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BIO 131: Fall 2011 Unit 1 Anatomy Exam Review Review of Directional Terms Anterior/Posterior Proximal/Distal Medial/Lateral Superior/Inferior Superficial/Deep Directional Terms I am superior to Axis and inferior to the occipital condyles…what am I??? I am superficial to the hypodermis and deep to the epidermis…what am I? I am anterior to the sphenoid bone and posterior to the maxilla…what am I? I am lateral to the superior angle of the scapula and medial to the coracoid process…what am I? (What is another term that could describe this position?) I am distal to the olecranon process and proximal to the pisiform… what am I? Sagittal Plane (Tight Hallway example) • Cranio-vertebral flex/extension • Spinal flex/extension • Shoulder flex/extension • Elbow flex/extension • 1st CarpoMetacarpal (thumb) Abduction/Adduction • Hip flex/extension • Knee flex/extension • Ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion Frontal Plane (Stuck in a window pane example) • Lateral flexion of spine • Shoulder Abduction/Adduction • Carpometacarpal (thumb)Extension/flexion • Hip Abduction/Adduction Transverse Plane (The Rotation plane) • Spinal Rotation (head and trunk) • Pronation/Supination of forearm • Internal/External Rotation of Humerus • Internal External Rotation of Femur Classification of joints by axes Uniaxial means the joint allows movement in one plane, around one axis Example: Elbow Biaxial…2 planes, 2 axes Example: Radiocarpal Multiaxial…more than 2 planes Example: Glenohumeral Other movements of some synovial joints: Circumduction Supination/Pronation Inversion/eversion Protraction /retraction Elevation/depression Joint Classifications Joints Classification schemes structural functional 3 types fibrous 3 types 3types sutures synarthroses gomphoses amphiarthroses Immovable Slightly moveable * some say synarthroses,depending on length of CT * syndesmoses cartilaginous 2types synchondroses symphyses synovial All classified as diarthroses Freely moveable Synovial vs. Non-synovial joints Structural Classifications Have no 3 types Have no fibrous Joint cavity Joint capsule Synovial fluid Hyaline cartilage Synovial membrane cartilaginous Reinforcing ligaments Have synovial 6 Types Plane Non-axial Hinge Pivot Uni-axial Condyloid Bi-axial Saddle Ball & socket Multiaxial Examples of Types of Synovial Joints Synovial Joints 6 Types Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Saddle Ball & socket Example Example Example Example Example Example Intertarsals Elbow C1/C2 MCP CMC 1 Shoulder Intercarpals Knee Prox.. RU AtlatoOcc. SternoClav Hip Sacroiliac Inter P. Radiocarp. InterV (fcts) Ankle MTP The hip bone’s connected to the… For each joint covered in lecture answer the following questions: What bones form the joint? What is the classification of synovial joint? What movements does this joint allow? In what plane do these movements occur? Articulations Glenoid cavity/ ______________? Acromion process/ ____________? Where does the pectoral girdle articulate with the axial skeleton? Capitulum/_____________? Trochlea/______________? Areas of articulation on the Hip bone? What bones articulate to form the ankle joint? Joints I only allow movement in the sagittal plane. The joint located slightly distal and lateral to me only allows rotation…what joint am I? What movements are allowed at my joint? Am I uni-, bi-, or multiaxial. If I externally rotate, I can abduct through 180 degrees…what joint am I? What other actions occur at my joint? Am I uni-, bi-, or multi-axial? Joints cont’d I can only rotate, but the joint directly superior to me allows flexion, extension and slight lateral flexion…what joint am I? In which plane do I move? Am I uni-, bi-, or multiaxial? Tissues & Classification = Groups of Tissue Structure That share similar Cells Function 4 basic tissues Fxn = Supports body Fxn = Movement Connective Muscle 4 subtypes 3 subtypes Smooth Striated Fxn = Covering/Lining & Glands Loose Cartilage Blood Dense 2 subtypes Cardiac includes Areolar Adipose Bone Spongy types Compact 2 subtypes (covering lining vs. glandular) Simple Permeable (alveoli, tubules of kidney) includes Nervous Epithelial Single layer CT Proper Fxn = Control of body Excitable Supporting 2+ layers Stratified Glandular types Squamous Squamous Abs./secr. (ducts of glands) Cuboidal Cuboidal Abs (digestive tract) Columnar Columnar Regular Protects. Keratinized (skin) or non (mouth) Stretches, permits distention (e.g. bladder) Protects, rare, lines ejac. duct Irregular Secr. (e.g. mucus in trachea) Pseudo Strat. Named for cells in apical layer Reticular Fibro. C. Hyaline Elastic Precursor of all CT = Mesenchyme Epithelial membrane = epi t + underlying CT (e.g. mucus membranes, skin membranes, serous membranes) Integument= Epidermis + Dermis keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ? ? ? ? ? dense irregular connective tissue Bone (inside lining medullary cavity) (outside covering)
