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Classification Aim To gain an understanding of the binomial system of Classification, and the differences between the major divisions, Kingdoms and Phyla. To understand the Classification of organisms within an Ecosystem in terms of Trophic Levels. Additional Reading Environmental Engineering, Gerard Kiely. Kiely, Gerard Fundamentals of aquatic ecology R.S.K. Barnes and K.H. Mann. 2nd Edition Biology of Freshwater, Maitland, Peter.S. Classification of Organisms Why Classify? Continuity amongst Researchers Types of Classification Taxonomy Scientific study of Classification and Nomenclature Phylogeny Ordering of species into groups having Evolutionary similarities. Classification by Function Individuals as part of an Ecosystem Kingdoms of Organisms 2 - Kingdom System Animals Plants 3 - Kingdom System Animals Plants Protista 5 - Kingdom System Monera Protista Fungi Animalia Plantae Classification of Organisms Animals, Plants and Microorganisms are arranged in groups which are themselves part of Larger Groups. Hierarchical System = “Family Tree” Kingdom Individual organisms have a name from each of the Taxonomic levels. Nomenclature devised by Linnaeus Phylum Class e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Order Family Genus species species Classification of Organisms Importance of the Major Divisions - The Eukaryotic Phyla Kingdom Protista Animalia Phylum Protozoa Euglenophta Chlorophyta etc. Arthropoda (Rhizopoda, ciliata etc) (Algae) (Algae) (750,000sp, Insecta, Arachnida Crustacea, Ostracoda, Copopda) (snails, bivalves) (Rotifera) (polychaete worms) Mollusca Aschelminths Annelida etc. Chordata Class - (Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, mammalia) Biological Classification Conventions Taxon Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animals Man Mosquito Typhoid Gut Bacteria Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo sapiens Procaryota Selizomycetes Eubacteriales Enterbacteriaceae Salmonella typhi Procaryota Selizomycetes Eubacteriales Enterbacteriaceae Escherichia coli Arthropoda Insecta Diptera Culcidae Culex quinquefasciens Bacteria Lower ranks based on biochemical similarities. For EE, more important to be able to classify organisms at Kingdom, Phyla and possibly Class levels. Phylogeny Ancestor-Descendant (hypothetical) Classical Methods Phenotypic - morphology, behaviour, cytology. Biochemical Methods gram stain - Peptidoglycan nutritional requirements, metabolism Protein Analysis - cytochrome C, haemoglobin. Lipid Analysis Nucleic Acid Analysis GC Ratios Phylogeny Nucleic Acid Analysis (continued) DNA-DNA hybridisation reflects sequence similarity useful for species and genus level comparisons Ribosomal RNA Sequencing 16S and 18S very powerful technique data can be processed mathematically sequence highly conserved (< 97% indicates a different species) Molecular Clock Precise Phylogenetic Trees Trophic Pyramids Pyramids of Numbers Primary Producers are small (e.g. algae) Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Primary Producers Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Primary Producer Primary Producers are large (e.g. Tree) However, Biomass of aquatic organisms varies greatly Escherichia Paramecium Penicillin Daphnia Salmo 0.4 x 10-12 g 0.4 x 10-9 g 1 x 10-7 g 1 x 10-3 g > 100 g Bacteria Protozoa Fungus Invertebrate Fish Is better to produce Pyramids of Biomass. Still gives pyramid shape, but with steeper slopes. Is better still to produce Pyramids of Metabolic Contribution (Energy) Metabolic Pyramid in Food Webs Use the Productivity per unit Biomass Smaller organisms have higher metabolic rates Bacteria Protozoa zooplankton fish 10-12 g 10-9 g 10-3 g 100 g reproduce 50 x bodyweight/d reproduce 1 - 10 x bodyweight/d reproduce 0.1 x bodyweight/d reproduce 0.01 x bodyweight/d Productivity/Biomass Ratio Combine P/B with Enumeration data for members within a Trophic level to give best estimate of its Metabolic Contribution (Energy). Diversity of Organisms. Number of species in the Community Ecological Efficiency (5 - 15%) Key Indicator in monitoring the ‘Condition’ of natural environments (rivers, lakes) and of STP. Decomposer Food Chain Energy and Nutrient Flow Energy - Export, Import, Recycling. Trophic Pyramids Energy Flows -Hydraulic Model Food Pyramids