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Geography Chapter 1 Physical Geography Looking at the Earth Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics, and how humans use and move around them. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Geography Chapter 1 Physical Geography Looking at the Earth SECTION 1 The Five Themes of Geography SECTION 2 The Geographer’s Tools Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Section-1 The Five Themes of Geography • Geographers view the world in terms of the use of space. • Geographers study the world by looking at location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Section-1 The Five Themes of Geography The Geographer’s Perspective Geographers and Historians • Historians look at events over time • Geographers look at: − use of space on Earth − interactions that take place there − patterns and connections between people and land • Geography is the study of the distribution and interaction of: − physical features on Earth − human features on Earth Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 The Geographer’s Perspective {continued} Methods of Geography • Geographers use a variety of tools: − maps − photographs − charts, graphs, tables − scale models − five themes of geography Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Location Where is it? • Absolute location—exact place where a geographic feature is found • Relative location—location of a place compared to places around it Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Location {continued} Absolute Location • Earth is divided into two equal halves, vertically and horizontally • Each vertical and horizontal half is called a hemisphere • An imaginary line, the Equator, divides north and south halves • Another imaginary line, the Prime Meridian, divides east and west Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Location {continued} Latitude Lines • Geographers use latitude lines to locate places north and south • Latitude—imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator Longitude Lines • Geographers use longitude lines to mark positions east and west • Longitude—imaginary lines that go over the poles • Where latitude and longitude lines cross is the absolute location Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Location {continued} Relative Location • How a place is related to its surrounding environment Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Place What is it Like? • Place includes physical features and cultural characteristics: − physical features include climate, landforms, vegetation − cultural characteristics include dams, highways, houses Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Region How are Places Similar or Different? • A region is an area united by similar characteristics • Unifying characteristics—physical, political, economic, cultural • Three types of regions: − formal − functional − perceptual Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 1 Theme: Region {continued} Formal Regions • Defined by a limited number of related characteristics • Formal regions of the world: − The United States and Canada − Latin America − Europe − Russia and the Republics − Africa − Southwest Asia − South Asia − East Asia − Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Region {continued} Functional Regions • Organized around interactions and connections between places • Example: a city and its suburbs are connected through human movement Perceptual Regions • Region with characteristics people perceive in much the same way • Example: the American Midwest • Sometimes perceptions differ: Does Midwest begin in Ohio or Illinois? Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Human-Environment Interaction How Do People Relate to the Physical World? • A relationship exists between people and their environment • People use and change the environment to meet their needs • People adapt to environmental conditions they cannot change • Often, people in similar environments adapt in different ways Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Movement How Do People, Goods, and Ideas Get from One Place to Another? • Geographers use three types of distance to analyze movement: − linear distance − time distance − psychological distance Linear Distance and Time Distance • Linear distance—how far a person, product, or idea travels • Time distance—how long it takes for person, product, idea to travel Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 Theme: Movement {continued} Psychological Distance • Refers to the way people perceive distance • Example: unfamiliar places may seem farther away than familiar ones Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Section-2 The Geographer’s Tools • Geographers use two- and three-dimensional tools to learn about the earth. • Geographers use computer-assisted technology to study the use of the earth’s surface. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Section-2 The Geographer’s Tools Maps and Globes Visualizing Earth • Oldest known map: Babylonian clay tablet, circa 500 B.C. • Maps show locations of places, landforms, bodies of water Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 2 Maps and Globes {continued} Two or Three Dimensions • Globe—a three-dimensional representation (a sphere) of Earth • Map—a two-dimensional graphic representation of Earth’s surface • Cartographer (mapmaker) tries to accurately reflect earth’s surface • Map projection—way of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat map Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 Maps and Globes {continued} Types of Maps • Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, navigational • A topographic map is one kind of general reference map • Topographic map—shows natural and man-made features of earth • Thematic map—shows specific data such as climate, population density • A navigation map is used by sailors, pilots Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 2 The Geographer’s Tools The Science of Mapmaking Surveying • Surveyors observe, measure, record what they see in a specific area • Remote sensing, gathering geographic data from a distance, includes: − aerial photography − satellite imaging Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 The Science of Mapmaking {continued} Satellites • Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, navigational • Best known satellites are Landsat and GOES • Landsat is a series of satellites; can scan entire planet in 16 days • Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES): − orbits in sync with Earth’s rotation − gathers images of atmospheric conditions Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Continued… Next Geography Chapter 1 The Science of Mapmaking {continued} Geographic Information Systems • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a digital geographic database • Combines and displays information from many sources Global Positioning System (GPS) • Uses series of 24 Navstar satellites to beam information to Earth • Hand-held GPS receivers on Earth display exact position • GPS used by explorers, sailors, drivers; also used to track animals Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Geography Chapter 1 Print Slide Show 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Previous Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company