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Worlds in Motion 1450–1550: Native Americans and European Conquest Main Themes New Worlds for All Native American Life Before Euros Columbus and “The New World” Power Dynamics from The Start Early British Settlement Worlds in Motion 1450-1550 Overview The World of the Indian Peoples The Worlds of Christopher Columbus Worlds in Collision The Biological Consequences of Conquest Onto the Mainland Worlds in Motion 1450-1550 The World of the Indian Peoples The Archaic Indians The Indians of the Eastern Woodlands The Indians of the Plains The Indians of the Deserts The Indians of the Pacific Coast The Great Civilizations of the Americas The World of the Indian Peoples The Archaic Indians Native American societies spread across the Western Hemisphere between 10,000 BCE – 3,000 BCE 1st N.A. crossed Bering Strait @ 16,000 years ago Clovis peoples: hunter-gatherers Native Americans developed broad cultural diversity Adapted to different environments, climates, and developed distinctive cultures Great variety: over 300 languages, more diversity of language than other regions of world History of Human Migration The First Americans When did first Americans arrive? How? Bering Strait Beringian Corridor Coastal Route Both? At different times? clovis tip – dated to 9000 BCE Clovis points (Clovis, NM) Were the makers of these the first Americans? Moving from Alaska to tip of S.A. in 1500 years? Following big game? Clovis Point Found with Bison But what about these Pre-Clovis sites? Location of Dated North American PreClovis Sites –14000 – 40000 years old Topper Site video PBS “Time Team America” Video link Questions to answer: Goals of the archeologists studying the Topper site? Methods/tools archeologists use? What questions have been answered at Topper with firm evidence? What is the evidence? Which questions are still up in the air or controversial? Criticisms of the show? Variety of major Native American cultural areas Different Types of North American Amerindian Cultures Hunter-Gatherers – in the Arctic and Great Basin (present-day NV, UT) Limited-Scale Tribal Societies – Canadian Subarctic, Algonquians, NW Coastal people, and others Full-Scale Tribal Societies – Plains, Prairie, Southeast, and Eastern Woodland Indians Complex Societies – Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian The World of the Indian Peoples Native American Economic Complexes: Four Geographic-Cultural Domains in North America: Eastern Woodlands: horticulture and hunting Mississippian mound builders City center: Cahokia Iroquois Algonquians Plains: maize and buffalo hunting Buffalo hunters The World of the Indian Peoples Deserts: maize horticulture Anasazi Chaco Canyon Mesa Verde: Link to online photos Pacific The pueblos villages Coast: fishing and hunting Great Civilizations of Mesoamerica Mayas and Toltecs Mesa Verde, Spruce Tree House, Winter Life at Mesa Verde Mayan Pyramids Chichen Itze Pyramid Indicates a hierarchical society Rituals and Rulers Priests and Ritual Bloodletting – portal to spiritual world Mayan Codex Mayan Bowl & Lid Mayan Flints Mayan Seated Figures – Copan Site Mayan Gold Jaguar Jewelry Aztec and Inca Empires, 1300-1550 Pre-Spanish Invasion Effects of Isolation in the Americas Lacked contact with other cultures – no means of acquiring new technologies or ideas Late to start agriculture, so social developments arose later too Lacked immunity to diseases Lacked large mammals for work or food Ancient Societies of MesoAmerica Aztecs Mayans Olmec The Aztec Empire Founding myth stated that people were led to Lake Texcoco by the god Huitzilopochtli (Southern Hummingbird There they saw an eagle perched on a cactus, eating a snake – a positive omen They built their city on islands in the lake Aztec society only existed for 200 years before Spanish invasion, but ruled over 10-20 million people City in the Lake – Tenochtitlan City built in Lake Texcoco Chinampas agriculture – floating gardens, plenty of water, very productive & nutritious crops Lake provided protection from invaders 200,000 inhabitants – supported by subject peoples Map of Chinampas farming methods Mayan Writing – The Codices Pictographic writing system Carved on stone and written on tree bark paper books, called codices (plural) or a codex (singular) Thousands of these books existed, documenting history, astronomy, philosophy Only FOUR of these books remain – the rest were burned by the Spanish conquistadors and priests Mayan Dresden Codex Codices give accounts of: Calendar of Rulers History Rulers and war Territorial battles and conquests Gods and divination rituals Healing rituals Mayan Social Hierarchy Aztec Imperial Beliefs Aztec Empire established by Motecuzoma in 1468 Based on cosmic mission theory – sun and earth needed human sacrificial victims to gain energy; w/o them, earth would go dark Theory justified imperial growth and expansion High demand for sacrifice = need for slaves Also kept commoners and subject peoples under control – fear and domination Like the Mayans, the Aztecs recorded history and beliefs in Codices Only a few exist This image is from the Florentine Codex, Page I, F, 6r. Human sacrifice Aztec War Images from the Florentine Codex Tlatelolco. The remains of 41 sacrificial victims. 30 infants and the rest youths and adults found at the foot of the stairway of the Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl temple. Aztec Social Classes Priests, Warriors, Merchants Artisans, Farmers, Slaves Kings & Nobles Social Classes and Roles Class of Lords – Tecuhtli – successful generals, officials, priests – not hereditary Warrior meritocracy – commoners could rise through military skill Education for all Aztec children Merchant class – Pochteca – closed caste Artisan class – Tolteca Commoners – Macehualtin – had civil rights Slave class – Tlatlacotin The Incan Empire Developed later than Aztecs 3000 miles long Built upon the work of earlier societies and Andean cultures Building the Incan Empire In 100 years, Inca created one of the largest empires in human history Two legendary rulers: Pachacuti – 1438-1471 CE Topa Inca Yupanqui – 1471-1493 CE Incorporation of conquered peoples – announced attacks, used force only if persuasion failed Resettlement and incorporation – non-discrimination against incorporated people – became Inca Consolidating Empire Common trade language Road and bridge system through mountains connected all parts of empire A message could be carried from one end to the other in 12 days Machu Picchu Incan Class System Sapa Inca – Ruler 2 Noble Classes: Inca Caste (Sapa Inca’s Family) & Curacas (Govt. Officials) Commoner Class (Worked fields and paid tribute to higher classes) Incan Building methods Many buildings still stand Rocks fit together so well, there was no need for mortar Machu Picchu Rediscovered in 1911 1200 people could have lived there, but believed to be retreat for rulers 360 degree site tour European Exploration and Colonization 1400s-1600s Euro. Colonization and the World Economy In less than 50 years, from Columbus’ first voyage to the mid-1500s, the Americas were incorporated and became a major part of a new global economy This new global economy was based on labor and environmental exploitation The core of the new economy was Europe Other regions and peoples were forced into dependency, servitude, and slavery Worlds in Motion European Exploration and Colonization Changes in Europe Led to Increased Exploration, Trade, Conquest Spanish and Portuguese Were Leaders Early Exploration and Colonization Set Up Model of Colonization Followed by Other European Powers Columbian Exchange: People, Goods, Disease Issues of Power, Domination, and Control from the Outset of Europeans in Americas Major Themes – British Colonization Early British colonization of Americas was minor blip in a much more extensive history and process of European colonization British modeled themselves after Spanish and Portuguese – imperial competition British adopted and adapted Spanish and Port. modes of dealing with Native Americans and Africans Growth of British power over time Age of Exploration Major Questions: Why did Europeans with their history of fragmentation and internal problems, begin to look towards expansion abroad? What were European motives? Who were the major European colonial powers? How did they accomplish overseas expansion? What effects did expansion have on European societies? What effects did expansion have on colonized or enslaved peoples? Motives Question: What were European motives for expansion? Economic – search for profits: silks, spices and other goods that could benefit the Crown and merchant classes Religious – Spanish Reconquista – take colonial possessions before Muslims could gain influence Econ. & Religious – undercut or bypass Muslim world Racial – through contact with other peoples, Europeans formulated ideas of racial superiority – combined ideas of cultural, scientific, religious, economic, and physical superiority Means How did Europeans expand beyond Europe? Creation Spanish of stable governments/monarchies example – unification of different small kingdoms into one Battle against Muslims (Reconquista) helped unify Spanish Crown (Ferdinand & Isabella) Monarchs gained wealth, wanted to spend it on new things: new trade routes, exploration, expansion New technologies or used borrowed technologies – Portolini (navigation maps), compass, astrolabe, knowledge of wind patterns Portuguese Maritime Empire Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Wanted to find a mythical Christian Kingdom in Africa to ally against Muslims Acquire new trade opportunities Extend the influence of Christianity India and Vasco da Gama Original goal of da Gama’s mission was to destroy the Muslim monopoly over the Spice Trade (economic) 1497 sailed around Cape of Good Hope in Africa Success = military superiority & seamanship Global Exploration 1415 – 1522 C.E. Flow of Commerce in Portuguese World 1600 Portuguese Atlantic System Beginnings of plantation complex: Staple crops – grown for export to Europe Sugar plantations in Mediterranean, then off African coast, then Brazil Use of slave labor: native populations, but, particularly African slaves Slave forts on African coast – slaves captured inland and taken to forts, then sold to Port. Other European powers soon competed for slave labor Lure of Discovery: Spain Spanish Success = naval superiority, military strength & religious zeal Spanish Model: crown maintained control over colonies most colonists were male (intermarried) wealth based on exploitation of native population and (not African) system of encomienda (labor system of service to the Spanish governors) – brutal exploitation slaves local 1592 Slave Laws – Catholic Church convinced Crown to outlaw the use of the Native population as slaves Link for History Channel information on Christopher Columbus Columbus’ First Voyage Spanish Exporation: Caribbean, North, and Central Americas Links Related Links for European Exploration: http://www.nps.gov/seac/outline/07- exploration/index.htm PBS Link for Guns Germs & Steel The Columbian Exchange: exchange of crops and germs between Europe and the Americas – primarily benefited Europe, while harming native American societies Link to National Geographic Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange Worlds in Motion 1450-1550 Worlds in Collision: Columbus in “The New World” Thoughts on film? New World for Native Americans?: Effects on Native Populations Encomienda system – tribute paid in labor to benefit Spanish Demographic collapse – by early 1500s only 1,000 Tainos left on Hispaniola Smallpox and other diseases brought through Columbian Exchange Loss of families, villages, cultures Search for labor in Caribbean = African slaves Central and South America = native populations much larger, more gold, silver wealth Onto the Mainland The First Florida Ventures, 1513, 1521 Juan Ponce de León The Conquest of Mexico, 1519 The Aztec Empire before conquest What did the Calusa take away from their encounter with the Spanish? City capital: Tenochtitlán (pop. 200,000) Ruler: Moctezuma Hernán Cortés’s bloody conquest The Establishment of a Spanish Empire Center The transformation of Tenochtitlán to Mexico City Expansion Takeover of the Incan Empire in Peru Borderlands outposts in present-day New Mexico Other European Colonial Powers Competition with Spain for power, wealth, military strength France (1534-1635) North America – 1534 Cartier (fur trade) Caribbean – Haiti – SUGAR (became most important) English First Attempts Roanoke, NC (Sir Walter Raleigh), 1585: Link to PBS, Time Team America episode on Roanoke Island East India Company, 1591 (India) English in North America French Exploration in Americas Dutch Overseas Empire Dutch East India Company, 1602 designed to breakup Portuguese monopoly 1621 Dutch West India Company (WIC) – Caribbean & North America New Amsterdam (New York) – Fur Trade Curacao (Caribbean – slave trade, pirating, cacao trade) Trade with Native Americans in North America: Created problems for French & English and a mini arms race among Native Americans in the Northeast for furs. In exchange for beaver pelts – guns, gun powder, steel headed tomahawks & alcohol Dutch Atlantic Empire European Colonies by 1700 European Labor Systems Colonization & Empires based on exploitation of native and African populations Spanish system = encomienda labor system = mining and agriculture by natives (slaves/serfs) Portuguese, French, and English = enslavement of Africans Creation of plantations in Caribbean, No. and So. Americas to grow staple crops: sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton Racial system of slavery eventually developed – Europeans rationalized only blacks could be slaves
