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Public Health 101 2009 NACCHO/APC Road Show Public Health 101 – An Introduction for Public Health Stakeholders Presented by Southwest Center for Advanced Public Health Practice Tarrant County Public Health, TX 2009 Course Objectives • • • • • • Identify the basic roles and responsibilities of a local public health agency Discuss the importance of collaboration between public health and its stakeholders in the event of an emergency Provide examples of events that are within the scope of public health preparedness Explain and demonstrate how public health utilizes ICS during emergencies Describe several of the main steps in an outbreak investigation List scenarios where public health and first responders are most likely to interface Course Outline I. Introduction to Public Health II. Public Health Preparedness III. Incident Command System (ICS) IV. Public Health Response to Emergencies V. Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) VI. Introduction to Epidemiology VII. Isolation and Quarantine VIII.Case Study: Avian Influenza Outbreak What is Health? • Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Public Health vs. Medicine Patient Public Health Medicine Entire Populations Individuals Intervent Assess, Policy Development & ion Assurance Process System Management Outcome Healthy Community Medical Treatment Patient Management Healing Public Health Objectives • • • • • • Prevent epidemics and the spread of disease Protect against environmental hazards Prevent injuries Promote and encourage healthy behaviors Respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery Assure the quality and accessibility of health services … derived from American Public Health Association, Ten Essential Services Typical Menu of Public Health Services • Personal Health Services (clinical services) – – – – – Immunizations STD/HIV testing and counseling Chronic disease counseling Tuberculosis services Family planning and maternal & child health services – Travel health services BUT…providing direct clinical services is only one part of the mission of a local health department Population Based Public Health Services • Environmental Health • Infectious Disease Control and Investigation • Laboratory Services • Health Education Services The Public Health System Federal Agencies State Agencies Local Agencies Public Health’s Many Partners Police EMS Home Health MCOs Churches Corrections Health Department Community Centers Parks Schools Doctors Hospitals Philanthropist Civic Groups CHCs Elected Mass Transit Officials Nursing Homes Environmental Health Fire Laboratory Facilities Drug Treatment Tribal Health Economic Mental Employers Development Health Which level of government is responsible for protecting public health? • 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: – All powers not delegated to the Federal government shall be reserved for the state governments • States are responsible for protecting public health What is Public Health Preparedness? “Plans, procedures, policies, training, and equipment necessary to maximize the ability to prevent, respond and recover from major events.” (HSPD-21) Public Health Preparedness Builds Infrastructure for: Public Health Emergencies Bioterrorism, pandemics Everyday health threats Infectious & foodborne diseases Preparedness and Bioterrorism What is bioterrorism??? -- The use of... Bacteria Viruses Parasites Their by-products …in a terrorist act. Preparedness and Bioterrorism • Possible agents of bioterrorism – – – – Anthrax Smallpox Plague Botulism Preparedness and Bioterrorism • What might an attack of bioterrorism look like? – Not necessarily explosions or plumes of smoke – May not be readily apparent and detectable – Sick people arrive at hospitals or doctors’ offices – Delayed recognition and diagnosis – Population panic Roles in Preparedness • • • • • Planning Coordination/Collaboration Training and Exercise Response Evaluation and Corrective Action Collaboration is critical to success! Roles in Preparedness Situation Examples: – Outbreaks from contaminated food or water, infectious diseases, etc. – Natural disasters: hurricanes, floods, fires Roles in Preparedness • Examples of public health job roles: – Health threats investigator – Public service/media – Post-event tracking – Environmental investigators Incident Command System • Allows a more effective, efficient response to emergencies • Examples: – HazMat incidents – Terrorist incidents – Natural disasters – Incidents involving multiple casualties Incident Command & Public Health • In the event of a public health emergency the public health director will interact with the local EOC or incident command post. • The public health Department of Operations Center (DOC) may be activated to facilitate tactical communications. Public Health Responding to Emergencies • In what type events would you expect Public Health to assume lead role for providing health and medical services ? Public Health Preparedness Summary • Build public health infrastructure to respond to threats from: – Bioterrorism – Natural disasters & disease outbreaks • Requires collaboration between agencies: – – – – – Planning Training & exercises Response Communication Management of resources Strategic National Stockpile Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) • A national stockpile available in the event of a major terrorist attack against the civilian US population • National repository consisting of: – Pharmaceuticals (i.e., antibiotics and vaccines) – Antidotes and antitoxins – Medical and surgical supplies Strategic National Stockpile • SNS is a federal asset deployed locally after a major disaster – The governor of the affected state requests deployment of SNS from: Strategic National Stockpile • Delivered within 12 hours of federal decision to deploy SNS assets – 12-hour “Push Package” – Push packages are warehoused in strategically- positioned locations around the US Local Response to Strategic National Stockpile SNS deployment is a large-scale event requiring adequate: •Security Pre–determined Points of Distribution •Crowd control •Traffic control Local Response to Strategic National Stockpile • Essential that First Responders and others in contact with exposed civilians are the first to be medicated Local Response to Strategic National Stockpile • Must prepare to dispense medicine to a large number of people in a relatively short time span Local Response to Strategic National Stockpile • Expect to work with Public Health: •Work collaboratively •Implement emergency response according to prior planning •Have conducted prior training and exercises •Interagency Cross-Training Epidemiology What is Epidemiology? Study of the spread and causes of diseases or events in specified populations, and the control of health problems. Epidemiology concerned with OUTBREAKS • An adverse health event involving an unusual increase in cases among a certain population of individuals, within a certain period of time, in a certain location Areas of Epidemiology • Infectious diseases • Environmental • Behavioral • Forensic • Disaster Key Elements in Epidemiology • Person • Place • Time Epidemiology Study Examples (risk or exposure outcome) • Smoking (exposure) increases the risk of developing Lung Cancer (outcome) Epidemiology Study Examples (risk or exposure outcome) • Eating undercooked hamburger (exposure) increases the risk of infection with the bacteria E. coli (outcome). Epidemiology Study Examples (risk or exposure outcome) • Getting a flu shot (exposure) decreases the risk of becoming ill with the flu (outcome). Simplified Steps in an Outbreak Investigation 1. Confirm outbreak and verify diagnosis 2. Perform field work and complete study 3. Implement control and prevention measures 4. Communicate findings Disease Reporting: Notifiable Diseases • Healthcare providers are required by law to report patients with certain diseases and conditions: – Report immediately (in most states) • • • • Potential BT agents (anthrax, smallpox, plague) Botulism (foodborne) Viral hemorrhagic fever, including Ebola Other selected contagious serious diseases that may affect children and immune compromised or un-protected victims Isolation and Quarantine Protocol History of Quarantine • In the fourteenth century, to protect cities from plague epidemics, ships arriving in Venice from infected ports had to sit at anchor for forty days before landing. • “Quarantine” is derived from the Latin word quaresma, meaning forty. Definitions: Isolation: • The separation of someone who’s infected or contaminated from others so that the infection or contamination is not spread Quarantine • Limitation of freedom of movement of a well person who’s been exposed to an infectious agent What Does it Mean to be Isolated or Quarantined? • No contact with any new people • Can not leave home or place of containment • For evaluation and verification purposes patient needs to check in with Public Health every day What is Voluntary Compliance? •Voluntary compliance with isolation, quarantine or other control measures means a patient cooperates and complies with Public Health’s instructions to comply with the recommended control measures in order to prevent the spread of disease. What is Involuntary Detention? • This is what Public Health will pursue if an individual does not voluntarily comply with an ordered control measure. To What or Who Can “Control Measures” be Imposed? • Person (s) • Groups (5 or more individuals) • Area (city block, ZIP code, county) – Buildings (hospital, hotel, business)* – Common Carrier (plane, bus, train)* Who Can Enforce these Rules? • Local law enforcement must enforce an order issued by local health authority. Questions? Case study: Influenza Outbreak Background on avian influenza: Strains of influenza that infect birds Circulate among wild water birds Bird-to-bird transmission via: Fecal material Saliva Nasal & respiratory secretions A Pandemic is a World-Wide Epidemic A new bacteria or virus that can infect humans Nearly all people have no immunity to the new organism High mortality rate Easily spread from person to person. Background – Avian Influenza – Varying severity and infectiousness among birds – The highly pathological avian influenza (HPAI) is the virus that is a pandemic among migrating water fowl. – Potential to combine with human flu virus to produce a “new” influenza transmissible to humans that could be lethal. Viral reassortment • Mixing of viral genes from two different animal species simultaneously Example: Human infected with human and avian influenza virus at the same time Influenza Virus Transmission Influenza viruses have the potential to mutate rapidly and gain the ability to spread from: • Birds to farm animals (i.e., pigs) • Animals to humans • Birds to humans (directly) Avian Influenza Virus Transmission Concerns 1. Strain efficiently transmitted between birds and humans 2. Strain efficiently transmitted from human to human Influenza Outbreak Scenario Scenario: A highly infectious form of avian influenza begins to circulate among poultry at a farm in Hong Kong. Influenza Outbreak • The owner of the farm also has several pig pens • The pig pens are located right next to the bird cages • The feed troughs for both the pigs and poultry are often interchanged Influenza Outbreak • The avian flu virus mutates and infects several of the pigs. • The virus mutates again and is transmitted from one of the pigs to the farm owner. Bird →Pig →Human Influenza Outbreak • The farm owner wakes up one morning suffering from: – – – – Fever Sore throat Coughing Muscle aches Influenza Outbreak • In the afternoon, he travels into the crowded capital city to sell his poultry at the local market. • He is in extremely close contact with customers for several hours. Influenza Outbreak • A couple days later, several of the customers from the market begin to show symptoms of flu-like illness: – – – – Coughing Fever Sore throat Muscle aches Influenza Outbreak • Several of them work in the kitchen of a nearby hotel restaurant • The restaurant is popular among Americans on business trips in Hong Kong. Influenza Outbreak • A Tarrant County resident traveling in Hong Kong on a business trip stays at the hotel. • He eats at the hotel restaurant on an evening in which one of the infected workers is preparing food. Influenza Outbreak • The businessman is infected with flu. • Within a few days of eating at the restaurant, he exhibits flu-like symptoms. • The following day, he flies home to DFW. Influenza Outbreak Influenza Outbreak Within days after the resident returns home, local hospitals see an increase in patients presenting with: • coughing • fever • muscle aches Influenza Outbreak • Local physicians report similar trends in symptoms seen in recent days in their private practices. Influenza Outbreak • Over the next couple days, several EMS workers who’ve been transporting ill patients, call in sick to work complaining of flu-like symptoms. • The work-force loses capacity because so many employees have fallen ill. Question 1 • What factors might be contributing to EMS staff contracting influenza? (Hint: prior influenza vaccination likely would NOT be effective in preventing infection from an avian flu virus) Answer • Staff were not taking appropriate protective measures around infected persons: – Not regularly washing hands after contact with sick individuals – Failing to wear personal protective equipment (masks and gloves) – Failing to disinfect contaminated surfaces and medical equipment after transporting patients Question 2 • Could this influenza outbreak have been prevented completely? Answer Highly unlikely : – Population has little to no immunity against a new avian flu virus strain – Prior influenza vaccination not protective against avian flu virus strain – Minimum of 6 months needed to develop a new flu vaccine However . . . Question 3 • Could the magnitude of this outbreak have been reduced? Answer Yes – it is likely the magnitude of the outbreak could have been reduced by: – Earlier attention to health alerts – Regular hand washing after contact with patients – Wearing personal protective equipment (masks, gloves, gowns) – Regularly disinfecting surfaces and medical equipment Question 4 • Would a quarantine be required? Answer • Yes - general quarantine precautions would apply: – An infected patient (with SARS, Avian, TB or even H1N1) on an international flight CAN be detained at the airport terminal – CDC, airport and local public health authorities can request flight manifests and have passengers undergo medical screening for their safety – A non-compliant patient can be arrested and sent to forced isolation or quarantine Question 5 • Why would a non-compliant person be arrested and sent to forced isolation or quarantine? Answer • So the non-compliant patient does not endanger the public or themselves. Influenza Outbreak Summary • BE RESPONSIBLE!! • It is especially important . . . – Wash hands or use sanitizers regularly – Practice good respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette – Don’t come to work when you are sick – Get a flu shot each year Influenza Outbreak Disclaimer Disclaimer: Currently no sustainable human-tohuman transmission of bird flu has been reported However, cases of human-to-human transmission continue to occur and the virus continues to mutate Therefore, we must be prepared for this possibility Conclusions and Questions Credits This course was made possible through the efforts of public health and EMS staff from Dekalb County, GA and Tarrant County, TX: Darren Collins*, MPH, Dekalb Jason Craw* Dekalb * - Originating authors Bill Stephens, MS, Tarrant Kay Sanyal-Mukherji, MPH, Tarrant Micky Moerbe, MPH, Tarrant Diana Cervantes, MS, Tarrant Jennifer Dowdy, MPH, Tarrant Mark Fulmer, MS, Tarrant Terry Lafon, RN, Tarrant Teresa Bates, LVN, Tarrant Donald Fisher, MS, Tarrant Reviewed by Dr. Elvin Adams, MD, FACEP, Health Authority, Tarrant This training was produced by the Southwest Center for Advanced Public Health Practice (Center) at Tarrant County Public Health, and was supported by Cooperative Agreement Number U50/CCU302718 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to the National Association of County and City Health Officials (NACCHO). Its contents are solely the responsibility of Center and do not necessarily represent the official views of CDC or NACCHO