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It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… -- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities Crane Brinton’s Anatomy of a Y He borrowed his terms from disease pathology. Y Compares a revolution to a fever or a disease: The revolutionary “fever” begins with the appearance of certain “symptoms.” It proceeds by advances and retreats to a crisis stage, or “delirium.” The crisis ends when the “fever” breaks. A period of convalescence follows, interrupted by a relapse or two before the recovery is complete. Revolution Ancien Regime Map, 1789 T he French Urban Poor 80 70 60 50 1787 1788 40 30 20 10 0 % of Income Spent on Bread Financial Problems in France 1789 a Urban Commoner’s Budget: – – – – – – Food Rent Tithe Taxes Clothing TOTAL 80% 25% 10% 35% 20% 170% a King’s Budget: – – – – – – – Interest Army Versailles Coronation Loans Admin. TOTAL 50% 25% 25% 10% 25% 25% 160% In 1789, France’s society was based on a system created in the Middle Ages. The ancien régime separated everyone in French society into one of three estates: First Estate Second Estate Third Estate Clergy Nobility The remainder of the population, including the bourgeoisie and rural peasants The first two estates enjoyed most of the wealth and privileges of France. The Church • Owned 10% of the land • Collected tithes • Paid no direct taxes to the state The nobility • Had rights to top jobs in the government, the army, the courts, and the Church • Paid no taxes The Third Estate was the most diverse and made up 95% of the population in France. • Bourgeoisie and middle class • Urban workers • Rural peasants Paid taxes on everything from land to soap Owed fees and services dating back to medieval times When the ideals of the Enlightenment spread among the Third Estate, many people began to question the existing social order. Economic troubles added to the social unrest and heightened tensions. Years of deficit spending created a government that was deeply in debt. The money from the government had been spent on: • Louis XIV’s court • The Seven Years’ War • The American Revolution • Rising costs of goods and services Bad harvests in the 1780s made it harder to recoup this money. To solve the financial crisis, the government had to increase taxes, reduce expenses, or both. The first two estates resisted any attempts to make them pay taxes. Louis XV ran up more debt. Louis XVI was weak but attempted some economic reforms. Lettres de Cachet Y The French king could warrant imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his seal. Y A carte-blanche warrant. Y Cardinal Fleury issued 80,000 during the reign of Louis XV! Y Eliminated in 1790. T he French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children Let T hem Eat Cake! Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that! Y “Madame Deficit” Y “The Austrian Whore” French Fashion Fine Art Compare and contrast these 2 paintings Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes 1st What is the Third Estate? Everything! 2nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3rd What does it demand? To become something therein! http://www.history.com/topics/frenchrevolution/videos/origins-of-the-frenchrevolution?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefin ed&f=1&free=false Abbé Sieyès 1748-1836 Louis XVI appointed Jacques Necker as his financial advisor. Necker made several recommendations to reduce the debt: • Reduce extravagant court spending • Reform government • Abolish tariffs on internal trade • Tax the First and Second Estates When Necker proposed taxing the First and Second Estates, the nobles and high clergy forced Louis XVI to dismiss him. The pressure for reforms mounted, but the powerful classes demanded that the king summon the Estates-General. The nobles hoped that the EstatesGeneral could bring the absolute monarch under their control and guarantee their own privileges. • In the meantime, France was on the verge of bankruptcy. • Bread riots were spreading and nobles continued to fight against taxes. Before the meeting, Louis had all the estates prepare cahiers listing their grievances. • Fairer taxes! • Freedom of the press! • Regular meetings! Many delegates from the Third Estate went to solve the financial crisis but also to insist on reforms. Cahiers: Notebooks • Tax collectors: “bloodsuckers of the nation who drink the tears of the unfortunate from goblets of gold” • Courts: “vampires pumping the last drop of blood” • “20 million must live on half of the wealth of France while the clergy…devour the other half” The voting system created a stalemate, because each estate traditionally had one vote. 1 vote First Estate 1 vote Second Estate 1 vote Third Estate The Third Estate moved to create a fairer system in which the votes were counted by heads rather than estates. Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614! “T he T hird Estate Awakens” Y The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.” Y They proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France. In June, 1789, after weeks of stalemate, members of the Third Estate declared themselves to be the National Assembly and the true representatives of the people of France. They were locked out of their meeting hall and moved to a nearby tennis court. The members of the National Assembly pledged, by the Tennis Court Oath, to continue to meet until a constitution was established. “T he Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789 Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 Y A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. Y 18 died. Y 73 wounded. Y 7 guards killed. Y It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen]. Rumors abounded that the royal troops were about to occupy Paris. • On July 14, 1789, crowds gathered around the Bastille demanding weapons and gunpowder that they thought were stored there. • The storming and fall of the Bastille represented a challenge to the regime. Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution 1 Section 1 Assessment Which class made up 98 percent of the population of France in 1789? a) the First Estate b) the Second Estate c) the Third Estate d) the First and Second estates combined Which of the following was not a cause of France’s economic troubles? a) deficit spending b) bad harvests c) overspending by Louis XIV d) increased wages for peasant workers Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! What led to the storming of the Bastille, and therefore, to the start of the French Revolution? A volatile atmosphere in France resulted from a widespread famine and the influence of reformers inspired by Enlightenment ideas. The situation exploded on July 14, 1789. Historians have divided the period of the French Revolution into four different phases. National Assembly • Reign of Terror • Directory • Age of Napoleon • France became a constitutional monarchy A radical phase with escalating violence • End of the monarchy A period of reaction against extremism Consolidation of many revolutionary changes • A period of war throughout Europe Paris was the revolutionary center of France, in which a variety of factions were trying to gain power. National Guard Moderate • Led by the Marquis de Lafayette • A mainly middle-class militia • Radical • Replaced the royalist government of Paris • Mobilized violent action for the revolution • Paris Commune The political crisis of 1789 in France coincided with the worst famine in memory. Rumors were rampant and created panic. • During the period known as the “Great Fear,” peasants believed that government troops were seizing their crops. • Peasants blamed nobles, who they thought were trying to reinstate medieval dues. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlbsPhHSWzw T he Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789) Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land. The National Assembly reacted to the uprisings and voted to end the privileges of the nobility. • Nobles gave up old manorial dues and exclusive hunting rights. • Nobles ended their special legal status and their exemptions from paying taxes. • The assembly enacted the equality of all male citizens before the law. National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791 Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité! August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) T he Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen! T he Tricolor is the Fashion! T he “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge Revolutionary Symbols Cockade La Republic Revolutionary Clock Liberté Revolutionary Playing Cards At the end of August, 1789, the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence, it announced: • Free and equal rights for all men • Natural rights for all men • Equality before the law for all men • Freedom of religion for all citizens • Taxes levied fairly for all citizens T he Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 V Liberty! V Property! V Resistance to oppression! Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793) V Women played a vital role in the Revolution. V But, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the rights and protections of citizenship to women. Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen (1791) The Declaration of the Rights of Man did not please everyone. Many women were disappointed that the Declaration did not grant equal citizenship to women. Louis XVI did not want to accept the reforms of the National Assembly. March of the Women, October 5-6, 1789 A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread. We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy! Women marched on Versailles on October 5, 1789. They were angry about the famine, and they demanded to see the king. • They were also angry at Marie Antoinette, who was against reforms and lived a life of luxury. • The women brought the king and queen to Paris, where they lived as virtual prisoners. T he “October Days” (1789) The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace. The National Assembly placed the Church under state control. It dissolved convents and monasteries. It ended papal authority over the French Church. It made bishops and priests elected, salaried officials. This move was condemned by the pope, many bishops and priests, and large numbers of French peasants. How to Finance the New Govt.? Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period. T he De-Christianization Program 1. The adoption of a new Republican Calendar: abolished Sundays & religious holidays. months named after seasonal features. 7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades. the yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!! T he New Republican Calendar New Name Meaning Time Period Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21 Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20 Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20 Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19 Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18 Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20 Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19 Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19 Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18 Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18 Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17 Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21 T he De-Christianization Program 2. The public exercise of religion was banned. 3. The Paris Commune supported the: destruction of religious & royal statues. ban on clerical dress. encouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. 4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.” 5. The deportation of priests denounced by six citizens. T he “Temple of Reason” Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people. T he Festival of Supreme Being A new secular holiday T he Radical’s Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution! The National Assembly produced the Constitution of 1791. This set up a limited monarchy. The new Legislative Assembly could: • Make laws • Collect taxes • Decide on issues of war and peace Moderate reformers felt that the Constitution of 1791 completed the French Revolution. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791 What political and social reforms did the National Assembly institute in the first stage of the French Revolution? The members of the National Assembly voted to end their own privileges after the storming of the Bastille. From providing equal rights to all male citizens before the law, to the abolishment of their exclusion from taxes, the National Assembly aimed to change an unjust system. At the time of the creation of the Constitution of 1791, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette attempted to escape France. To many, this attempt meant that Louis was a traitor to the revolution. To other nations, supporting the king meant being against the revolution. The emperor of Austria and king of Prussia signed the Declaration of Pilnitz supporting Louis and threatening to intervene. The revolutionaries prepared for war. T he Royal Family Attempts to Flee Y June, 1791 Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover]. Y Headed toward the Luxembourg border. Y The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border Rulers in Europe feared the French Revolution, a fear fed by stories of émigrés to their countries. • The sans-culottes and the Jacobins held the upper hand in the Legislative Assembly. • They demanded a republic and an end to tyranny abroad. The radicals moved the Legislative Assembly to declare war on Austria, Prussia, Britain, and other states. T he Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris. Started as a debating society. Membership mostly middle class. Created a vast network of clubs. Attitudes & actions of monarchy & court Fear of CounterRevolution Religious divisions The Causes of Instability in France 1792 - 1795 Economic Crises War Political divisions French Soldiers & the Tricolor: Vive Le Patrie! V The French armies were ill-prepared for the conflict. V ½ of the officer corps had emigrated. V Many men disserted. V New recruits were enthusiastic, but ill-trained. V French troops often broke ranks and fled in disorder. In 1792, the war abroad was going badly for the French. • Many revolutionaries believed that the king was in league with foreign powers to retain his power. • Citizens attacked the palace where the king was held. The king and his family escaped to the Legislative Assembly. • Citizens also attacked prisons that held nobles and priests. Violence was spreading. T he September Massacres, 1792 Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front. Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 killed! It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad. Radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly and called for the election of a new legislative body—the National Convention. National Convention • Suffrage was extended to all male citizens. • Nobles’ lands were seized. In addition, the monarchy was abolished in favor of the creation of a republic. Louis XVI was put on trial as a traitor to France. He was convicted and sentenced to death. • In January, 1793, Louis XVI was executed. • In October, 1793, Marie Antoinette was executed. Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) c The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents. They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention. c c The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs. T he Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet Matter for reflection for the crowned jugglers. So impure blood doesn’t soil our land! Marie Antoinette as a Serpent The “Widow Capet” Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793 By 1793, France as a nation was in peril. External and internal threats were rampant. • War continued with the Netherlands, Spain, Britain, and Prussia. • Royalists and priests led rebellions against the government. • Sans-culottes demanded relief from food shortages and inflation. • The Convention was divided between the Jacobins and the Girondins. The Convention created the Committee of Public Safety to deal with these issues. The Committee of Public Safety was granted absolute power to save the revolution. At war: French armies overran the Netherlands and invaded Italy. At home: France battled counterrevolutionaries through the use of terror. Georges Jacques Danton (1759 – 1794) Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794) Maximilien Robespierre became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. He was a reformer, but also supported terror as a way to maintain order. Robespierre: • Promoted religious tolerance • Tried to abolish slavery • Arrested and tried all those who threatened the revolution Nearly 300,000 people were arrested and 17,000 executed by guillotine for opposing the revolution. The Reign of Terror continued until Robespierre was executed in 1794. T he Reign of Terror Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre Let terror be the order of the day! c The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months. c The total number of victims nationwide was over 20,000! c http://www.history.com/news/histo ry-lists/8-things-you-may-notknow-about-the-guillotine Different Social Classes Executed 8% 7% 28% 25% 31% T he Arrest of Robespierre T he Revolution Consumes Its Own Children! Danton Awaits Execution, 1793 Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794. T he Guillotine: An “Enlightenment Tool”? Oh, thou charming guillotine, You shorten kings and queens; By your influence divine, We have re-conquered our rights. Come to aid of the Country And let your superb instrument Become forever permanent To destroy the impious sect. Sharpen your razor for Pitt and his agents Fill your divine sack with heads of tyrants. T he “Monster” Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939! Jean-Paul Marat (1744 – 1793) “T he Death of Marat” by Jacques Louis David, 1793 “Pieta de la Revolucion” T he Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday Paul Jacques Aimee Baudry, 19c [A Romantic View] In reaction to the Terror, moderates produced the Constitution of 1795 and set up a five-man Directory along with a two-house legislature. The Directory: • Made peace with Prussia and Spain • Continued the war with Austria and Great Britain • Created a constitutional monarchy The Directory was also corrupt and did not solve continued problems such as rising bread prices. They appointed Napoleon Bonaparte, a popular military hero, to rule France. By 1799, France had changed dramatically from the country of Louis XVI and his court. • The term citizen applied to people of all social classes. • Elaborate fashions gave way to practical and simple clothing. • Nationalism rose throughout France. • State schools replaced religious ones. • Systems were organized to help the poor, old soldiers, and widows. T he Contrast: “French Liberty / British Slavery” T he “Cultural Revolution”Brought About by the Convention It was premised upon Enlightenment principles of rationality. The metric system of weights and measures The abolition of slavery within France in 1791 and throughout the French colonies in 1794. The Convention legalized divorce and enacted shared inheritance laws [even for illegitimate offspring] in an attempt to eradicate inequalities. T he Government Structure of the New Directory V 5-man executive committee or oligarchy [to avoid a dictatorship]. Legislative electors were elected by all males over 21 who were taxpayers. V Inflation continues. V Rule by rich bourgeois liberals. V Self-indulgence frivolous culture; salons return; wild fashions. V Political corruption. V Revival of Catholicism. Napoleon Bonaparte was a military hero who rose quickly through the army. He favored republican rule and the Jacobins. 1793 • Drove British forces from Toulon • Won several victories against the Austrians • Captured most of northern Italy 1798 • Lost in Egypt 1799 • Overthrew the Directory and set up a three-man governing board known as the Consulate T he Rosetta Stone -Napoleon’s troops discovered behind a wall in a fort near city of el Rashid (Rosetta) in 1799 -Linguistic key from Egyptian Hieroglyphics to Ancient Greek: Took 20 years to translate -Stone carved in 196 BC Jean Francois Champollion -Brits took back Egypt and still keep stone in the British Museum http://www.history.com/topic s/napoleon Napoleon and Josephine December 1795: I awake full of you. Your image and the memory of last night’s intoxicating pleasures has left no rest to my senses. Sweet, incomparable Josephine, what a strange effect you have on my heart. Are you angry? Do I see you sad? Are you worried? My soul breaks with grief, and there is no rest for your lover; but how much the more when I yield to this passion that rules me and drink a burning flame from your lips and your heart? Oh! This night has shown me that your portrait is not you! You leave at midday; in three hours I shall see you. Meanwhile, my sweet love, a thousand kisses; but do not give me any, for they set my blood on fire. B. T he Empress Josephine When Napoleon helped create the Consulate, he became First Consul. 1802—Napoleon became consul for life. 1804—Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French. Each step of the way, Napoleon had held a plebiscite and had been strongly supported by the French people. 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) Coup d’état by Napoleon. Approved by a plebiscite in December. Abbe Sieyès: Confidence from below; authority from above. A British Cartoon about Napoleon’s Coup in 1799 “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David December 2, 1804 “Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon & the Empress Josephine,” 1806 by David T he Government of the Consulate a Council of State Proposed the laws. Served as a Cabinet & the highest court. a Tribunate Debated laws, but did not vote on them. a Legislature Voted on laws, but did not discuss or debate them. a Senate Had the right to review and veto legislation. • Controlled prices Napoleon consolidated power by strengthening the central government. He: • Encouraged new industry • Built new roads and canals • Set up a system of public schools • Made peace with the Catholic Church • Encouraged émigrés to return • Recognized peasants’ right to lands Napoleon Established the Banque de France, 1800 Concordat of 1801 a Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. a Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. a Bishops subservient to the regime. a Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest. Legion of Honor, 1802 Palace of the Legion of Honor, Paris He implemented a new set of laws known as the Napoleonic Code. Napoleonic Code • Equality of all male citizens before the law • Religious toleration • Abolition of feudalism • The code embodied Enlightenment principles. • But women lost most of their rights of citizenship. • http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos/n apoleon?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1 &free=false Napoleon and His Code T he Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Code Napoleon swept away feudal property relations. T he “Empire” Style Madame Recamier by David, 1808 “Napoleon on His Imperial T hrone” 1806 By Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Napoleon’s T hrone Neo-Classical Architecture Napoleon’s Tomb Napoleon’s Bed Chamber Josephine’s Bedroom From 1804 to 1812, Napoleon successfully battled most of Europe and created an empire. France annexed: • The Netherlands • Belgium • Parts of Italy • Parts of Germany Napoleon also: • Abolished the Holy Roman Empire • Cut Prussian territory in half T he Continental System a GOAL to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. a Berlin Decrees (1806) a “Order in Council” (1806) a Britain proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. Milan Decree (1807) a British ships were not allowed in European ports. Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. These edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war on Britain WAR OF 1812. T he Continental System British Cartoon Napoleon was unable to defeat Great Britain at sea or through the use of the Continental System. • Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. • The blockades created some hardships but Britain was able to maintain its trade routes in the Americas and India. Napoleon’s Major Military Campaigns 1805: France Sea Power Britain Trafalgar (Lord Nelson: French Navy lost!) Battle of Trafalgar “Crossing the Alps,” 1805 Paul Delaroche Marie Louise (of Austria) married Napoleon on March 12, 1810 in Vienna Marie Louise (of Austria) with Napoleon’s Son (Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles: 1811-1832 Many Europeans who had welcomed the ideas of the French Revolution saw Napoleon and his army as oppressors. • In Spain, people resisted reforms that undermined the king and the Catholic Church. • Nationalism in occupied countries created revolts and patriotic resistance through guerrilla warfare. “T he Spanish Ulcer” a Napoleon tricked the Spanish king and prince to come to France, where he imprisoned them. a He proclaimed his brother, Joseph, to be the new king of Spain. a He stationed over 100,000 French troops in Madrid. a On May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. a French troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo]. “T hird of May, 1808” by Goya (1810) Napoleon’s Empire in 1810 “Napoleon in His Study” 1812 by David Napoleon’s Family Rules! Jerome Bonaparte King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte King of Spain Louise Bonaparte King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome e Elisa Bonaparte Grand Duchess of Tuscany e Caroline Bonaparte Queen of Naples e e e e e In 1812, the Russian winter stopped Napoleon’s army from a victory. The tsar initially supported Napoleon but ended up withdrawing from the Continental System. When Napoleon attacked, the retreating Russian army’s scorched-earth policy made it impossible for Napoleon’s army to survive on what they left. Napoleon retreated, and this disaster created an opportunity: a Russian-British-Austrian-Prussian alliance against France. T he “Big Blunder” -- Russia a The retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign (1812-1813). a In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia. The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon. They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause]. The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food. Napoleon’s Troops at the Gates of Moscow a September 14, 1812 Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. a The Russians had set fire to the city. Moscow Is On Fire! Russian General Kutuzov The Russian army defeated the French at Borodino. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813) 100,000 French troops retreat—20,000 survive! In 1813, the newly created alliance defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations. Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and Louis XVIII was recognized as king of France. But Napoleon returned to France in triumph after Louis XVIII’s return rekindled fears of the old regime. Napoleon’s Abdication Napoleon in Exile on Elba Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824) “T he War of the 7th Coalition” 1815: France Napoleon’s “100 Days” Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states e Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 the beginning of his 100 Days. e Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians. Napoleon’s Defeat at Waterloo (June 18, 1815) Duke of Wellington Prussian General Blücher Napoleon once again took to the battlefields. He was dealt a crushing blow by British forces at the Battle of Waterloo. • He was forced to abdicate a second and final time. • Thus ended the period of the French Revolution. • http://www.history.com/topics/napoleo n/videos/napoleon?m=528e394da93a e&s=undefined&f=1&free=false Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena Napoleon’s Tomb Hitler Visits Napoleon’s Tomb June 28, 1940 Napoleon’s legacy: Within France • Napoleonic Code • Expanded suffrage • • Abroad • Failed to make Europe into a French empire More citizens had rights to property • Sparked nationalist feelings across Europe More citizens had rights to education • Created a new Germany • Sold the Louisiana Territory and doubled the size of the United States Louisiana Purchase, 1803 $15,000,000 Arc de Triomphe • Place Charles de Gaulle, western end of the Champs-Élysées • The triumphal arch is in honor of those who fought for France, in particular, those who fought during the Napoleonic Wars. Engraved on inside and at the top of the arch are all of the names of the generals and wars fought. Includes the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from WWI and where the Memorial Flame burns. After Waterloo, the map of Europe was redrawn. Diplomats and heads of state sat down at the Congress of Vienna. The chief goal was to create a lasting peace while preserving the old order. They wanted to: • Create a balance of power • Protect the system of monarchy The Quadruple Alliance included Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Britain. • The architects of peace promoted the principle of legitimacy and restored monarchies in nations throughout Europe. • They pledged to act together to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings. The creation of the Concert of Europe enabled the powers to meet periodically to address any new problems affecting the peace of Europe. This peace lasted for 100 years, but ultimately failed to recognize how nationalism would shake the foundations of Europe and Latin America in the next decades. Read More About the Revolution Bibliographic Resources « “Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.” http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/ chron/rch5.htm « “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.” http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ « Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. Cambridge University Press, 2001. « “The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm