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Chapter 7 The Ancient Greeks Ancient Greece Greek Geography Mountains and seas, peninsula, many islands Farmers and fishers Minoans 2500BC-1450BC Not Greek Lived in Crete Not sure why they ended Earthquakes? Invasion? Arthur Evans in AD1900 found a palace made for king Minos and so he called the people Minoans They sailed to Egypt and Syria to trade Mycenaean Kingdom 2000BC Mycenaean left Asia to Greece Heinrich Schliemann, a German Historian, discovered ruins of a palace in Mycenae in AD1800 King lived in a palace surrounded by a wall on a hill Nobles lived on farms, called estates Workers and slaves lived on these estates in villages Mycenaeans adopted Minoan culture Used sun/stars to navigate Worshipped Earth Mother (#1 god) Built ships 1400BC Mycenaean conquered Minoans and Aegean area Dark Age Mycenaean fell 1100BC because… Fought with each other Earthquakes destroyed fortresses 1 Dorians Invaded Greece from the north Next 300 years is the Dark Age Negatives: Trade slowed Very poor people No selling No kept records because there is no writing Positives: Did iron work Hellenes 750BC people who had fled, returned to Greece They called themselves Hellenes/Greeks Grew more food Trades with Egypt and Phoenicians Got a new alphabet from the Phoenicians 24 letters Wrote down stories from bards Recovering from the Dark Age 700BC Greek communities sent people to live outside Aegean Area, in colonies, because too many people lived in Greece with not enough food to support them Between 750-550BC Greek culture spread to Italy, Sicily, France, Spain, North Africa, and West Africa At first they would barter with each other Then they created coins This made it easier and made people wealthier Nobles ruled many city-states (polis) Today we get police, politics, etc. from polis Agora was a marketplace outside the acropolis 500BC, 300,000 people lived in Athens Greek Politics Free, land owning males citizens could Vote, hold public office, own property, and defend themselves in court Beginning of democracy today Soldiers Hoplites made up city-state army in 700BC Fought on foot Carried round shield, short sword, and spear Fought in phalanx (formation of shoulder-to-shoulder) Political Changes Nobles took too much control Farmers/artisans and hoplites supported tyrants when they went against the nobles for owing them too much money (600BC) Most Greeks, however, wanted a government ruled by the people Tyrants ruled until 500BC Between 500BC-336BC city-states developed into oligarchies Two MAJOR city-states Sparta Athens Sparta: Military Society Peloponnesus Peninsula Economy based on agriculture Spartans invaded neighboring city-states and took slaves (helots) 650BC helots failed and revolting against the Spartans Military: 2 Spartans prepared all boys and men for war (age 7) because they believed in discipline Men entered the army at 20 years old Married at 20 years old Lived in army barracks Ate “Black Broth” (pork boiled in animal blood, vinegar, and salt) Went home at 30, but continued to train Retired at 60 Women enjoyed many freedoms because the men were away so often Owned property Played sports (wrestling and javelin) Government Oligarchy 2 kings ruled An assembly All male citizens over 30 years Decisions on war and peace Council of Elders Most powerful body Judges (executions/exile) Elected 5 people each year to enforce laws & collect taxes No visitors were allowed in Sparta People could not travel out of Sparta No literature or arts studies Used heavy iron bars for money, not coins Discouraged trade with other Greeks Remained a poor farming society Only goal was military strength and power Athens: A Long Democracy Northeast of Sparta (2 day trip away) Education Boys studied Arithmetic, geometry, drawing, music, and public speaking At 18 years old they took active roles in public affairs Girls studied Spinning, weaving, household duties Rich girls even learned to read, write, and play music 594BC, Solon, a respected merchant, ended farmers debt and freed slaves after farmers became angry because of the debt they owed Created assembly and courts opened to all males (400 rich people) 560BC, tyrant Peisistratus took over (relative of Solon) Gave farmers land from estates Provided loans to farmers Gave citizenship to non-land owners Hired the poor to construct temples Wanted people to worship Athena Cleisthenes became the next leader after Peisistratus died Made the assembly the major governing body Council members only served one year terms and were chosen on a lottery basis More democratic 3 Persia Southwest Asia 500BC-Cyrus the Great built and empire that was the largest in the Ancient World 540BC conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Judah, and Greeks Allowed them to remain with their customs and Jews could return to their homeland Over the years Persia expanded to include Egypt, Western India, and lands northeast of Greece Improved the network of roads in place by the Assyrians to control all of their land (the size of US) Most important road was the Royal Road, 1,500 miles long from Persia to Anatolia From one end to the other in 7 days (3 months before the road existed) Government Darius II (ruled 522BC-486BC) divided the empire into provinces called satrapies, ruled by a satrap (governor) Military Persia had full-time, paid, professional army Compared to the Greeks’ citizens called to serve The best fighters in the army were 10,000 soldiers trained to guard the king Called the “Immortals” because when 1 died, another immediately took his place Religion was polytheistic until… Zoroaster, a religious teacher, in 600BC preached monotheistic religion called Zoroastrianism One god called Ahura Mazda “Wise Lord” Creator of all things and leader of the forces of good A person should choose good and bad in the world, but at the end good would prevail. The Persians began to view their monarchy as a sacred institution or role Today, Zoroastrianism has over 200,000 followers in South Asia. The Persian Wars During the 400sBC, the Persian conquests continued. However, they came to land owned by the Greeks 499BC Greeks living Anatolia (governed by Cyrus), revolted Athenians sent warships to help them, but the Persians interceded and wanted to punish the mainland Greeks for meddling in his empire 490BC the Persians sent 20,000 soldiers to Marathon (in Greece) They waited for several days, but the Athenians never came Athenians had 10,000 soldiers; they probably didn’t want to get clobbered! The Persians prepared to leave (to attack Athens by sea) by filling their ships with their best soldiers first Then, SURPRISE!!! The Athenians came and caught them by surprise Legend says that a young messenger ran 25 miles to Athens to report the news, cried “victory!” and died. Today, marathons are 26 miles and named after this battle The Persians wanted payback and vowed revenge! 480BC Persian King Xerxes, invaded Greece with 200,000 troops and thousands of warships and vessels. King Leonidas of Sparta provided the troops and King Themistocles of Athens, devised the battle plan and lead the troops King Leonidas led 7,000 men in a battle at Thermopylae for three days to cut off the enemy’s supply ships, but didn’t succeed 4 Leonidas heard a traitor told the Persians about attacking from the back, so he sent all but 300 soldiers away and the rest remained This fight have Themistocles time to carry out his plan He figured these supply ships would gather in the Salamis strait near Athens Themistocles lead the Greek’s smaller, lighter, fewer ships against the larger, heavier, more Persian ships. The Greeks sank 300 Persian ships and only lost 40 Persians set the city of Athens on fire when hardly citizens were found 479BC the Greek’s army was more powerful than the Persians The Greeks learned new skills and streamlined their weapons At Plataea the Greeks and Persians fought again Each army with about 100,000 men The Greeks defeated the Persian army Fighting continued as the Greeks went on to free Anatolia from Persian rule Peace between the Persians and Greeks didn’t come until 449BC Decline of Persia Army was not as strong because of its losses The kings taxed the people too much for the palaces People grew uneasy and unhappy Alexander, a young and powerful ruler, ended the Persian Empire and a new Greek empire emerged in 300sBC Rule of Pericles 461-429BC Athens thrives with its’ new leader Pericles Government Athenians practice direct democracy All citizens meet to debate and vote United States uses representative democracy today Citizens elect a smaller group of people, this group makes laws, represents them, and governs Direct Democracy worked in Athens because the amount of citizens was low About 6,000 males attended every 10 days Ruled for more than 30 years Allowed middle and lower class citizens take part in the government Athens was rebuilt after the Persians destroyed it Arts and learned became important Pericles supported writers, artists, teachers, sculptures, philosophers and architects Athens was called “the School of Greece” Athenian Life Men Mornings: farmers, artisans, merchants Afternoons: exercising in the gymnasium Evenings: ate, drank, and discussed politics or philosophy Women Girls married during mid-teens Had children and took care of the home When women left the house they had to be escorted by a male relative Wealthy left during funerals or festivals, poor left to sell at the market or work on farms Many learned to read and play music Famous women was Aspasia who was known for her intelligence and charm She inspired Plato and Pericles Slavery Common, normal Most homes had at least 1, wealthy had many Some slaves could buy their freedom Slaves in the mines died young, slaves that were craftspeople had it easy 5 Economy Not enough room for farming Trade became a big part of the economy with their ships Delian League Persians still were a threat to Greece 478BC, Athens joined other city-states to form a defensive league The headquarters was at Delos Athens provided soldiers, others provided money and ships The Delian League got Persians out of all Greek territory The League failed because Athens controlled decisions made; 454BC the league was moved to Athens This made Sparta weary and worried that Athens would control all of Greece Peloponnesian War Sparta became the leader of the group against Athens 433BC allies of Sparta were interfered by Athens and pressured Sparta to attack 431BC war broke out and continued until 404BC This is called the Peloponnesian War because Sparta was located in the Peloponnesus Athens could not work again for the sake of Greece Pericles’s Funeral Oration Pericles held a public funeral to mourn all fallen soldiers Famous speech called Funeral Oration Reminded people that they made their government strong They had to obey the rules of their government Awarded certain rights when they paid their taxes and helped defend their city The democratic way of life is worth protecting Still valued by democratic countries today Athens Loses Athens remained safe for 2 years because they stayed within the city walls and received goods from colonies through ships (Sparta did not have a navy fleet) A disease broke out in the crowded city that killed 1/3 of its population, including Pericles Sparta made a deal with the Persians, promising Greek land in Anatolia if Sparta received enough gold to build a navy Sparta built its navy and defeated the Athenians No more supplies could enter Athens Sparta surrounded the walls of the city Athenians became weak and surrendered a year later The Athenian Empire collapsed Effects of the Peloponnesian War Governments were divided and weak Many people died from disease or in battle Farms were destroyed Many Greeks had to join the Persian Army with no way to earn a living Sparta governed to violently and this angered its allies During the next 30 years Sparta fought many of the allies and Persia again 371BC Thebes seized Sparta and ended the empire 10 years later, Thebes also collapsed With all the turmoil, no one noticed Macedonia to the north A threat to Greek’s independence 6