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Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction Angiosperms have 3 unique Features: 1. 2. 3. Flowers Fruits Double Fertilization SYMMETRY OVARY LOCATION FLORAL DISTRIBUTION Bilateral symmetry (orchid) Lupine inflorescence Superior ovary Radial symmetry (daffodil) Sepal Fused petals Semi-inferior ovary Inferior ovary Sunflower inflorescence REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS Maize, a monoecious species Dioecious Sagittaria latifolia (common arrowhead) Pollination: transfer pollen from anther to stigma Pollen tube grows down into ovary for 2 sperm to travel to egg Seed Double Fertilization ◦ The union of two sperm cells with different nuclei of the embryo sac. Makes the embryo and the endosperm Endosperm ◦ Food storing tissue of the seed. Some plants are self-pollinated Cross-pollinated plants: ◦ Self-incompatibility: plant rejects own pollen or closely related plant ◦ Maximize genetic variation Stigma Stigma Anther with pollen Pin flower Thrum flower “Pin” and “thrum” flower types reduce self-fertilization Seeds and Eggs Seeds are plant products which encloses the embryo with a hard coat and food supplies. Eggs are animal products which enclose an animal embryo with a hard or leathery shell and food supply. Eggs are similar to seeds because they protect the embryo while allowing gas exchange From Ovule to Seed After Double Fertilization, each ovule develops into a seed. These seeds carry enough food and supplies until germination period. Seeds sinks down because the Endosperm is filled with the heavy supplies. Cotyledons swell to show that the Endosperm is filled with nourishment. Endosperm An example of liquid Endosperm are the coconut milk. An example of solid Endosperm is the coconut meat itself. Also the white puff inside the popcorn is also the endosperm. Seeds carry endosperms until they are mature enough The development of a plant embryo Fruit Egg cell plant embryo Ovules inside ovary seeds Ripe ovary fruit Fruit protects enclosed seed(s) Aids in dispersal by water, wind, or animals Types of Fruit Seeds ******** Mature seed dormancy (resting) Low metabolic rate Growth & development suspended Resumes growth when environmental conditions suitable for germination Seed Structure Germination Seed take up water (imbibition) trigger metabolic changes to begin growth 1. Root develops 2. Shoot tip emerges above ground Stimulated by light 3. Foliage leaves expand & turn green photosynthesis Very hazardous for plants due to vulnerability Predators, parasites, wind The first organ to emerge from the germinating seed is the radicle, the embryonic root. ◦ Next, the shoot tip must break through the soil surface. ◦ In garden beans and many other dicots, a hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes it aboveground. ◦ Stimulated by light, the hypocotyl straightens, raising the cotyledons and epicotyl. Seed Germination Seed to Seedling http://students.usm.maine.edu/deidre.rice/_ILLUS_ILT_T630888A.GIF Plant Reproduction Sexual Asexual (Vegetative Reproduction) Flower Seeds Runners, bulbs, grafts, cuttings vegetative (grass), fragmentation, test-tube cloning Genetic diversity Clones More complex & hazardous for seedlings Simpler (no pollinator needed) Advantage in unstable environments Suited for stable environments Asexual reproduction in aspen trees Test-tube cloning of carrots Just a few parenchyma cells from a carrot gave rise to this callus, a mass of undifferentiated cells. The callus differentiates into an entire plant, with leaves, stems, and roots. Humans Modify Crops Artificial selection of plants for breeding Plant Biotechnology: ◦ Genetically modified organisms “Golden Rice”: engineered to produce betacarotene (Vit. A) Bt corn: transgenic – expresses Bt (bacteria) gene produces protein toxic to insects ◦ Biofuels – reduce CO2 emissions Biodiesel: vegetable oils Bioethanol: convert cellulose into ethanol The seed of knowledge has sprouted.. ♥ Plant yourself in that chair… 1 more PPT to go!!!!!! ♥