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Chapter 14: Exploration and Expansion
European explorers mainly set sail for___________. Demands for goods from Asia were
growing. Chief Source of ___________was from the___________, an Island chain in present
day___________. Arab and ___________merchants controlled most trade between Asia and
Europe. Other reason for exploration included the desire for ___________and ___________as
well as being able to spread their___________. Europeans outside Italy wanted their own
___________access to Asia’s ___________goods.
Explorers were able to make these long voyages because of technology. A ___________allowed
you to know which direction was___________. ___________allowed you to plot your position
based on the position of the ___________and ___________in relation to the horizon.
In___________, ___________Henry encouraged sea exploration. ___________was the first
country to launch large scale voyages of exploration. He believed Africa was a source of riches,
Muslims controlled. ___________was responsible for sending explorers on expeditions. His
ultimate goal was to find a water route around ___________to Asia. In 1488,
___________would become the first European to attempt to sail around the southern tip of
Africa. He turned around because of___________.
___________was the first person to sail around the tip of Africa to India from 1497-1499. It
would take him___________. ___________claimed___________.
In 1492, Spanish rulers King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to pay for a voyage by Italian
sailor___________. He would reach America within two months. He would make three more
voyages to the Americas, always thinking that he had reached___________. The rulers of Spain
appealed to the Spanish-born ___________to support their authority, to claim the lands of this
“new world.” The pope set the___________, which divided the new land into two
___________and ___________zones- one for___________ and one for___________. The two
nations agreed to these terms in the___________. ___________sailed along the coast of
___________in 1502, and decided that he had reached a new land. It was named ___________in
his honor. ___________led an expedition across the___________, becoming the first European
to see the___________.
___________, sailing for___________, decided to sail west to find a passage to the
___________Ocean in 1519 with five ships and 250 men. They were at sea for months and
Magellan would be killed at the___________. In 1522, ___________years later 18 of his men
were able to reach Spain. They were the first to ___________the world.
___________established footholds on the coast of West Africa, building ___________and
___________posts. They also attacked and built trading posts in East Africa, such as
___________and Malindi, which were hubs of international trade. They took over
the___________’ thriving trade network
Slavery had existed in Africa since ancient times. Europeans viewed ___________as important
source of African trade. By 1500’s slave trade had grown into a huge and ___________business
to fill cheap labor. Need for ___________on large ___________in Americas. The slave trade
had major effects on African states.
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The Portuguese gained a strong foothold in Southern___________, by promising
___________protection against other European powers. The Portuguese built a trading empire
through ___________and ___________outposts. For most of the 1500’s, they controlled the
___________trade between Europe and Asia.
The ___________challenged Portugal’s domination of Asian trade in 1599. Dutch
___________and ___________vessels made the Netherlands a leader in European commerce. In
1602, a group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed the ___________which had full sovereign
powers. With its power to build armies, wage___________, negotiate peace___________, and
govern overseas territory, the Dutch East India Company dominated Southeast Asia. Spain took
over the___________, which became a key link in Spain’s colonial empire.
___________was the center of spice trade. The ___________Empire was larger, richer, and
more powerful than any kingdom in Europe. When Europeans sought trading rights, Mughal
emperors saw no threat in ___________them. The Portuguese- later the___________, British
and ___________- were permitted to build forts and warehouses. Over time, Mughal power
weakened and Dutch, English and French would all establish their own Companies to deal in tea.
British formed the British East India Tea Company. Each nation’s trading company organized its
own army of___________, or Indian troops.
When Portuguese traders reached China in 1514, they wanted Chinese
___________and___________. European textiles and metalwork were ___________to Chinese
products. The Chinese demanded payment in ___________or___________. The ___________
rulers allowed Portuguese and other European trading post. The brilliant Jesuit priest Matteo
Ricci made a strong impression on the Chinese, who welcomed learning more about
the___________.
In 1644, Ming Dynasty disappeared and the ___________ Dynasty took over. The Chinese
economy expanded, international trade grew, as did the demand for Chinese goods all around the
world. Like China, ___________ restricted trade with outside world. Korea choose___________.
Korea became known as the “___________ Kingdom.”
The Japanese first welcomed ___________. Traders arrived in Japan during ___________ time,
when warrior lords were struggling for power. The Tokugawa shoguns worried that Japanese
Christians gave their loyalty to the ___________ and not Japanese leaders, so ___________
expelled foreign missionaries and European ___________. ___________ remained isolated for
200 years.
Chapter 15: Conquest in Americas
In 1497, English explorer ___________reached ___________. Sir Francis Drake was the second
man to circumnavigate the globe. He reached ___________ and sailed north to try to find a route
back to the Atlantic.
Jacques Cartier left France in 1534 and sailed past Newfoundland into the ___________. Henry
___________ set sail in 1609 to find a Northwest Passage but instead found the Hudson River
and the ___________. ___________had actually found the Hudson River first.
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The first areas to be settled by the Spanish were ___________ islands. The Spanish started a
___________ system. This system required the natives to work for a colonist. The colonist was
supposed to then teach the native ___________. The Spanish also brought diseases like
___________, measles, and___________. This wiped out village after village of Native
Americans. Millions of the natives would die from disease.
___________would lead an expedition into Mexico which ended in conquest of the
___________. He was a ___________. His men were able to defeat the Aztecs with the help of
other tribes. The Spanish also had the advantage in weapons. They used ___________and guns
to defeat the Aztecs.
Around 1530, conquistador ___________led an expedition to ___________. Pizarro wanted the
Inca’s wealth for himself. They arrived in 1532, and the Inca’s were weakened because of
___________. They would be easily defeated by the Spanish.
Spain’s impact on the Americas was immense. Spain took fortunes of ___________ and
___________, making Spain the greatest power in Europe. They opened sea routes that opened
exchange between two hemispheres. They also brought ___________ that devastated the Native
Americans. Many Natives converted to___________.
Bartholome de Las Casas spoke out of the treatment of Native Americans. Spread Catholicism
with natives. ___________ disappeared but not because of de la Casa, but because of overwork,
malnutrition and disease. Diseases devastated Natives. Chicken pox, measles, small pox, and
typhus allowed the Spanish to easily conquer the natives. Native populations declined by 90% in
some region. To replace Native labor they turned to Africa. 1st slaves in West Indies during
1500’s. By 1540- 10,000 enslaved Africans were working on Sugar plantation’s.
Pensinsulares
(Spanish Social Structure)
Wealthy/ Government Officials= ___________= Spanish born in colonies
Artisans= ___________= men and women born of European and Indian
parents
Farmers/ Laborers= American Indians, Africans and Zambos (Indian/
African mix)
___________ was located in what is now Canada. The French searched for gold but instead
made a fortune in ___________. The French did not try to enslave the Indians, instead keeping
them for allies. Harsh winters discouraged settlers from farming and many turned to fishing and
trapping. ___________ founded the city of Quebec in 1608. ___________sailed down the
___________to the Gulf of Mexico in 1692.
The Dutch established a colony called ___________in the Hudson River valley. In 1626, New
Netherland bought the island of ___________ from Indians and founded the city of New
Amsterdam, which would later become ___________.
The first permanent English settlement in America was ___________ in 1607. 80 percent of the
settlers died in the first year. In 1620, another group of people, ___________, set sail and
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reached ___________, ___________. They were English Protestants who rejected the
___________. In 1600’s and 1700’s England developed 13 colonies. Some were commercial
ventures and others were havens for religious groups. Some were primarily agricultural. English
monarchs exercised control through royal governors. English colonist enjoyed a greater degree
of self-government than did French and Spanish colonists. 1700’s, England and France emerged
as powerful rivals. In 1754, the ___________War broke out. British would prevail with the
capture of Quebec. The 1763 ___________ended the world wide conflict.
Overtime, colonists and Indians would trade with each other. This would become known as the
___________. New foods and animals would be introduced to both people. These foods would
help Europeans live longer and ___________.
Europeans would bring with them ___________ to America. Indians had no resistance to
diseases such as ___________, measles, influenza, and ___________. The North American
population would decrease from ___________in 1492 to ___________by 1900.
During the 1500s, Europeans would develop a new type of economic policy called
___________. This is that a nation’s strength depended on its ___________. A country could
build its wealth in two ways: it could extract gold and silver from mines or sell more goods than
it ___________ (balance of trade).
During the 1500s and 1600s ___________was created. This is when most economic activity is
carried on by ___________ individuals in order to seek a ___________. Because of
i___________, investors became increasingly willing to invest in overseas interests. Investors
would pool their resources into a ___________. Investors would buy shares of stock in a
company.
Colonists first used Indians to work on plantations, but they kept dying. They then looked to
___________. The ___________consisted of ships carrying European goods to Africa in
exchange for slaves. The second part of the journey or ___________, brought ___________ to
the Americas to be sold as ___________. The third leg carried American products to Europe.
The journey to America usually lasted three to six weeks. Between ___________ and
___________of Africans did not survive the voyage. The conditions on the ships were horrible.
Most enslaved Africans worked on ___________. Living conditions were harsh. Slaves would
inflict physical and degrading punishment for ___________. Slaves were considered
___________ with no basic human rights. Slave would revolt in many ways. Some turned to
___________ while others would sabotage equipment on their farms.
The Atlantic Slave trade would last for about 400 years. Between ___________ and
___________Africans were shipped to the Americas.
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