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REVIEWER’S REPORT
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General Comments
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Generally, while the study offers some fairly good information about types of
farmed shrimp diseases in some ‘shrimp growing provinces’ in India, it does very
little to help the reader conceptualize the spread of the diseases and the enormity of
the problem.
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The abstract is dry and tells nothing about where, when and how study was
conducted.
If, on the other hand, the report was intended to only catalogue the diseases of
farmed White Leg Shrimp in India, then the reader ought to, at least, be given the
benefit of the etiology of the diseases.
There is virtually no methodology. The method of study must be clearly spelt out
and for such a study, a description of the study area including maps is appropriate.
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The pictorial representation of the shrimp diseases may be generally acceptable but
it must be used to illustrate a thorough description. Most of the pictures are,
nonetheless, unsatisfactory.
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The discussion is generally acceptable.
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There is no conclusion. The two sentences made almost as part of the discussion
cannot pass for conclusion.
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English language has not been succinctly applied in this article and the author is
urged to take note of this during the revision. Colloquial English is not permitted
in scientific writing. Also, such phrases or terms as ‘in a nutshell’ must be avoided
at all cost.
I have attempted to put in some corrections on the main manuscript to serve as a
guide for future revision of the article.
The article, as it stands presently, adds very little or no knowledge to science and
therefore cannot pass for publication in a reputable scientific journal.
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Diseases of White Leg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Culture in India
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*Gunalan B and Soundarapandian P
CAS in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai,
Tamilnadu, India
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*Corresponding Author : B.Gunalan, Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of
Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India, Tel: (Off):
04144- 243223 and Fax number 04144- 243553, e-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract
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The knowledge about disease is very much essential to keep the animal in disease free
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environment. In the present study eight diseases were reported in the culture ponds of L.
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vannamei including Black gill disease – Andrapradesh, IHHNV-Andrapradesh and Orissa,
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WMD -Tamilnadu and Andrapradesh, WSSV -Andrapradesh. White gut disease - Tamilnadu and
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Andrapradesh, Muscle cramp disease- Tamilnadu and Andrapradesh. The symptoms of each
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disease and their possible cure were also described in details. The outbreak of disease in shrimp
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culture definitely affects profit, from a farmer’s point of view, and deterioration of flesh quality,
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from a consumer’s view point . Many diseases are already reported in P. monodon in India,
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however, no such diseases are reported for L. vannamei a. So study on diseases is very important
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to create awareness among farmers to prevent the diseases. In a nutshell, farmers should stock
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healthy disease free seeds, at optimum stocking densities, maintain good water quality and
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provide nutritious feed for higher survival and growth.
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Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei; Black gill disease; White gut disease; IHHNV; Muscle
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cramp syndrome; White leg shrimp disease; Shrimp culture
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Introduction
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Shrimp farming is a multi-billion dollar industry contributing a major income to several
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countries in Asia and South America. The rapid growth of shrimp farming led to an economic
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boom but, unfortunately, the outbreak of viral diseases has increased the economic risks and
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slowed the industry’s development (Flegel, 2006). The most important diseases of cultured
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penaeid shrimp, in terms of economic impact, in Asia, the Indo-Pacific, and the Americas have
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infectious etiologies. Among the infectious diseases of cultured shrimp, certain virus-caused
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diseases stand out as the most significant. The pandemics due to the penaeid viruses WSSV
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(White spot Syndrome Virus) and TSV (Taura Syndrome Virus), and to a lesser extent IHHNV
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(Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus) and YHV (Yellow Head Virus),
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have cost the penaeid shrimp industry billions of dollars in lost crops, jobs and export revenue.
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The social and economic impacts of the pandemics caused by these pathogens have been
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profound in countries in which shrimp farming constitutes a significant industry. In the present
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study some of the common diseases in L. vannamei were recorded all along the state of
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Andrapradesh, Orissa and Tamilnadu and described in detail.
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Material and methods
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During the study period diseased L. vannamei were collected from different shrimp
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farms located in the state of Andrapradesh, Orissa and Tamilnadu. Whole shrimps were
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immediately immersed in 95% ethanol in plastic containers. Samples were maintained at 40C
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until processing.
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Results and Discussion
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Black gill disease
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In the present study black gill disease was observed at shrimp farms in Andrapradesh.
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The black gills disease is very common in penaeid shrimps. It often occurs when there is too
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much plankton in the water or too much mud on the pond bottom. It is especially a problem in
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ponds with high population density (over 60 shrimp/m2), insufficient aeration or when the water
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is not changed frequently enough or irregular probiotic application. Before the shrimp appear
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diseased or start to die its gills turn black.
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Fig.1 Black gill disease
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Black gill disease is reasonably easy to cure. If farmer noticed dark-colored gills in some
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shrimp it is suggested to change the water more often and also provide more aerators. This will
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usually solve the problem quickly. Addition of lime according to the pH concentration is also
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recommended. Similar disease was already reported by Lightner and Redman, (1998),
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MPEDA/NACA (2003), Doughtie and Rao (1983) and Johnson (1995) (Fig 1& 2).
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Fig.2 Black gill disease observed during sampling
IHHNV (Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus)
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In the present study, IHHNV (Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus)
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disease was observed at shrimp farms in Andrapradesh and Orissa. IHHNV is very common in
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grow out ponds, especially when the postlarvae brought from broodstock that were raised in
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earthen ponds in Thailand. The white leg shrimps with IHHNV are easy to observe because they
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display a typical clinical signs of a deformed or stunted rostrum (Fig. 3). It might be bent to one
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side and the body of the shrimp might be crooked. These clinical signs will be apparent after the
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shrimp have been kept in grow out pond for 30 days.
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Fig.3 IHHNV (Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus) affected shrimps
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In general the deformed shrimp will be seen in only 10-20% of the shrimp population, but
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if it is very severe, 70-80% will be affected. The diseased shrimp will grow slowly and will have
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a low survival rate, so the overall yield will be lower. However, the diseased shrimp will not
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usually die, they will just be weakened. The occurrence of IHHNV is likely to rise in the future
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as more farmers use post larvae produced from brood stock from local shrimp farms than
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imported ones. Outbreaks of IHHNV can occur at any time of the year. The main risk factor is
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the source of the shrimp larvae. It is very unlikely that larvae produced from specific pathogen-
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free parents will get IHHNV.
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The virus which causes infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis infects many
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species of shrimps including P. monodon, P. japonicus, P. stylirostris, P. vannamei,
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P.semisulcatus, P. occidentalis and P. californiensis. IHHN has reported in central and South
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America, India, Indonesia, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Hawaii, Guam,
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French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Israel ( Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2001). The disease IHHN,
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and later its causative agent, IHHNV, was first described as the cause of acute epizootics and
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mass mortalities (> 90%) in juvenile and subadult of L. stylirostris farmed in super-intensive
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raceway systems in Hawaii (Brock et al. 1983; Lightner, 1983, 1988; Lightner et al. 1983,
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1983a; Brock and Lightner, 1990). Shortly after its discovery in L. stylirostris, the virus was
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found in L. vannamei being cultured at the same facility in Hawaii and these L. vannamei were
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shown to be asymptomatic carriers of the virus (Lightner et al, 1983a; Bell and Lightner, 1984).
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Hence, the economic and production impacts of IHHNV infection in L. vannamei are due to
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reduced and irregular growth and small sized shrimp at harvest and not elevated mortality. To
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mitigate this effect, several strategies have been used. With one strategy, selected lines of L.
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stylirostris, which were not only resistant to IHHN disease, but are also refractory to infection,
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were developed (Dhar et al., 2001). IHHNV-free lines of L. vannamei were also developed as
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SPF (specific pathogen-free) lines and these stocks were the first developed in the SPF stock
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development program (Pruder et al., 1995).
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White muscle disease
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In the present study WMD (White muscle disease) was observed at shrimp farms in
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Tamilnadu and Andrapradesh. The epizootic of WMD was first recorded in November 2001 in
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few hatchery reared PL of M. rosenbergii in Andrapradesh and Tamilnadu states. More than 18
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cases of WMD in freshwater prawn hatcheries with PL mortalities ranging from 30% to 100%
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were recorded from November 2001 to December 2002. The first sign related to this disease was
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the poor feeding (mineral deficiency in water, poor quality feed) and lethargy of the prawns
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especially during the first 5 days of PL settlement resulting in slow mortality (Fig. 4 &5 )
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Fig.4 White muscle disease in bigger size L. vannamei
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As the morphological and clinical signs of the disease reported by Chen et al. (2001)
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were similar to the WMD recorded in this study. It is likely that the involvement of
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Fig.5 White muscle disease in small size of L. vannamei
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The Gram-positive cocci, Lactococcus garvieae in WMD found by those workers could possibly
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have been a secondary infection. The disease progressively destroyed the abdominal muscular
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organization of the prawns especially the striated muscles finally leading to mortality. Several
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authors reported white muscle disease in shrimps and prawns (Chen et al., 1992; Sudhakaran et
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al, 2006; Ravi et al ., 2009). Besides the above, this white muscle disease also recorded in L.
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vannamei in the present study.
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White gut disease (WGD)
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In the present study white gut disease observed in L. vannamei shrimp farms from
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Tamilnadu and Andrapradesh. Vibriosis is one of the major disease problems in shellfish and
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finfish aquaculture. Vibriosis is a bacterial disease responsible for mortality of cultured shrimp
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worldwide (Lightner and Lewis, 1975; Adams, 1991; Lightner et al., 1992; Lavilla-Pitogo et al.,
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1996; Lavilla-Pitogo et al., 1998; Chen et al., 2000). Vibrio species are widely distributed in
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culture facilities throughout the world. Vibrio-related infections frequently occur in hatcheries,
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but epizootics also commonly occur in pond reared shrimp species. Vibriosis is caused by gram-
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negative bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae. Outbreaks may occur when environmental factors
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trigger the rapid multiplication of bacteria already tolerated at low levels within shrimp blood
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(Sizemore and Davis, 1985), or by bacterial penetration of host barriers. The exoskeleton
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provides an effective physical barrier to pathogens trying to penetrate the external surface of
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crustaceans, as well as the foregut and hindgut (Fig 7a & b).
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(7 a)
Fig. 7a & b. White gut disease in L. vannamei (7 b)
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The occurrence of five types of diseases: tail necrosis, shell disease, red disease, loose
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shell syndrome (LSS) and white gut disease (WGD) is by Vibrio spp. in P. monodon from
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culture ponds of coastal AndhraPradesh (Jayasree, et al., 2006). Among these, LSS, WGD, and
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red disease caused mass mortalities in shrimp culture ponds. Six species of Vibrio—V. harveyi,
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V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. vulnificus and V. splendidus—are
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associated with the diseased shrimp. The distribution and species composition of luminous
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bacteria in commercial penaeid shrimp hatcheries were studied by Jawahar Abraham and
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Palaniappan (2004). The observation on the presence of V. harveyi (97.30%) and V. orientalis
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(2.70%) in shrimp gut contents evinced that the primary source of these bacteria in a shrimp
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hatchery was the faecal matter from brood stock, possibly at the time of spawning. Mortalities
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due to vibriosis occur when shrimps are stressed by factors such as: poor water quality,
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crowding, high water temperature, low DO and low water exchange (Lewis, 1973; Lightner and
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Lewis, 1975; Brock and Lightner, 1990).
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Muscle cramp syndrome (MCS)
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In the present study muscle cramp disease observed in L. vannamei shrimp farms of
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Tamilnadu and Andrapradesh. The temperature fluctuations affect the muscle of the shrimps.
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Muscle cramp disease is very common in grow out ponds (Fig.8). It is attributed that less amount
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of dissolved oxygen leads to mass mortality in ponds (Fig. 9). This is very common in high
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stocking ponds. Once DO level was reduced leading to stress among the shrimps, finally they
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will die especially inside and sides of the culture ponds.
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Fig. 8 Muscle cramp syndrome
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Fig.9 Mass mortality in the check tray due to dissolved oxygen depletion
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The seven diseases mentioned above are serious problems for raising white leg shrimp in
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intensive culture systems. The farmers should have basic knowledge about these diseases and
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their prevention. If the farmers stock healthy disease free seed and maintain good water quality
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and provide nutritious feed to get higher survival.
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