade island called Deshima (DAY shee mah), near the city of
Nagasaki (nah guh SAH keel. The Japanese closely controlled this
trade. The Dutch remained the only Europeans to trade with
Japan until the 1800s.
V Reading Check Which country dominated trade with Japan
starting in the 1600s?
1-"
:<...'i ' "'~,
-- ~ Section
~l
.
3 Assessment
Key Terms
Review the key terms at the
beginning of this section. Use
each term in a sentence that
explains its meaning.
~ Target Reading Skill
What idea from this section were
you able to clarify by reading
ahead?
Comprehension and
Critical Thinking
1. (a) Recall What were Chinese
attitudes toward trade in the
1500s?
474 History of Our World
(b) Compare and Contrast
Compare and contrast Portugal's
experience in China with its
experience in Southeast Asia
and India.
2. (a) Explain How did the
Chinese regard the Europeans
who arrived to trade with them?
(b) Draw Inferences What can
you infer about China based on
its leader's beliefs that it was
superior to European countries?
3. (a) Identify Which countries
succeeded in trading with Japan?
(b) Cause and Effect What was
the effect of Portuguese efforts to
spread Christianity in Japan?
Writing Activity
The year is 1550. You are a
merchant for a major European
firm . Write a letter to your company's directors describing your
travels in Asia and the possibilities
for trade in at least two Asian
countries.
For: An activity on the explorers
of Portugal and Spain
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Web Code: mud-1630
Review and Assessment
• Chapter Summary
Section 1: European Exploration
Begins
•
•
•
The sextant
At the start of the Renaissance, several
European countries began to expand their
interest and involvement in the wider world.
Portugal led the way in ocean exploration.
Spain was also a leader in seeking new ocean
routes to Asia.
Vasco da Gama
negotiates trade rights
Section 2: Europeans in India and
Southeast Asia
•
•
•
The Portuguese became the first European
country to establish trade in Asia.
The Dutch followed the Portuguese and built
an extensive trading network in Southeast Asia.
The British dominated trade with India and
eventually took direct control of the entire area.
Section 3: Europe Explores East Asia
•
•
•
European nations sought trade in East Asia.
China permitted trade, but only under
strict Chinese controls.
Japan also strictly limited trade with
European powers .
Chinese teapot from
the 1700s
• Key Terms
Match each of the following terms with its definition.
1. missionary
2.
3.
4.
5.
circumnavigation
persecution
monopoly
colony
A Causing injury or distress to others because of religion,
race, or political beliefs
B One who is sent to do religious or charitable work in a
foreign country
C Traveling completely around the Earth, especially by water
D A territory ruled by a distant state
E Exclusive control of goods or services in a market
Chapter 16 475
.......
Review and Assessment
• Comprehension and
Critical Thinking
6. (a) Explain What kind of knowledge did sailors
in the 1300s have of the open ocean?
(b) Draw Conclusions Why do you think sailors
were willing to make the journey into the
unknown in the early 1400s?
7. (a) Identify What is the Northwest Passage?
(b) Make Predictions How would trade have
been affected if European explorers had
discovered the Northwest Passage?
8. (a) Identify Which nation replaced Portugal as
a trading power in Asia?
(b) Draw Conclusions Basing your conclusion
on Portugal's experience with this country,
what can you infer about Portuguese
military strength?
9. (a) Identify Over which country did Great
Britain gain control in Asia?
(b) Sequence Describe the sequence of events
that led to Britain's control of India.
10. (a) Recall Which European country colonized
the Philippines?
(b) Eval uate Information In what area besides
trade did the Spanish affect Philippine life?
Place Locat ion Foreach
place listed below, write the
letter from the map that
shows its location.
1. Africa
2. Asia
3. India
4. Portugal
5. England
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map.
476 History of Our World
(continued)
11. (a) Explain What did Sir George Macartney
hope to accomplish in China?
(b) Summarize Briefly summarize Qianlong's
response to Macartney's presentation .
• Skills Practice
Recognizing Author's Bias In the Skills Activity
in this chapter, you learned that authors sometimes
show bias in their writing. You also learned that
you can become a more informed and careful
rea<;ler by learning to recognize an author's bias.
Review the steps you followed to learn this
skill . Then read an article on world trade or
international affairs from an encyclopedia or from
your local newspaper. Does the article show signs
of bias? Explain your conclusions in a brief essay.
• Writing Activity: History
Using the library or the Internet, research the
history of Korea in the era of the 1500s through
the 1700s. Learn about Korea's relationships with
China and Japan. Then write a brief report about
w hat European traders of the era might find if
they were to seek trading relationships with Korea .
Standardized Test Prep
TIP
Test-Taking Tips
Some questions on standardized tests ask you to
analyze a reading selection. Read the paragraph
and follow the tips to answer the sample question .
In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan sailed for South
America with five ships. From the beginning, the
voyage had serious problems. A mutiny occurred
during the Atlantic crossing, but Magellan was
able to overcome it and continue the expedition.
After reaching the coast of South America, the
crews ofthese ships refused to sail on. Once again,
Magellan stopped the mutiny, and the ships
continued searching for a passage to the other
side of the continent.
Choose the letter that best
answers the question.
Use what
you already know
to help you
answer multiplechoice questions.
What information would you
expect to find in the next
paragraph of an article about Ferdinand Magellan?
A what Magellan's childhood was like
B what happened after Magellan reached the
Pacific Ocean
C how Magellan's crew got through the Strait
of Magellan
D how Magellan died in the Philippines
TIP
Think It Through Start with the structure of the
paragraph. It is in chronological order. You can
rule out A, something that happened long before
the voyage. You might also rule out D, which
happened near the end of the voyage. You can
use what you already know to determine that the
passage through the Strait of Magellan would
logically come before the crew reached the Pacific
Ocean. The correct answer is C.
Practice Questions
Read the diary entry below, and then answer the
question that follows.
~
When reading a
paragraph, pay attention to
the structure. Did the author
order the paragraph by
cause-and-effect, by topic,
or by chronological order?
Use the tips above and other tips in this book to
help you answer the following questions.
1. Which ofthe following is linked to Prince
Henry of Portugal?
A the Crusades
B the conquest of Ceuta
C the East India Company
D the discovery of the Americas
2. Which of the following took place at Deshima?
A Sir George Macartney met Emperor Qianlong.
B The Spanish tried to convert the people of
the Philippines to Christianity.
C The British established the headquarters of
the East India Company.
D The Dutch based their trade with Japan.
"Wednesday, 10 October ... Here the men
lost all patience, and complained about the
length of the voyage, but the Admiral
encouraged them in the best manner he
could, representing the profits they were
about to acquire."
3. What might you find in the next diary entry?
A how many men were part of the crew
B how many fish the crew caught
C a request from the crew to extend the voyage
D the crew's reaction to the Admiral's
reassurance
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Chapter 16 477