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Anatomy and Physiology 120 Appendicular Skeleton And Articulations What You Need To Know • Identify appendicular bones & processes – Lots and lots of them • Distinguish between – fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial joints • Know the different – synovial joints & be able to identify them. The Joints • Fibrous Dense connective tissue between bones that are closely associated (little flexibility) -cranial sutures • Cartilaginous Made up of hyaline or fibrocartilage (cushion and absorption) – Intervertebral disks • Synovial Articulating surfaces lined with hyaline cartilage (thick, glassy, dense connective tissue) Joint Capsule ….. To be continued… Synovial Joints • Thick, Glassy, Dense connective tissue • Encased in a thin joint capsule – Binds the hyaline cartilage to the bone terminus • Joint capsule – enclosed in a sack-like synovial membrane • Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid – Prevents physical contact between the ends of bones (lubricates the articulating cartilage) Standard Synovial Joint Types of Synovial Joints Be able to identify & give examples 1. Gliding – nearly flat surfaces (wrists and ankles) 2. Hinge – Convex surface with a Concave surface (Elbow and joints of the phalanges) 3. Pivot – Cylindrical surface with ring of bone or ligament (proximal end of the radius and ulna / Atlas & Axis) • Condyloid – Oval shaped condyle with elliptical cavity (metacarpals & phalanges) • Saddle – movement in 2 planes. Saddle shaped head. (so you can grab things (metacarpal and carpal) • Ball and socket – Ball-shaped head with Cup shaped cavity (Hip & Shoulder) Movement • Flexion - Bending parts at a joint < angel • Extension - Straightening parts at a joint > angel • Hyperextension - Over extension of the joint • Abduction - body part away from the midline • Adduction – body part toward the midline • Rotation - Moving of parts around its axis • Circumduction - ends follows a circular path • Dorsilflextion - Bending the foot upward • Planter flextion - Bending the foot downward • Supination - Palm is upward or facing anteriorly • Pronation - Palm is downward or facing posteriorly • Eversion – Foot -Sole is facing laterally • Inversion – Foot - Sole is facing medially • Protraction - Moving a part forward • (thrusting the chin forward) • Retraction - Moving a part backward • (Pulling the chin back) • Elevation - Raising a part • (shrugging the shoulders) • Depression - Lowering a part • (drooping the shoulders) Pectoral Girdle & Upper Extremity Like your Pec’s (for you guys that work out) Pectoral girdle = 1)Clavicle & 2)Scapula 2) Scapula Spine / Glenoid cavity / acromion process 3) Humerus Head / Greater tubercle / Lesser tubercle / deltoid tuberosity / epicondyles / condyles (capitulum & trochlea) / olecranon fossa / Coronoid fossa 4) Radius Head / styloid process 5) Ulna Olecranon process / Coronoid process / trochlear (semilunar) notch / styloid process Pectoral Girdle Scapula Coracoid process Acromion process Glenoid fossa Coracoid process Clavical Acromion process Spine Greater Tubercle Head Lesser Tubercle Deltoid Tuberosity Coronoid fossa Medial epicondyle Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Capitulum Trochlea Trochlea Radius Ulna Olecranon process Head Trochlear (semilunar) Notch Coronoid process Styloid Process Styloid Process 6) Carpals 7) Metacarpals (1-5) 8) Phalanges Proximal (1-5) Middle (2-5) Distal (1-5) 1) Label diagram (know these both by diagram and model) 2) Complete Parts A, B and C Pelvic Girdle and Lower Extremity 1) Os coxae = ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum & obturator foramen 2) Femur Head / greater trochanter / lesser trochanter / medial and lateral condyles 3) Patella 4) Tibia Medial and lateral condyles / tibial tuberosity / medial malleolus 5) Fibula Lateral malleolus 1) Os coxae = ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum & obturator foramen a) Ilium Iliac crest / anterior superior iliac spine / sacroiliac joint b) Ischium Ischial tuberosity c) Pubis Pubic symphysis / Pubic arch Femur Greater Trochanter Head Lesser Trochanter Lateral condyle Medial condyle Patella Fibula Tibia 6) Tarsals Calcaneus / Talus 7) Metatarsals (1-5) 8) Phalanges Proximal (1-5) Middle (2-5) Distal (1-5) Helpful Hints • Patella – Knee • Tibia (bigger) & Fibula (smaller) – lower leg • Radius & Ulna - (Ulna has a U) • Humerus – Kind of in the area of the funny bone • Tarsals – in the region of your toes (but not your toes) Picture References http://www.arthursclipart.com/medical/skelbw/S KELETON.gif http://www.arthrites.be/images/squelette.jpg www.lrn.org/Popup/Skeletal/figure5_6.html http://www.mc.edu/campus/users/cboothe/carast afford2_files/image012.jpg http://fulton.edzone.net/cites/winklerscience/team 2/gliding_joint.gif http://westernchanfellowship.org/galleryimage s/skeleton.jpg