Download The Human Body

The Human Body
• There are over 100 trillion cells
in your body. Those cells are
organized into tissues.
Different tissues are organized
into organs. Groups of organs
make organ systems. Organ
systems make up an organism.
There are four basic types of tissues:
__________ tissue protects
There are four basic types of tissues:
Epithelial tissue protects
One kind of epithelial tissue is the
skin. Epithelial tissue also lines
the gut and lungs. Many glands
are made of epithelial tissue.
There are four basic types of tissues:
__________ tissue –
supports and defends
There are four basic types of tissues:
Connective tissue supports and defends
Connective Tissue supports and defends.
Cells of the immune system –
Macrophages and lymphocytes
Connective Tissue supports and defends.
Cells of the skeletal system –
fibroblasts, cartilage, bone
Connective Tissue supports and defends.
Adipose tissue (fat) , Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
There are four basic types of tissues:
__________ tissue –
sends signals
There are four basic types of tissues:
Nervous tissue - sends
signals
Nervous tissue sends signals.
Made up of neurons and support cells
(also called glial cells)
There are four basic types of tissues:
__________ tissue –
permits movement
There are four basic types of tissues:
Muscle tissue - permits
movement
Muscle tissue permits movement.
There are three types of muscle
tissue: smooth, skeletal and cardiac.
Homeostasis- the
maintenance of a stable
internal environment
The body fluid not inside
your cells is called
extracellular
fluid.
Because so much exchange
occurs across the
membranes of cells,
extreme changes in the
composition or volume of
the extracellular fluid can
have very serious effects
on the cells.
To maintain homeostasis, the
central nervous system
gathers information about
what is going on in the body,
evaluates this feedback, and
issues commands to
counteract any change from
normal.
Most things are controlled by
_________ __________.
Most things are controlled by
negative feedback.
Things such as blood
pressure, body temperature
and pH are compared with
their normal values.
Anything that causes a change
away from the normal value
initiates a response from the
body that brings it back to
normal.
An example of negative
feedback: The normal body
temperature is about 98
degrees Fahrenheit. When
you have a fever, your body
temperature is above this
normal level, and the nervous
system detects this change.
The brain will then trigger
mechanisms such as
sweating and dilating the
blood vessels in the skin,
which lower your
temperature back to
normal.
Some things in the body are
controlled by _________
__________, which causes
the body to drive the variable
even farther away form
normal.
Some things in the body are
controlled by positive
feedback, which causes the
body to drive the variable
even farther away form
normal.
This happens in childbirth; the
pressure of the baby’s head
on the lower part of the
uterus increases the frequency
and intensity of uterine
contractions.
The Skeletal System
There are
__________
bones in the
adult
skeleton.
There are
206 bones
in the adult
skeleton.
Skeletal System
• A flexible endoskeleton allows the body a
wide range of motion while supporting a
body of considerable size.
• The skeletal system provides a frame work
against which the muscles can pull.
• It also protects the delicate organs inside
the body, such as the brain, lungs, heart.
Etc.
The human skeleton
has two main parts:
__________ skeleton
– skull, ribcage,
backbone
__________ skeleton
– arms, legs,
shoulders, pelvis,etc.
The human skeleton
has two main parts:
Axial skeleton –
skull, ribcage,
backbone
__________ skeleton
– arms, legs,
shoulders, pelvis,etc.
The human skeleton
has two main parts:
Axial skeleton –
skull, ribcage,
backbone
Appendicular
skeleton – arms,
legs, shoulders,
pelvis,etc.
Type of Bones:
Flat –
ribs,
shoulder
Type of Bones:
Long –
arms,
legs
Type of Bones:
Short –
feet,
wrists
Type of Bones:
Irregular –
vertebrae
• Bone is made of calcium-hardened fibers that make it
strong yet flexible. It is a living tissue and receives oxygen
and nutrients by blood vessels that pass through hollow
channels in the bone called
______________________________.
• Bones also contain nerve fibers. Bones are surrounded by
a tough white membrane called the ________________.
• Bone tissue can either be in the form of compact bone or
spongy bone.
• Bone is made of calcium-hardened fibers that make it
strong yet flexible. It is a living tissue and receives oxygen
and nutrients by blood vessels that pass through hollow
channels in the bone called Haversion canal.
• Bones also contain nerve fibers. Bones are surrounded by
a tough white membrane called the ________________.
• Bone tissue can either be in the form of compact bone or
spongy bone.
• Bone is made of calcium-hardened fibers that make it
strong yet flexible. It is a living tissue and receives oxygen
and nutrients by blood vessels that pass through hollow
channels in the bone called Haversion canal.
• Bones also contain nerve fibers. Bones are surrounded by
a tough white membrane called the periosteum.
• Bone tissue can either be in the form of compact bone or
spongy bone.
Haversion canals
Two substances that can be found inside bone:
• ___________ marrow – produces red blood cells.
• ___________ marrow – stores fat.
Two substances that can be found inside bone:
• Red marrow – produces red blood cells.
• Yellow marrow – stores fat.
• ____________ is a type of connective tissue that is softer
and more flexible than bone. It is the main component of
embryonic skeletons. During development, much of it
hardens into bone. In adults, cartilage can still be found in
the ear, nose, trachea, and at the end of bones to keep
them from grinding against each other.
• Cartilage is a type of connective
tissue that is softer and more flexible
than bone. It is the main component
of embryonic skeletons. During
development, much of it hardens into
bone. In adults, cartilage can still be
found in the ear, nose, trachea, and at
the end of bones to keep them from
grinding against each other.
__________ - bone tissue is broken
down faster than it is replaced.
Bones become less dense and
brittle. Osteoporosis occurs
primarily in females due to the
loss of calcium and sex
hormones during menopause.
Osteoporosis - bone tissue is
broken down faster than it is
replaced. Bones become less
dense and brittle. Osteoporosis
occurs primarily in females due
to the loss of calcium and sex
hormones during menopause.
• A __________ is the place at which two bones
meet. They can either be immovable (skull),
slightly moveable (vertebrae), or freely
moveable (knee).
• A joint is the place at which two bones meet.
They can either be immovable (skull), slightly
moveable (vertebrae), or freely moveable
(knee).
Immoveable joints – (sutures)
Slightly moveable – (vertebrae)
Freely moveable - (knee)
• _____________ - connect bone to bone
• ____________ - connect bone to muscle
Ligaments – connect bone to bone
Tendons – connect bone to muscle
http://srs.dl.ac.uk/OTHER/OW/MUSCLE/page2.html
Muscular System
•
There are three kinds of muscles:
• ____________ - Appears striated,
voluntary movement
• ____________ - Walls of internal organs such as the stomach and blood
vessels, involuntary movement
• ____________ - Only in the heart, appears striated, involuntary
There are three kinds of muscles:
• Skeletal - Appears striated,
voluntary movement
• ____________ Walls of internal organs such as the stomach and blood vessels,
involuntary movement
• ____________ Only in the heart, appears striated, involuntary
There are three kinds of muscles:
• Skeletal - Appears striated,
voluntary movement
• Smooth - Walls of internal organs such as the stomach and blood vessels,
involuntary movement
• ____________ Only in the heart, appears striated, involuntary
There are three kinds of muscles:
• Skeletal - Appears striated,
voluntary movement
• Smooth - Walls of internal organs such as the stomach and blood vessels,
involuntary movement
• Cardiac - Only in the heart, appears striated, involuntary
• The skeleton provides a framework against which the
muscles can pull. One end of the muscle, the _______, is
attached to a bone that remains stationary during the
contraction. The other end of the muscle, the
_____________, is attached to a bone that moves during
the contraction.
• The skeleton provides a framework against which the
muscles can pull. One end of the muscle, the origin is
attached to a bone that remains stationary during the
contraction. The other end of the muscle, the
_____________, is attached to a bone that moves during
the contraction.
• The skeleton provides a framework against which the
muscles can pull. One end of the muscle, the origin is
attached to a bone that remains stationary during the
contraction. The other end of the muscle, the
insertion, is attached to a bone that moves during the
contraction.
• _____________ cause the limbs to bend at a joint
_____________ cause the limbs to straighten
Flexors cause the limbs to bend at a joint
•
Extensors cause the limbs to straighten
• Within each muscle are bundles of smaller muscle fibers
called myofibrils. Those myofibrils contain many protein
filaments called ________ and __________.
• Actin and myosin filaments are arranged into sacromeres,
which are the functional unit of contractions.
• Within each muscle are bundles of smaller muscle fibers
called myofibrils. Those myofibrils contain many protein
filaments called actin and myosin
• Actin and myosin filaments are arranged into sacromeres,
which are the functional unit of contractions.
• When a muscle fiber contracts,
adjacent myosin and actin filaments
slide along one another so that they
overlap a great deal and shorten each
sarcomere. This explanation of
muscle contraction is called the
_____________________ theory.
• When a muscle fiber contracts, adjacent
myosin and actin filaments slide along one
another so that they overlap a great deal
and shorten each sarcomere. This
explanation of muscle contraction is called
the Sliding filament theory.
The Skin
(The Integumentary System)
• Skin protects The
the Skin
body from injury,
provides defense against disease,
helps regulate temperature, and
prevents the body from drying out.
The skin is composed of three layers:
The
Skin
• __________-outermost layer of skin; these skin cells are
dead and are continually being replaced
• __________-middle layer; has many nerve ending, blood
vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands
• __________ __________-inner layer; stores fat, provides
insulation
The skin is composed of three layers:
The
Skin
• Epidermis-outermost layer of skin; these skin cells are
dead and are continually being replaced
• __________-middle layer; has many nerve ending, blood
vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands
• __________ __________-inner layer; stores fat, provides
insulation
The skin is composed of three layers:
The
Skin
• Epidermis-outermost layer of skin; these skin cells are
dead and are continually being replaced
• Dermis-middle layer; has many nerve ending, blood
vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands
• __________ __________-inner layer; stores fat, provides
insulation
The skin is composed of three layers:
The
Skin
• Epidermis-outermost layer of skin; these skin cells are
dead and are continually being replaced
• Dermis-middle layer; has many nerve ending, blood
vesse bfhls, hair follicles and sweat glands
• Subcutaneous tissue-inner layer; stores fat, provides
insulation
Some skin disorders:
Carcinoma
A basal cell carcinoma is a form of skin cancer.
Some skin disorders:
Acne
For reasons no one completely understands,
follicles, often called pores, sometimes get
blocked. Sebum (oil) which normally drains to
the surface gets blocked and bacteria begins to
grow.
Some skin disorders:
malignant melanoma
Malignant melanoma is a cancer which usually starts in
the skin, either in a mole or in normal-looking skin.
Although the number of people who develop melanoma
is rising, it is still an uncommon type of cancer.
Some skin disorders:
Psoriasis
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated, genetic disease manifesting in the
skin and/or the joints. It is a non-contagious and life-long skin disease
that has different forms. Some people may have a spot or two, while
others may have extensive coverage on their body.
Immune System
Immune System
The skin and
mucous
membranes provide
the first line of
defense.
Immune System
The second line of
defense is provided
by several different
patrolling cells:
__________ kill bacteria
one at a time by ingesting
them
Macrophages kill
bacteria one at a time by
ingesting them
__________ release
chemicals that kill nearby
bacteria (and themselves)
Neutrophils release
chemicals that kill nearby
bacteria (and themselves)
The inflammatory response
– expansion of blood vessels at
site of injury (causing swelling
and redness); Migration of
macrophages and neutrophils
The temperature response –
fevers inhibit bacterial growth
Immune System
The third line of
defense is the
IMMUNE SYSTEM!!!!
Macrophages
– initiate the
immune
defense by
sending an
alarm signal
Helper T cells – activate
killer T cells and B cells
Killer T cells – attack and kill
infected body cell
B cells – use antibodies to label
invaders for destruction by
macrophages and killer T cell;
some become _________cells
B cells – use antibodies to label
invaders for destruction by
macrophages and killer T cell;
some become memory cells
Autoimmune diseases:
In autoimmune
diseases, the body cannot
distinguish normal body
cells from foreign invaders,
and the body attacks its
own cells
Prominent autoimmune diseases afflicting 22
million people in the US,
costing more than $100 billion annually to
Anemia
treat Chronic Fatigue Immune
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Crohn's Disease
Graves' Disease (1.5M)
Fibrosis
Dysfunction Syndrome
SCLERODERMA (300K)
SARCOIDOSIS (25K)
PSORIASIS (5M)
GUILLAIN-BARRÈ (1/100,000)
Ulcerative Colitis
Raynaud's Phenomenon (1-10% general
pop, 25% young women)
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (200K - 350K)
LUPUS (500K)
INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES (1 M)
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (2M)
Allergies are caused by
an immune response to a
harmless substance.
HIV attacks and cripples
the immune system by
destroying the white blood
cells.
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
The
endocrine
organs
secrete
_______
Into the
blood stream
Endocrine System
The
endocrine
organs
secrete
hormones
into the
blood stream
Endocrine System
Pineal Gland
secretes the
hormone:
Melatonincircadian
rhythms
Endocrine System
Pituitary
Gland secretes
the hormones:
•Vasopressinwater reabsorption
•Oxytocin-uterine
contractions during
labor
Endocrine System
Pituitary
Gland secretes
the hormones:
•Growth
hormone-bone and
muscle growth
•Prolactin-milk
production
Endocrine System
Thyroid
secretes the
hormones:
•Thyroid
hormones (T4 &
T3)-metabolic
activity
•Calcitonindecreases blood
calcium level
Endocrine System
Parathyroid
secretes the
hormone:
•Parathyroid
hormoneincreases blood
calcium
Endocrine System
Adrenalsecretes the
hormone:
•Epinephrineincreases heart
rate
Endocrine System
Pancreassecretes the
hormones:
•Insulin-lowers
blood glucose
•Glucagonincreases blood
glucose
Endocrine System
Ovary- secretes
the hormones:
•Estrogenfemale
characteristics
•Progesteronemaintenance of
endometrium
Endocrine System
Testis- secretes
the hormone:
•Testosterone
-male
characteristics
Reproductive System
Males: The male gonads, called the
__________, contain two components: the
seminiferous tubules and the interstitial
cells.
Males: The male gonads, called the testes,
contain two components: the seminiferous
tubules and the interstitial cells.
Sperm are produced in the
seminiferous tubules, while the
interstitial cells secrete testosterone
and other hormones.
The testes are located in an external
pouch called the scrotum, which
maintains a temperature 2-4oC lower
than the body temperature, a condition
essential for sperm survival.
Scrotum
Sperm pass from the seminiferous
tubule…
Sperm pass from the seminiferous
tubule into the epididymis…
Sperm pass from the seminiferous
tubule into the epididymis then the
vas deferens…
Sperm pass from the seminiferous
tubule into the epididymis then the
vas deferens and then to the
urethra…
Sperm pass from the seminiferous
tubule into the epididymis then the
vas deferens and then to the
urethra and out through the penis.
Puberty is between 13-15 years old.
Females: The female gonads, called the
_______, produces eggs and secrete the
hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Females: The female gonads, called the
ovaries, produces eggs and secrete the
hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Once a month, an immature egg is released
from the ovary into the abdominal cavity and
drawn into the fallopian tube.
The egg then travels to the __________ , which
is the site of fetal development.
The egg then travels to the uterus , which is
the site of fetal development.
The lower end of the uterus is called the
cervix, which is connected to the vagina.
Puberty is complete by age 13.
cervix
During ovulation, the wall of the uterus thickens to
prepare for pregnancy. If the egg is not fertilized by a
sperm, then this thickened layer is shed and blood vessels
are broken, which is called menstruation.
Human
Development
The fusion of a sperm and
egg is called a __________.
The fusion of a sperm and
egg is called a zygote.
After fertilization the zygote
rapidly divides into more
cells and continues to travel
down the fallopian tube.
Around the sixth day after
fertilization, the embryo implants
in the tissue of the uterus.
The growing fetus receives
oxygen and nutrients directly
from its mother through the
__________ and umbilical cord.
The growing fetus receives
oxygen and nutrients directly
from its mother through the
placenta and umbilical cord.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system transports
nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide
and hormones.
It also distributes heat and maintains
body temperature.
The circulatory system is composed of
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,
blood and the heart.
Blood leaves the heart through
__________, which branch into many
smaller arterioles, and then to capillaries.
Blood leaves the heart through arteries,
which branch into many smaller
arterioles, and then to capillaries.
In the capillaries, food and oxygen are
transferred from the blood to the body
cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes are
picked up and carried away.
Blood returns to the heart through
venules and veins.
The cardiovascular system is VERY leaky.
Fluids are forced out of the thin walls of the
capillaries by pressure. This fluid is
picked up by the lymphatic tissues and
returned to veins.
Components of blood:
The __________ contains water,
metabolite (like glucose and vitamins),
wastes, ions (sodium, chloride, etc) and
proteins.
Components of blood:
The plasma contains water, metabolite
(like glucose and vitamins), wastes, ions
(sodium, chloride, etc) and proteins.
Components of blood:
The cellular portion of the blood is made
up of three different types of cells.
__________ blood cells
(erythrocytes)- shaped like a
float disk, carry oxygen,
replaced frequently.
Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)- shaped like a
float disk, carry oxygen,
replaced frequently.
Anemia is caused
by a decrease in
the number of red
blood cells.
________ blood cells
(leukocytes)- used in the
immune system for defense.
WHITE blood cells
(leukocytes)- used in the
immune system for defense.
Leukemia is caused by an
overproduction of white
blood cells.
__________ - play a key role
in blood clotting.
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets (blue)- play a key
role in blood clotting.
Red blood cell
White blood cell
The heart is divided into
___________ chambersleft atrium, right atrium, left
ventricle, right ventricle.
The heart is divided into four
chambersleft atrium, right atrium, left
ventricle, right ventricle.
A small cluster of cells in the right
atrium,called the sinoatrial node
(SA node), initiate contraction of
the heart.
The SA node acts as the
___________ of the heart,
spontaneously starting contractions
with a regular rhythm.
The SA node acts as the
pacemaker of the heart,
spontaneously starting contractions
with a regular rhythm.
After initiation, the wave of contraction
spreads across both atria, is delayed for an
instant, and then spreads to the ventricles
by the atrioventricular node (AV node)
and Bundle of His.
Pump your Blood
song ♫
From Happy Days
Sang by the
character Potsie
Webber
http://www.sitcomso
nline.com/happydays.
html
♫
♪Pump, pump, pumps your blood
♫The right atrium’s where the process
begins, where the CO2 blood enters the
heart.
♫ Through the tricuspid valve, to the
right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and
lungs.
♫ Once inside the lungs, it dumps its
carbon dioxide and picks up its oxygen
supply.
♫ Then it’s back to the heart through the
pulmonary vein, through the atrium and
left ventricle.
♪ Pump, pump, pumps your blood
♪Pump, pump, pumps your blood
♫ The aortic valve’s, where the Blood
leaves the heart, then it's channeled to
the rest of the bod
♫ The arteries, arterioles, and capillaries
too bring the oxygenated blood to the
cells
♫ The tissues and the cells trade off
waste and CO2, which is carried through
the venules and the veins
♫ Through the larger vena cava to the
atrium and lungs, and we're back to
where we started in the heart
♪ Pump, pump, pumps your Blood
Blood flows through the heart
in the following order:
vena cava-right atriumtricuspid valve-right ventriclepulmonary valve-pulmonary
artery-lungs-pulmonary veinsleft atrium-bicuspid valve-left
ventricle-aortic valve-aortabody
•Blood pressure is a measure of
cardiovascular function.
•During the fist part of the
heartbeat, the atria are relaxed and
filling with blood.
This is called the
__________ pressure.
•Blood pressure is a measure of
cardiovascular function.
•During the fist part of the
heartbeat, the atria are relaxed and
filling with blood.
This is called the
diastolic pressure.
•The second part of the heartbeat is
when the ventricles contract,
pushing blood out into the body.
This is called the
__________ pressure.
•The second part of the heartbeat is
when the ventricles contract,
pushing blood out into the body.
This is called the
systolic pressure.
Another way to monitor the
heart is through measuring the
tiny electrical impulses
produced by the heart when it
contracts.
A recording of this
is called an
__________.
Another way to monitor the
heart is through measuring the
tiny electrical impulses
produced by the heart when it
contracts.
A recording of this
is called an
electrocardiogram.
Hypertension is high blood pressure and can lead
to heart damage, stroke, or kidney
failure.
Atherosclerosis is a buildup of
fatty deposits on the inner walls
of arteries.
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Provides your
body with a
constant
supply of oxygen
__________
•filters particles,
moistens and
warms the air
Nose
•filters particles,
moistens and
warms the air
__________
Upper throat
(common tract
for both food
and air)
Pharynx
Upper throat
(common tract
for both food
and air)
__________
Long tube that
carries air to the
lungs. (A flap called
the epiglottis cover
the trachea when
you swallow so that
food and liquids do
not go into your
lungs)
Trachea
Long tube that
carries air to the
lungs. (A flap called
the epiglottis cover
the trachea when
you swallow so that
food and liquids do
not go into your
lungs)
__________
Two branchesone goes to the
left lung, one
goes to the right
lung
Bronchi
Two branchesone goes to the
left lung, one
goes to the right
lung
__________
Millions of tiny
sacs where
exchange of
oxygen and
carbon dioxide
occurs
Alveoli
Millions of tiny
sacs where
exchange of
oxygen and
carbon dioxide
occurs
Breathing is the result of
pressure changes that occur
inside the thoracic cavity.
During inhalation, the
__________ contracts and
moves downward and the rib
cage moves upward and
outward.
During inhalation, the
diaphragm contracts and
moves downward and the rib
cage moves upward and
outward.
The air pressure
inside the lungs
decreases,
causing air to
rush in.
During exhalation, the
diaphragm and ribs return to their
original position and this
compression forces air out of the
lungs.
As blood flows through the
lungs, oxygen is picked up
by red blood cells, which
contain hemoglobin.
Every breath is initiated by the
respiratory control center in
the brain, which sends signals
to the diaphragm to contract.
Asthma is a
disease in
which the
bronchioles
constrict,
making it
hard to
breathe.
Emphysema is
caused by
cigarette
smoking,
which
damages the
alveoli.
Lung cancer is
caused by
abnormal cell
growth often
due to
cigarette
smoking.
Digestive System
Digestion is
the process
of breaking
down food
into smaller
molecules
that can be
absorbed by
the body.
Mouth:
Saliva moisten
and lubricates the
food
Saliva contains
the enzyme
__________ ,
which begins
breakdown of
carbohydrates
Mouth:
Saliva moisten
and lubricates the
food
Saliva contains
the enzyme
amylase ,
which begins
breakdown of
carbohydrates
Esophagus:
Tube that connects
the mouth to the
stomach
__________
contractions push
the food down
A sphincter
separates esophagus
& stomach,
preventing acid
reflux
Esophagus:
Tube that connects
the mouth to the
stomach
Peristaltic
contractions push
the food down
A sphincter
separates esophagus
& stomach,
preventing acid
reflux
Stomach:
The stomach
secretes
hydrochloric
acid, which
breaks down
proteins
The mixture of
food and gastric
juice is churned
and becomes
__________
Stomach:
The stomach
secretes
hydrochloric
acid, which
breaks down
proteins
The mixture of
food and gastric
juice is churned
and becomes
chyme
Small Intestine:
The small intestine
is wound upunwound it would be
20 feet long!
The SI is lined
with fingerlike
projections called
__________ that
increase the surface
area and allow for
faster absorption of
food and water.
Small Intestine:
The small intestine
is wound upunwound it would be
20 feet long!
The SI is lined
with fingerlike
projections called
microvilli that
increase the surface
area and allow for
faster absorption of
food and water.
Small Intestine:
Most digestive
enzymes are made in
the pancreas and
secreted into the SI
The liver makes
bile which is secreted
into the SI and helps
fat digestion.
The complete
digestion of
carbohydrates, fats
and proteins occurs in
the SI
Small Intestine:
Nutrients that are
absorbed from the
small intestine are
sent to the liver,
which modifies the
nutrients, and
detoxifies alcohol
Large Intestine:
No digestion – just
some absorption of
___________ and
vitamins
Wastes are
compacted and sent
to the rectum and
then out through
the anus
Large Intestine:
No digestion – just
some absorption of
water and vitamins
Wastes are
compacted and sent
to the rectum and
then out through
the anus
Excretory System
Humans
eliminate wastes
in a process
called excretion.
Excretion rids the
body of nitrogen
wastes like
ammonia,
excessive water,
salts, etc.
Kidneys:
 Two small
bean-shaped
organs
located in the
lower back
Kidneys:
 Three
main sections
of the kidney:
cortex (outer
layer),
medulla
(inner layer),
renal pelvis
Kidneys:
 The kidneys
form urine and
regulate the
amount of
water and salt
in the blood.
 Kidney
failure is life
threatening.
Kidneys:
 Urine
produced by the
kidneys passes
through the
ureters and into
the urinary
bladder.
 Urine leaves
the bladder and
exits the
__________
Kidneys:
 Urine
produced by the
kidneys passes
through the
ureters and into
the urinary
bladder.
 Urine leaves
the bladder and
exits the
Urethra
The Nervous System
Nerve cells can quickly transmit
messages to the body. A nerve cell,
or _____________, consists of three
basic parts: the cell body, the
dendrites, and the axon. Dendrites
receive information and send it to the
cell body. Then the information
travels along a single axon to other
cells.
Nerve cells can quickly transmit messages to
the body. A nerve cell, or neuron consists of
three basic parts: the cell body, the dendrites,
and the axon. Dendrites receive information
and send it to the cell body. Then the
information travels along a single axon to
other cells.
Impulses, known as action potentials, are passed from one
nerve to the next.
Many nerves are covered by a
myelin sheath, which speeds
the nerve impulse by allowing
________________
conduction. In multiple
sclerosis, the myelin sheath is
destroyed, interfering with nerve
transmission.
Many nerves are covered by a myelin
sheath, which speeds the nerve impulse
by allowing saltatory conduction. In
multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath is
destroyed, interfering with nerve
transmission.
The _________ Nervous System-
The Brain & spinal cord
The central Nervous
System-The Brain & spinal
cord
Brain Stem (Medulla) –heart rate,
respiration, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing
and digestion.
Cerebellum – responsible for
coordinated movement, balance,
posture and muscle tone
Hypothalamus –
body temperature,
appetite, water balance, thirst and blood
pressure
Thalamus
relays information between
spinal cord and cerebellum.
–
Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex)
intellect, memory, language,
personality and motor function.
–
The brain can be divided into four major lobes:
occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal.
The __________ Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System –sensory nerves
and
motor nerves
Sensory nerves – gather information about your
environment and body conditions and deliver it to the central
nervous system.
Motor Nerves – transmit information from the central
nervous system to muscles and glands
Somatic – voluntary muscles
(skeletal muscles)
Autonomic involuntary muscles (cardiac & smooth muscles)
–
__________ dominant during times of stress; “fight or flight” – increases blood pressure,
heart rate, breathing rate; decreases digestion
Sympathetic dominant during times of stress; “fight or flight” – increases blood pressure,
heart rate, breathing rate; decreases digestion
__________ – more relaxed state; conserves energy – decreases heartbeat and
breathing; increases digestion
Parasympathetic – more relaxed state; conserves energy – decreases heartbeat
and breathing; increases digestion
Special
Senses
Ear = hearing and equilibrium
• Sound waves enter the ear canal and hit the eardrum,
causing it to vibrate.
• Behind the eardrum are three small bones called
ossicles which transmit the vibration to the cochlea.
• The cochlea is a fluid-filled chamber with hair cells,
which bend and send nerve signals to the brain.
Eyes
Eyes
Sclera –
tough outer
layer (white
of the eye)
Cornea –
bends and
focuses light
rays
Pupil –
where light
enters the
eye
Eyes
Iris – controls
the amount of
light entering
the eye (colored
part of eye)
Lens – focuses
light on the rear
of the eye
Retina – light
sensing portion;
generates nerve
impulses; rods
and cones
Taste – Taste buds are connected
to nerves that send information to
the brain.
There are
four basic
taste
sensations:
salty, sour,
sweet,
bitter
Smell – olfactory receptors line the
nose
Skin – senses touch, temperature,
pain, etc.
The End