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Transcript
Chapter 22.1: The Geosphere Geology = The study of the planet E.’s composition & structure In Notebook … 1. Draw and label a diagram of Earth that shows its 3 major layers. 2. What is each layer made up of? (Rock? Metals? Gas? Something else?) 3. What happens to temperatures as you move from the surface to the center? 4. What happens to pressure as you move from the surface to the center? How do we know about Earth’s interior if we can’t see it? 1. Seismic (earthquake) waves travel at different speeds through different materials. 2. Samples of upper mantle from volcanoes. People used to think… - Earth was a few thousand years old. - Earth never changed. Geologists discover that: - Earth is billions of years old -Earth is always changing (Mt. building, continents move, etc.) Uniformitarianism: the processes the change E. today were at work in the past. Geosphere: Earth’s Layers Major Layers 1. CRUST 2. MANTLE 3. CORE Why Layers? While E. was still molten, heavy material sank to center and light materials float. Early Earth: Origins: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asEiF05f1Sw Part 2; 4 min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OfNefK9o84&feature=related Core Mantle Crust Sulfur (4%) Nickel (11%) Iron (85%) Density: ~11 g/cm3 Density: ~5 g/cm3 Density: ~3 g/cm3 Temperatures & Pressures • Increase with depth (Gets hotter with more pressure fr. Crust core) The Composition of the Earth Crust Made of: •Light Rock layer (silicates) • Thinnest layer Types of Crust A. Continental • Less dense • Thicker • Older • Granite B. Oceanic • Dense rocks like basalt • Thinner • Younger • Basalt Abundances of Elements in Earth’s Crust Silicon & Oxygen compounds = silicates ( ~ 74%) These make crust light! “Moho” = boundary b/w crust & upper mantle The Mantle • Composition: Heavy Rock • Less silica; more iron 3 Divisions of the Mantle Lithosphere = Upper mantle + Crust “Plates”, Rigid Slabs Asthenosphere = Softer, moving hot rock (Convection Currents) Mesosphere = Stiffer rock near core Convection in the Mantle (astheno) •Driven by temperature & density differences Cooler rock near crust = dense = sinks Hot rock near core = less dense = rises Core • Composition: Heavy Metals! (densest) • Iron & Nickel • Hottest Layer • Most pressure 2 Layers of Core Outer Core • Liquid • High temp. keeps it liquid • Responsible for Earth’s magnetic field • Inner Core – Solid iron and nickel – High pressure keeps it solid The Core Sulfur (4%) Nickel (11%) Iron (85%) Density: ~11 g/cm3 Label Each Layer. Be able to describe each layer: What is it made up of?; Is it solid? Liquid? “taffy-like”; What happens to temps., pressures, and density as you move through layers? Self Quiz 1. Compare how constructive and destructive forces affect Earth’s surface. 2. List the 3 layers of Earth. 3. Which layer has currents of moving rock? 4. Which is the most dense layer? 5. Which layer is made of light rocks like silicates? 6. Which is more dense: Continental or Oceanic Crust? 7. Which layer of the mantle is part of Earth’s plates? 8. Which layer is made of heavy metals? Answers to Self Quiz 1. Constructive forces build new land/crust and destructive forces destroy crust. 2. Crust, Mantle, Core 3. The asthenosphere – which is in the mantle 4. The core 5. The crust 5. Oceanic crust is denser (but thinner) 6. The upper mantle (and the crust make up the lithosphere, or plates) 7. Core How the Earth was Made: Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1kTIZeq1Ck; Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoRqVDQXj-A Early Earth & plate tectonics http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDqskltCixA