Download Pageant 34-36 Review

Pageant 34-36 Review
Eleanor Roosevelt
• Most influential first lady
• Champion of the dispossessed
Frances Perkins
• First female cabinet member- Secretary of
Labor
1932 Campaign
• Hoover- said recovery was just around the
corner
• FDR- willing to try bold experimentation
1932 Election
• FDR wins in a landslide
• African Americans shifted from Republican
to Democratic
Hoover- early 1933
• Wanted FDR to stick to anti-inflationary
policies
Glass-Steagall Act
• Created the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation to insure bank deposits
• FDR wanted to stimulate inflation with
“managed currency”
Demagogues
• Huey P. Long- promised to give all families
$5,000
• Father Coughlin- anti-Semitic
National Recovery Act (NRA)
• Required too much sacrifice on the part of
industry, labor and the public
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
• Attempted to reduce farm production
Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
• Reversed force assimilation
• Established tribal self-government
Federal Securities Act and
Securities Exchange Commission
• Provide full disclosure of information
• Prevent insider trading with the NY Stock
Exchange
Tennessee Valley Authority
• Tennessee Valley was a hundred years
behind the rest of the US
• Improved Navigation, flood control and
power from high dams
• Electrical Power- controversial aspect
Wagner Act of 1935
• Gave labor the right to bargain collectively
Supreme Court
• After packing scandal, supported more
New Deal Programs
Civilian Conservation Corps
• Worked on natural projects
• Men were required to send portion of
earnings home
New Deal
• Provided moderate social reform without
radical revolution or reactionary fascism
London Economic Conference
• Boycotted by FDR- felt it stabilizing
national currencies would hurt US
recovery
Soviet Union
• Recognized by FDR- viewed as a possible
ally against Germany and Japan
Philippines
• Became an economic liability for the US
Good Neighbor Policy
• FDR viewed Latin America as allies to
defend the western hemisphere against
dictators
FDR’s Foreign-Trade Policy
• Lowered tariffs to encourage trade
American Attitudes
• 1930s- most Americans wanted to retreat
further into isolationism
• By mid-1930s- support for a constitutional
amendment requiring a popular
referendum to declare war
Neutrality Acts
• Americans would not sail on ships of
warring nations
• US would not sell weapons to any warring
nations
• This style
look familiar?
Spanish Civil War
• US remained neutral
• Spain became a fascist dictatorship
Jewish Refugees
• Not fully accepted by America
• US had a difficult time imagining the
Holocaust could be happening
Tell How America
Reacted to Pearl Harbor
and Prepared to Wage
War Against Both
Germany and Japan.
Danyelle Meleta
Chelsey Wilson
Kim Andress
Justin Gillette
U.S. Reaction to Pearl Harbor
• Immediate shock and disbelief
• President Roosevelt, "a date
which will live in infamy"
• Congress declared war on the
Empire of Japan
• Converted to a war economy
• Sense of nationalism
• Recruitment campaigns
• Prejudice of Japanese
• Japanese Admiral Hamamoto, "I
feel all we have done is awake a
sleeping giant and fill him with a
terrible resolve."
• Roosevelt's second war message
declares war on the remaining
Axis aggressors.
Preparations for Waging War
Against Germany
• Mostly unprepared for war
against either Germany or
Japan
• Roosevelt already set on
defeat of Nazi regime
• Immediate and massive
expansion of Armed Forces
• Naval patrols to prevent
beliggerant ships in U.S.
waters
• Roosevelt contemplated
bases in Bermuda and the
Carribean
Preparations for Waging War Against
Japan
• Expansion of the U.S.
fleet after Pearl Harbor
• President Roosevelt set in
motion the construction of a
Two Ocean Navy, a 50,000
plane air force, a 6 million
man army, and the secret
program to build an atomic
bomb.
• The focus of military policy
changed from continental to
hemisphere defense.
• The United States used
draft laws to build their
armed forces.
Preparations on the home front
• The Lend- Lease bill became law
on March 11, 1941. During the
next four years, the U.S. sent
more than $50 billion worth of war
materials to the Allies.
• Factories in the United States
converted from civilian to war
production with amazing speed.
Firms that had made vacuum
cleaners before the war began to
produce machine guns.
• As men went into the armed
forces, women took their places
in war plants. By 1943, more than
two million women were working
in American war industries.
Rosie the Riveter became a
common site in shipyards and
aircraft plants!
Lack of Preparation
• U.S. underestimated Japanese Strength and
Capability
• Two plans in preparation for possible Japanese
agression
o Navy had wanted to hold onto the Phillipines and
Army wanted to write off the Phillipines
• To defend the Phillipine islands
o General MacArthur had the equivalent of two
divisions of regular troops -- 16,000 U.S. regulars
and 12,000 Philippine Scouts.
o Could call on Philippine militia, but they were
untrained and ill equipped.
o Lt. Gen. Walter C. Short's Hawaiian command held
43,000 Army troops, including two infantry
Fall of France
• US responded by passing a conscription
law
• US gave GB destroyers in exchange for
naval bases in the Western hemisphere
• Basically ended US neutrality
• US public opinion wanted to support GB,
but stay out of fighting
FDR’s Third Term
• Broke with precedence established by G.
Washington
• Completely constitutional at that point
(22nd Amendment passed later)
• Motivated by belief that US needed his
leadership with impending international
crisis
Lend-Lease Aid
• Available to Soviets after German invasion
Pearl Harbor
• Ended public reluctance to enter WW II
US Entry in WW II
• Public wanted revenge – no idea what the
war was about
• Retooled industry for war production
Japanese Americans
• Viewed as
possible saboteurs
• Relocated away
from West coast
Synthetic Rubber
• Government commissioned production to
offset loss of access to prewar supply in
SE Asia
Women’s Roles in WW II
• Filled positions left by men heading to war
• Lead to day-care centers by the
government
African Americans
•
•
•
•
Rallied behind the double “V”
Moved north and west in large numbers
Fought in segregated units
Formed CORE
National Debt
• Increased most during WW II
Chapter 36 Presentation
Learning Objective #2
Tony Quaste, Ryan Simpson,
Pat Eck, and Nick Williams
War Economy
• America moves to a War EconomyTotal War
• " mobilization-the reallocation of a
nation's resources for the assembly,
preparation, and equipping of forces for
war-had arrived."
• The Office of War Mobilization-1943
o Created many agencies which helped the
war cause
o Labor, Merchant shipbuilding, and food
• Provided jobs for Americans, who did not take
part in the war.
• Provided Arms to themselves and other
countries
Effects from WWII
• The War had helped bring America out of The Great
Depression
• Improved the global Economy
• America became a well renowned Arms dealer
• America becomes an industrial superpower
• Rather than reverting to a consumer economy like
before, America continues to function under a war
economy.
• Men return to industrial jobs
• Women return to the women get their first taste of
being a largescale workforce, some want more.
Mobilization of Manpower for the
Military
• Unlike other small scale conflicts, World War 2
required amounts of manpower previously unknown
to Americans.
• A volunteer army was not enough, so a draft was
instated. All men 18-64 were required to serve.
• In World War II about 50 million men were
conscripted into the military during the massive draft
that encompassed the time period.
Women-power in the Military
• Still restricted from being in a direct combat role.
• Women performed typical military roles, as well as
some new ones.
• Hospital Doctors/Nurses
• Secretarial Jobs
• More than 1,000 women served as pilots associated
with the US Air Force in the WASP (Women Air force
Service Pilots) but were considered civil service
workers, and weren't recognized for their military
service until the 1970s.
Men in the Workplace
• During the time of world war 2 many of the men of the United States
chosed to make their profession that of a soldier.
• The initial military buildup brought back to work many laborers who
had been
• unemployed by the Great Depression. During the war, average
weekly earnings rose nearly 70 percent.
• Heavy industry jobs almost always went to men and most of the
skilled positions went to whites. Minorities became more attractive
candidates for production jobs when white men left for sevice. Soon,
both private employers and the government were
encouraging minorities to move to industrial cities, and Mexicans to
enter the United States
Women in the Workplace
• During World War II the percentage of American
women who worked outside the hom at paying work increased from
25% to 36%.
• This was necessary since the majority of males left the workplace to
go fight in the war and the government tried to make it seem that you
can work and still be feminime.
• As one example in the American shipbuilding industry, where women
had been excluded from almost all jobs except a few office jobs
before the war, women's presence went to over 9% of the workforce
during the war.
• Thousands of women moved to Washington, DC, to take government
office and support jobs.
• Minority women benefited from the June, 1941, Executive Order
8802, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt
• The large increase in the presence of women in the workforce also
meant that those who were mothers had to deal with issues
likechildcare
Effects on American Society
Nick Check, Cam Goodell, Alyssa
Malatesta, Danielle Ciocco
(Not Ryan Simpson)
Race Relations in American
Society
• Native Americans started to work in cities
due to open positions in factories.
• Millions of Italian-Americans and GermanAmericans had loyally supported the
nations war program.
• 110,000 Japanese-Americans were placed
in Internment camps due to Washington's
top command fearing.
Blacks
• After 1.6 million blacks leave the south to
seek jobs in war plants in the West and
North, race relations constitutes a national
issue, not a regional issue.
• Tensions developed over
– Employment
– Housing
– Segregated facilities
Continued…
• 1941-A. Philip Randolph, head of the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened
a massive, “Negro March on Washington” to
demand equal opportunities for blacks in war
jobs and the armed forces
• Roosevelt’s response-executive order forbidding
discrimination in defense authorites
• Resulted in FEPC (Fair Employment Practices
Commission)
Continued…
• Blacks were also drafted into the armed
forces but generally were still assigned to
service branches instead of combat units
• Subjected to petty degradations such as
segregated blood banks for the wounded
• Overall war helped to embolden blacks in
their struggle for equality
• Double V-victory over dictators abroad and
racism at home
Even more continuing…
• NAACP membership grew to almost a half
million
• CORE-Congress of Racial Equality formed in
1942
• Mechanical cotton picker-invented in 1944 and
the need for cheap labor in the south
disappeared
• In the next 3 decades 5 million black tenant
farmers moved north
• By 1970 half of all blacks lived outside the south
• Urban=Black
Women’s Roles
• Women began to sweep the workforce as they
gained jobs in factories, “non-combat” military
roles, and in the newly established 3000 day
cares.
• 216,000 women employed in noncombat duties
during WWII- WAACs (army), WAVES (navy),
and SPARs (coast guard)
• More than 6 million women had jobs outside the
house, in factories mostly, which caused daycares to come about
Women
• Many women did not take up jobs outside
the home but stayed in their homes.
• After the war 2/3s of women left their jobs
and went back to their homes.
• Women made organizations like the USO
to make soldiers feel at home when
traveling from base to base; some
volunteer groups hosted welcoming
parties when the soldiers came home
Women
• Women pilots (WASP) performed flying
duties in replacement for men so they
could help the war effort
• Navy and Army Nurses were in enemy
territory so they were in about as much
danger as some of the men during the war
Regional Migration
• Shifted American migration because the soldiers
who went off to war, having been exposed to
new lands, they chose not to go back to their
home when the war ended
• South experienced dramatic changes; 1.6 million
blacks left the south seeking jobs in the war
plants of the west and the north; after this, race
relations became a national issue, not just
regional (tensions everywhere arose over
segregation in the workplace, housing, etc.)
Continued…
• By 1790, half of all blacks lived outside of the
South, urban=black
• War industry moved people to big cities like L.A.,
Detroit, Seattle, and Baton Rouge
• Northward migration of African-Americans
accelerated after the war, due to the invention of
the mechanical cotton picker which did the work
of fifty people for much cheaper; the cotton
south’s need for cheap labor disappeared
Continued…
• War also prompted a departure of Native
Americans from the reservations,
thousands of Indian men and women
found jobs related to the war in major
cities while others joined the army
• In 1940 more than 90% of Indians lived in
reservations, 60 years later, more than half
lived in cities, largely concentrated in
Southern California
Continued...
• 5 million black tenant farmers and
sharecroppers headed north in the 3 decades
following the war (one of the great migrations of
American History)
• Native Americans, Navajos in specific, who
served in the armed forces were valuable
because they transmitted radio messages in
their native languages that the Germans and
Japanese couldn’t understand
Early Pacific Conflicts
Japanese Successes to American Counters
Kristen Myatt
Chris Larkin
Sierra Fox
Phil Strunk
4. Explain the early Japanese successes in
Asia and the Pacific and the American
strategy for countering them.
Initial Japanese Confrontation
• United States had the USS Panay harbored outside Nanking
when the Japanese sunk it
• US was livid over attack
• Japan quickly apologized saying that they did not see the
flags on the ship
• Sparked fear and anger toward the Japanese
Japanese Attacks Post-Panay
• Attacked Pearl Harbor
• Simultaneously attacked Guam and Wake with quick
victories
• Took British Chinese port of Hong Kong
• Took Dutch East Indies
• British, Australian, Dutch, and US air forces were small in
number; Japanese easily overcame them
Japan Gains Ground
• Invaded New Guinea
• Landed on the Solomon Islands
• Now Japan had forces just north of Australia
• Japan eventually threatened to invade Australia
• Battle broke out in the Coral Sea
• American forces with Australian support gave a harsh blow
to the Japanese forces
American Responses to Quick
Japanese Strikes
• Japanese took British Malaya - key supplier of rubber and
tin
• US created factories and produces its own
• Japanese attacked Burma to cut Burma Road - no more
American supplies to China
• US countered by flying supplies over the Himalayas
Assault on the Philippines
• No easy victory for Japan
• US took defensive position at Bataan with General
MacArthur in charge
• MacArthur had to leave, and troops surrendered
• Bataan Death March:
o 80 mi. march to POW camps
A Northern Invasion on the East
Pacific
• Japan had control of Kiska and Attu, islands near Alaska
• America feared and invasion of the continental U.S from
the north
• American defenses headed north to prevent the Japanese
from invading
Midway
• Japan tried to seize Midway Island
o
About 1000 miles from Hawaii
• America set out to halt Japan
• Naval battle near Midway was fought
• A small but skillful carrier force headed out to stop the
invading fleet
• Japan was forced to break off the attack after losing 4
carriers
America Gains Momentum
• MacArthur continued to defend New Guinea - protect
Australia
• US attacked Japanese supply and troop carriers on mass
scale
• Japanese causualties are
10 times higher than American
Island Hopping
• Bypassed fortified Japanese bases and set air fields on
surrounding islands
• Destroyed Japanese bases by heavy bombing
• As Japanese bases withered, US continued forward
• Eventually Japan was left without key supply lines
Meanwhile in Los Alamos. . .
• With Japan left without key supply lines, the United States
was reaching victory
• It was realized early on that the Japanese would not
surrender, but fight to the death
• US scientists got together for a project that would shape
foreign policy for decades to come
Learning Objective 5
Describe the early Western
Allies' efforts in North Africa
and Italy, the stratgic tensions
with the Soviet Union over the
second Front, and the invasion
of Normandy
•
•
•
•
•
•
North
Africa
November 1942, US troops landed and aided the British
clearing North Africa
Allies tightened their grip on Morocco and Algeria
Troops raced to reach strategic positions in neighboring
Tunisia
Allies tightened their grip on Morocco and Algeria
German-Italian Panzer Army pushed back into Libya
General Archibald Wavell launched a major attack,
Operation Torch, which drove the Italians out of Egypt
Italy
• Allied forces were ready for the invasion of Sicily by
early July
• General Eisenhower landed with 15th Army Group
• September 9, the Allies decided to invade Italy
• Allied invasion fleet consisted of 3,000 ships and craft
carrying 140,000 men
• August 15 Randazzo and Taormina had been
captured
• August 17 all Axis resistance in Sicily had ceased
• On July 25, Mussolini was forced to resign
The Soviet Union
•
The Italy, German, and
Japan forces signed the
Tripartite Pact, creating
the axis powers.
o Soviets never join but
are related to pact of
non-agression
• However, on June of
1941, Germany launched
operation "Barbarossa"
which is considered to be
Hitler's fatal flaw.
o It created a second
front for Germany and
split their forces.
Stalingrad,considered
turning point of the war
o
On January 31, 1943, over
90,000 German troops at
Stalingrad surrendered to the
Soviets,making the signifigant
to all the lives lost.
 1,129,619 total casualties
on soviet side.
 500,000-850,000 Axis
powers soilders killed.
S.U. and Germany
War of the Rats, by David
Robinsons
Invasion of Normandy
• began on June 6,1944.
• was the invasion and establishment of Allied forces
in Normandy, France, during Operation Overlord in
World War II.
• The invasion was the largest overseas operation in
history.
• Juno, Gold, Omaha, Utah, and Sword.
• By June 11, a week after the invasion began, 326,000
troops, 54000 vehicles and 104,000 tons of supplies
landed.
• The allies had already established a strong firmhold
in Normandy by June 30th and landed 1 million
soldiers
• Casualties:
o Allies: 120,000
o Germans: 113,000
Jeff Piotrowski
Emily Avery
Bridget Dooling
Seth Dennis
FDR and Wallace
FDR
• Decline in appearance
• Rumored health problems
Wallace
• Was not wanted by party as president if FDR
died
• Viewed as unpredictable and ill balanced liberal
• Served as VP for four years was hoping for
reelection
Harry S. Truman
Truman
• Missouri
• Smiling and self assured
• Nothing against him
• Had FDR’s blessing
• More conservative than Wallace
Dewey
• Took offensive because FDR was too
consumed with war
• Denounced the tired and quarrelsome old
men in Washington
• Wanted to keep same war policy
After 12 years of New
Dealism it’s a time for
change!
Republicans criticize FDR
• Sending naval destroyer to retrieve his pet
dog Fala
• For Failing health
• Opposed by newspapers because they
were owned by republicans
Sweeping Victory
•
•
•
•
FDR wins!
432-99 electoral
22,606,585-22,014,745 popular
Primarily because the war was going well
Explain the Final Military
Efforts that Brought Allied
Citory in Europe and Asia
and the Significance of the
Atomic Bomb
Iylas, Sean, Yosief
Europe
• Battle of The Budge
o Dec 16, 1994- Hitler hurled his final reserve
at thin American line
o Allies pushed back in "budge" in line
o 10 day attack haled after 101st Airborne
Division stood firm at Bastion of Bastogne
o Germans Surrender
Europe Con't
• March 1945- Americans reach Rhine River
• April 1945- Soviets reach Berlin
o capture city
• April 12, 1945- Hitler commits suicide
• May 8- Victory in Europe Day
Asia
Battle of
Manila
Battle of West
Hunan
Borneo
campaign
Southwest
China(1945)
Southwest
Australia(Mors 8,000 vs
Pacific(1945) head) and
10,000
Allies(Kinkaid)
vs
Japan(Kamad
a, Masao)
Atomic Bomb
• Strategists predicted invasion of Japan would cost
hundreds of thousands American lives and more
Japanese lives
• Japan refused to surrender
• Potsdam Conference - Berlin: July 1945
o Japan given Ulimatium
 Surrender or Be Destroyed
• Japan would not surrender
• July, 1945 first A-bomb success in Alamogordo, New
Mexico
A-bomb
• August 6, 1945 Bomb dropped on Hiroshima
o 180,000 people killed, wounded, or missing
o The Hiroshima prefectural health department
estimates that, of the people who died on the day
of the explosion, 60% died from flash or flame
burns, 30% from falling debris and 10% from other
causes
A-bomb
• August 9, 1945 Bomb Dropped on Nagasaki
o 60,000-80,000 Killed
Coral Sea
• Saved Australia from Japanese attacks
• First battle where enemy ships never saw
each other
1942- Japanese
• Overextended themselves with territorial
gains
Guadalcanal
• First Allied offensive in the Pacific
Midway
• Ended Japanese ability to fight an
offensive war in the Pacific
Stalingrad
• Turning point in Europe
• Furthest extent of Nazi offensive in Russia
Unconditional Surrender
• Wanted to avoid a negotiated peace or
armistice
• Eventually complicated problems of
postwar reconstruction
Italian Campaign
• Attempt to attack Europe through the “soft
underbelly”
• German army poured in and stalled the
Allied advance
D-Day
• Cross Channel invasion of Normandy, led
by Eisenhower
• Erwin Rommel- German in charge of
defenses
Battle of the Bulge
• December,1944
• Last German offensive of the war
Election of 1944
• Positive war news helped FDR
Casablanca Conference
• FDR and Churchill decide to next invade
Sicily
Potsdam Conference
• Ultimatum to Japan- surrender or be
destroyed
Pros and Cons to Atomic
Bombs
•
•
•
•
ProsEnded war quickly
Saved US lives
Probably saved
Japanese lives
• Cons• Killed many civilians
• Was Japan ready to
surrender already?