Download PSK 442 Development and Socialization (2015

PSK 442 Development and Socialization
(2015-2016 Spring Semester)
Assist. Prof. Nilay PEKEL ULUDAĞLI
Theories of Social Development
The Role of Theories in Developmental Psychology
• Theory: «Interrelated and coherent set
of ideas»
• What does theories do in
developmental psychology?
• They help organize and integrate existing
information
• They lead to testable hypotheses and
predictions about children’s behavior
Questions
• Which theories are social
development’s theories?
• Is there a theory accounts for all
aspects of social development?
Psychodynamic Theory
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Psychological growth is governed by unconscious biologically based
drives and instincts.
• The developing personality’s parts: id, ego, superego
• Id: pleasure principle, tries to maximize pleasure, immediately!
• Ego: as the infants develops it emerges, it try to gratify needs through
appropriate, socially constructive behavior
• Superego: it appears when the child internalizes societal morals,
values, and roles
Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development
Age Period
Stage
Focus of Libido
Characteristics
0-1
Oral
Mouth
Focus on eating and
taking things into the
mouth
1-3
Anal
Anus
Emphasis on toilet traning
3-6
Phallic
Genitals
Increase in sexual urges
6-12
Latency
None
Sexual urges repressed,
emphasis on education
12-20
Genital
Genitals
Sexual desires reemerge
Psychosocial Theory
• Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
• He accepted many Frued’s
views, but he gave more
emphasis to social
environment
• He extended his stages
• Developmental tasks for every
stage
Classical Learning Theories
• Pavlov (1849-1936), Watson (1878-1958)
• The principles of learning shape
throughout childhood and also across the
life-span.
• Development is a continuous process (no
stages)
• Children are directed by events in the
environment
• Pavlov’s classical conditioning
experiments
• Watson used classical conditioning to
manipulate children’s behaviors
Classical Learning Theories
• Skinner (1904-1990)
• Skinner explained a wide range of
behaviors using operant conditioning’s
principles
• His followers applied these principles
to modify children’s social behaviors
• Reinforcement schedules
Classical Learning Theories: Drive Reduction Theory
• Clark Hull (1884-1952)
• The association of stimulus
and response: drive
reduction
• Primary drives create
tensions
• Satisfaction of basic drives
become rewarding and
valued
Cognitive Social Learning Theory
• Children learn social behaviors by
observing and imitating other people
• Bobo doll experiment: reward, drive?
• Cognition is part of the process.
• Four stages: attention, retention,
reproduction, motivation
• Reciprocal determination: social pingpong game
• Social interactions occur on a twoway street
Cognitive Social Learning Theory
• Cognitions guide to social actions
• Self-efficacy: belief about solving
social problems, and willingness to
try
• Sources of self-efficacy:
•
•
•
•
Direct experience
Vicarious experience
Parents and peers’ roles
Biological and affective reactions to
social situations
• Group effect (collective efficacy)
Information-Processing Theory
• Robert Siegler (1949-)
• Non-stage approach
• They use computer processing as a
metaphor for the way people think
• Gradually increasing capacity for
processing information
• Using strategies
Social Information-Processing Theory
• Kenneth Dodge (1954-)
• Social problem solving,
aggression
• Children proceed through a
series of cognitive-processing
decisions or steps in social
situations
Social Information-Processing Theory
• The six steps of the model:
1. Encoding of social cues
2. Interpretation and mental
representation of the
situation
3. Clarification of goals
4. Construction of responses
5. Choice of response
6. Performance
Cognitive Developmental Theory
• Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
• Increasing children’s cognitive understanding:
organization and adoptation (assimilation and
accommodation)
• Children are not passive receivers
• Piaget proposed that four stages of cognitive
development
• Piaget’s theory was helpful for illuminating how
children’s cognitive development modifies their
social reactions (e.g. object permanence,
egocentrism).
Social Cognitive Domain Theories
• Piaget also influenced theorist who interested in social development.
• Lawrence Kohlberg and Elliot Turiel used notions from Piaget’s theory
to explain;
• how children make social judgments about their world
• come to understand social and moral rules
• Bigelow demonstrated that children’s conceptions of friendship
progress parallel with Piaget’s stages.
Sociocultural Theory
• Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934)
• Cultures vary in the settings and practices they
provide.
• These settings and practices facilitate
children’s development.
• Children learn about their culture from
experienced members of the culture.
• Development occurs as children and their
more mature social partners work together to
solve problems.
• Zone of proximal development
Ecological Theory
• Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)
• The theory focuses on the multiple systems in
which children are embedded and how these
systems are linked (matryoshka doll)
• Microsystem: intercation directly
• Mesosystem: interrelation among microsystems
• Exosystem: direct and indirect
• Macrosystem: culture
• Chronosystem: sociohistorical conditions
Ethological Theory
• Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989)
• To learn about children’s social
behavior must consider the children’s
needs and the natüre of the setting in
which their behavior takes place
• Which behaviors are «species
specific»? (biological basis)
• Common behaviors in all children
regardless of their cultures (e.g.
emotional expressions).
• Critical period (open and inflence)
Evolutionary Developmental Theory
• David Buss (1953-)
• Evolutionary psychology focuses on
behaviors that ensured survival of the
species in the past.
• «we are programmed to reproduce and
pass our genes to the next generation»
(parents’ investment in their children,
homicide and abuse in stepfamilies)
Evolutionary Developmental Theory
• Understanding other people’s
intentions and play’s role
• Children-at-risk (poverty, harsh
parenting etc.) reach sexual maturity
more quickly, begin reproduction
earlier, and have more sexual partners
than other children.
Human Behavior Genetics
• The relative contributions of heredity and
environment to individual differences in
human behavior
• Why some children are outgoing and sociable
while others are introverted and shy?
• Differences in children’s social behavior
appear in the early times and some extent
persist throughout childhood
Life Span Perspective
• People are open to change
across their entire lives
• Change over time can be
traced to three sets of
causes:
• Normative events
• Nonnormative events
• Historical events
Next:
Biological Foundations