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Self study task
SS08
Research – Body systems
SISFFIT305A Apply anatomy and physiology principles in a fitness context
This task is mapped to required knowledge within this unit of competency.
This task focuses on assessing your knowledge in regards to body systems in regard to their
interdependence and purpose in relation to a healthy body and their relationship to the muscles and
nerves. This includes:
 skeletal and muscular systems, including muscle contractibility and motor points
 lymphatic, digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems.
Task:
1. Fill in the following table
Human body systems
Body system
Components
Function
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Circulatory
Respiratory
Lymphatic
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is osteoporosis and how can it be prevented?
What is osteoarthritis and what are the usual joints affected?
Outline the connection/relationship between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system.
How do the respiratory, circulatory and lymphatic systems work together?
Outline how diabetes can affect the nervous system and the implications for the fitness instructor.
When a client begins a resistance training program, increases in strength can be seen very quickly
without much change in muscle size. Why is this so?
8. What is the motor point of a muscle and where is usually located?
1. Fill in the following table
Human body systems
Body system
Components
Function
Skeletal
Bones and parts of joints, such as
cartilage.
Muscular
Skeletal, cardic and smooth
Support, protection, movement,
calcium storage and blood cell
formation
Movement
Nervous
Nerves, brain and spinal cord
Circulatory
Heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
© Pearson Australia
ISBN: 9781442544482
Fastest communication system of the
body. Uses electrical impules to send
messages around the body.
Pumps and transport blood and lymph
throughout the body.
Respiratory
Lungs, bronchi, alveoli
Lymphatic
Lymphatic vessels, lymphiod tissues
and organs
Takes in oxygen from the atmosphere
and rids the body of waste.
Lymphatic vessels transport fluid that
escaped from the blood back to the
blood. Lymphoid organs( such as
lymph nodes) house special cells
responsible for resistance to disease.
2. What is osteoporosis and how can it be prevented?
What is osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis: causes bones to be brittle and prone to fracture. Common in the elderly, following
steroid therapy and in women after menopause. Infection, injury and synovitis can also cause
localised osteoporosis in adjacent bone.
How can it be prevented?
Things we can all do to prevent osteoporosis:
- Be physically active.
- Eat mineral-rich foods
- Maintain adequate vitamin D intake or use a supplement
- Eat high quality fats
- Eat foods rich in vitamin C
- Avoid foods that may cause your bones to lose calcium:
- Artificial sweeteners
- Soft drinks (pop)
- Sugar
- Cookies, cakes, and pastries made with white flour
- Table salt
- Alcohol
3. What is osteoarthritis and what are the usual joints affected?
What is osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis: wear and tear on articular cartilage in joints leads to wear and tear on underlying bone,
joint pain and swelling.
What Joints are usually affected?
The joints that are affected by osteoarthritis are the spine, hips, knees and hands
© Pearson Australia
ISBN: 9781442544482
4. Outline the connection/relationship between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory
system.
Cardiovascular system: The Cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood and blood
vessels. The heart is a vital body organ made up of cardiac muscle. It has the important role of
pumping blood around the body. There are four major chambers-two atria (singular atrium) and tow
ventricles. The left atria receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, which is then pumped to the large
left ventricle whose job it is to pump this oxygenated blood out of the heart into the aorta so that it can
travel to the rest of the body
(Except the lungs). The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, which is then
pumped to the right ventricle and pumped out to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
Respiratory system: The respiratory system is responsible for ventilation and therefore allows air to
enter the lungs. Breathing can occur via the nose or mouth. From there the air travels down to the
lungs via series of airways (passageways) outside and inside the lungs. The airways generally get
smaller on the way through the lungs, similar to the branches of a tree. As the size of the airways
change so do the names of the airways.
After breathing in, the air travels down the trachea (windpipe) before the trachea branches off into the
left and right bronchus. This allows the air to travel into the left and right lungs, respectively. The
trachea and bronchi are composed of stiff cartilage and smooth muscle. These airways secrete
mucous to filter any dust or other particles in the air. The air travels through smaller airways in the
lungs called bronchioles and finally into the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. The air is humidified and
filtered along the way to the alveoli, which are surrounded by tiny blood vessels known as capillaries.
The alveoli and capillaries both have thin walls allowing the air to pass through easily in a healthy
individual. This process is called gaseous exchange.
5. How do the respiratory, circulatory and lymphatic systems work together?
Respiratory system: The respiratory system is responsible for ventilation and therefore allows air to
enter the lungs. Breathing can occur via the nose or mouth. From there the air travels down to the
lungs via series of airways (passageways) outside and inside the lungs. The airways generally get
smaller on the way through the lungs, similar to the branches of a tree. As the size of the airways
change so do the names of the airways.
After breathing in, the air travels down the trachea (windpipe) before the trachea branches off into the
left and right bronchus. This allows the air to travel into the left and right lungs, respectively. The
trachea and bronchi are composed of stiff cartilage and smooth muscle. These airways secrete
mucous to filter any dust or other particles in the air. The air travels through smaller airways in the
lungs called bronchioles and finally into the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. The air is humidified and
filtered along the way to the alveoli, which are surrounded by tiny blood vessels known as capillaries.
The alveoli and capillaries both have thin walls allowing the air to pass through easily in a healthy
individual. This process is called gaseous exchange.
Circulatory system: Pumps and transports blood and lymph throughout the body.
Lymphatic system: The lymphatic system works closely with the cardiovascular system and forms
the basis of the immune system. Bacteria and other harmful substances are picked up in the lymph
fluid and transported to the lymph nodes to be cleansed. While it tends to work quietly in the
background, the lymphatic system is essential to functioning of the cardiovascular and immune
systems.
6. Outline how diabetes can affect the nervous system and the implications for the fitness
instructor?
Diabetes can affect the nervous system in many ways Peripheral neuropathy problems with nerve
messages that can causes loss of feeling in certain parts of the body, especially the feet.
Autonomic neuropathy can cause problems with the important nerve function such as the heart rate
response.
The implications for the fitness instructor. They have to look out for these four risks in exercise in
diabetes. Systemic, such as retinal haemorrhage and increased proteinuria. Cardiovascular, such as
© Pearson Australia
ISBN: 9781442544482
cardiac arrhythmias and high blood pressure. Metabolic, such as hyperglycaemia and ketosis.
Musculoskeletal, such as foot ulcers and orthopaedic injury related to neuropathies.
7. When a client begins a resistance training program, increases in strength can be seen very
quickly without much change in muscle size. Why is this so?
Initially, gains in endurance and strength will result from neuromuscular adaptation, particularly the
improved ability to recruit and fibre individual motor units. With further training hypertrophy (Increases
in size of a tissue or organ due to an increase of muscle size) of the muscle tissue will be cause of
increases in strength. Hypertrophy will occur in the muscle breakdown and repair of muscular tissue
resulting in the muscle containing more actin(protein that is found in muscle and is involved in muscle
contractions) and myosin ( Muscle protein involved in muscle contraction).
8. What is the motor point of a muscle and where is usually located?
The motor point of the muscle is a thread-like extension of the nerve (axon) reaches for the muscle via
the axonal terminals to make the neuromuscular junction (the site where the nerve and muscle meet).
© Pearson Australia
ISBN: 9781442544482