Download Cardiovascular System Lecture Notes

Principles of Health Science - Cardiovascular System Lecture Notes
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Medical Terminology for the Cardiovascular System-Combining Forms:
1. Angi/o…………………………………………………………………..vessel(blood vessel)
2. Aort/o…………………………………………………………………..aorta
3. Arteri/o………………………………………………………………..artery
4. Cardi/o or coron/o………………………………………………..heart
5. Phelb/o or ven/o…………………………………………………..vein
6. Plasm/o………………………………………………………………...plasma
7. Valv/o……………………………………………………………………valve
8. Ventricul/o…………………………………………………………….ventricle
9. Ather/o………………………………………………………………….yellowish, fatty plaque
10. Ech/o…………………………………………………………………….sound
11. Electr/o…………………………………………………………………electrical activity
12. Sphygm/o……………………………………………………………..pulse
13. Steth/o………………………………………………………………….chest
14. Therm/o……………………………………………………………….heat
15. Thromb/o……………………………………………………………..clot
Suffixes of the Cardiovascular System:
1. –ac……………………………………………………………………….pertaining to
2. –apheresis……………………………………………………………removal
3. –crit……………………………………………………………………..to separate
4. –cyte…………………………………………………………………….cell
5. -dynia…………………………………………………………………..pain
6. –oorhexis……………………………………………………………..rupture
7. –penia………………………………………………………………….abnormal reduction in number
8. –sclerosis……………………………………………………………..hardening
Prefixes of the Cardiovascular System:
1. Tachy-………………………………………………………………….faster than normal
2. Brady-………………………………………………………………….slower than normal
3. Peri-…………………………………………………………………….surrounding
The Blood Vessels:
1. Arteries (Arterioles)-carry blood away from the heart.
2. Capillaries-this is where nutrient and gas exchange takes place
3. Veins (Venules)-carry blood to the heart
The largest artery is the Aorta. The first branch off the aorta is the coronary arteries. These arteries serve the heart muscle itself.
Due to their small size the coronary arteries may clog easily which could lead to heart disease.
The capillaries walls are only one cell thick in order to allow the exchange of gas and nutrients with the tissue fluid.
The veins drain the blood from the capillaries. Then they join to form the veins which take the blood to the heart.
Valves are present in the veins to prevent the backward flow of blood when closed.
The heart is located between the lungs, behind the sternum, and it is a cone-shaped muscular organ.
The heart has four chambers: two upper (thin-walled atria) and two lower, thick-walled ventricles.
A septum wall divides the heart into a right and left side.
Atrioventricular valves lie between the atria and ventricles-the tricuspid value is in the right and the bicuspid value is on the left.
The Path of Blood Through the Heart:
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart from the rest of the body and flows into the heart through the:
Superior or inferior Vena Cava (veins)
↓
Right atrium
↓
Tricuspid valve
↓
Right ventricle
↓
Pulmonary semilunar valve
↓
Pulmonary trunk and arteries to the lungs
↓
Pulmonary veins leaving the lungs
↓
Left atrium
↓
Mitral valve
↓
Left ventricle
↓
Aortic semilunar valve
↓
Aorta (the largest artery in your body)
↓
To the body
→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→
4 blood types: A, B, AB, and O; Discovered by Landsteiner in 1900
Type AB is the Universal Recipient
Type O is the Universal Donor
Functions of Blood: Transportation, Regulation, and Protection
The cycle then starts over
when the blood returns to
the heart
Then, the blood travels throughout the
body delivering oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body
The pumping of the heart sends out blood under pressure to the arteries.
Blood pressure is at its greatest in the aorta. The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle and it pumps blood to the entire
body.
The Heartbeat:
1. Each heartbeat is called a cardiac cycle.
2. The 2 atria contract at the same time when your heart beats; then your 2 ventricles contract; after this your whole heart
relaxes.
3. The contraction of the heart chambers is called Systole.
4. The relaxation is called Diastole.
5. The closing of the Atrioventricular [Tricuspid and Mitral (Bicuspid)] valves, followed by the closing of the Semilunar
[Pulmonary and Aortic] valves causes the heart sounds of Lub-Dub.
The Intrinsic Control of Heartbeat:
1. The SA (Sinoatrial) node, also known as the Pacemaker, initiates the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract on the average
of every 0.85 seconds.
2. The AV (Atrioventricular) node sends the stimulus and initiates the contraction of your ventricles.
The Electrocardiogram: (EKG) is the recording of electrical changes that happen in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle.
Blood Flow in Arteries:
1. The flow of blood in the arteries is caused by the blood pressure due to the pumping of the heart.
2. When then heart expels the blood the Systolic pressure is high.
3. When the heart ventricles relax this causes Diastolic pressure.
4. As the blood enters more and more arterioles and arteries, distancing from the left ventricle, both of these pressures
(Systolic and Diastolic) decrease.
Blood Flow in the Veins: Venous blood flow is dependent on1. Skeletal muscle contraction
2. Presence of valves in veins
3. Respiratory movements
4. Vein compression causes blood to move forward past the valve that then prevents it from returning backward.
5. Varicose veins are caused by the valves in the veins becoming weak.
6. Hemorrhoids (piles) are varicose veins present in the rectum.
7. Phlebitis is caused by inflammation of a vein and may lead to a blood clot. This may cause death if the clot is dislodged and
is then carried to a pulmonary vessel.
Blood:
1.
a.
b.
2.
3.
4.
Blood separates into two main partsPlasma
Formed elements
Plasma makes up 55% of your blood volume
Formed elements make up 45% of your blood volume
Plasma contains 90-92% of water.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes or RBC’s):
1. Formed in the red bone marrow.
2. Contain the pigment of Hemoglobin for oxygen
3. Anemia is caused by the lack of enough hemoglobin.
4. RBC’s do not have a nucleus
5. RBC’s have a life span of 120 days.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):
1. WBC’s have a nuclei.
2. There are less WBC’s than RBC’s.
3. WBC’s defend against disease.
Leukemia:
1. A disease in which there are an abnormal amount of white blood cells present in the bone marrow and bloodstream.
2. Symptoms includea. Bleeding gums
b. Joint pain
c. Fever
d. Excessive bruising
The Platelets and Blood Clotting:
1. Platelets are known as Thrombocytes
2. Platelets are fragments which break off from large cells in the red bone marrow
3. Platelets help with the clotting of blood
4. Platelets have a life span of about 10 days
5. Aspirin inactivates the platelets
Hemophilia:
1. An inherited clotting disorder
2. Caused by a deficiency in a clotting factor
3. Bleeding in the joints may occur with bumps and falls.
4. Bleeding in the brain, along with neurological damage, is the most frequent cause of death.
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD):
1. The leading cause of death in Western countries.
2. Efforts in modern research have improved diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
3. The major cardiovascular disorders includea. Heart attack
b. Hypertension
c. Aneurysm
d. Atherosclerosis
e. Stroke
Atherosclerosis:
1. Is cause by a build-up of fatty plaque, mainly cholesterol, under the inner lining of the arteries.
2. This plaque may cause a thrombus (blood clot) to form.
3. The thrombus if dislodged, as an embolus, may lead to thromboembolism (is the combination of thrombosis and its main
complication of an embolism.
Stroke; Heart Attack:
1. A Cerebrovascular Accident, or stroke, occurs when an embolus lodges in a cerebral blood vessel or a cerebral blood vessel
bursts.
2. Due to a lack of oxygen, a portion of the dies.
3. Angina Pectoris, or chest pain, occurs with a partial blockage of a coronary artery.
4. An Aneurysm is the ballooning of a blood vessel. They usually occur in the abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the brain.
Coronary Bypass Operations: involve removing a segment of another blood vessel and replacing a clogged coronary artery.
Clearing Clogged Arteries: Angioplasty- is the process of threading a long tube through an arm or leg vessel to the point where the
coronary artery is blocked; inflating the tube; forcing the vessel open. Small metal stents are expanded inside the artery then to
keep it open and functioning properly.
Hypertension:
1. Almost 20% of Americans have hypertension (High Blood Pressure).
2. Hypertension is diagnosed when the Systolic pressure is 130 or greater or Diastolic pressure is 80 or greater.
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF):
1. When the heart cannot pump at its usual capacity.
2. The vital organs lack enough blood supply.
3. Blood backs up into the heart and lungs, causing congestion.