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Natural Selection Study Guide Advanced 1. What is a fossil? Remains of once living plants and animals 2. Does every organism become a fossil? No 3. What must an organism have or need to happen to it in order to become a fossil? (besides dying) Covered quickly Extreme pressure contain bone Rots/not covered quickly 4. What prevents some organisms from becoming fossils? Give 3 examples. 5. What part(s) of an organism normally becomes a fossil? 6. What part(s) of an organism normally does not become a fossil? Made mostly of soft tissue Man or nature digs up (eaten) Bone Tissues 7. Give 3 reasons why scientists study fossils. Where plants and animals live How plants and animals have changed over time How they used to live 8. Describe relative dating 9. Describe absolute dating 10. Why do we need to use both relative and absolute dating? 11. When is absolute dating used? Scientists look at which rock layer an organism is in to determine APPROXIMATE age Scientists use the radioactive half-life of elements to determine a precise age They both allow us to construct a more complete picture of earths past. Relative dating is used for fossils that are too old for dating and absolute dating is more absolute Samples that are <70,000yrs precise and used when the rock layers are destroyed Samples that still have radioactive material available 12. When is relative dating used? 13. List the layers in order from youngest to oldest G H 14. Record what X and Y represents. Grams of C-14 60 30 X 7.5 3.75 # of years 0 5730 11,460 Y 22,920 # of half-lives 0 1 2 3 4 15. Define Evolution. 16. What type of structure is shown? What are two main characteristics of these structures? 17. What type of structure is shown? What are two main characteristics of these structures? 18. If you are looking at two animals, how do you know whether they are homologous or analogous? 19. How are homologous and analogous structures evidence of evolution? Samples older than 70,000 yrs Samples that have been damaged and do not have radioactive material left E G I F C A D X =15 Y = 17,190 Change over time analogous All used to fly They have different bone structures homologous All are used for different functions: holding, swimming, moving, flying All have same skeletal structure Same structure- homologous Same function but dif. structureanalogous They show how species change over time to fit their environment 20. How are the following sets of embryos similar? Gill slits visible on all 4 at first stage First stage all curled up All eyes are located in similar location 21. How are the embryos different? 22. How does the study of fossils help support evolutionary theory? 23. How does biogeography impact species adaptation? 24. Given the following picture, explain how both Lamarck and Darwin would explain why the giraffe changed over time? Some lose gill slits Some develop fins and others legs The fossils show a picture of the particular species and how their characteristics change over time. The location of the species changes their environment which makes different characteristics needed for survival. Lamarck: The giraffe stretches its neck over its lifetime to reach the high branches. It then passes that new characteristic on to its offspring. Darwin: The giraffes that are born with the longer next have more food available to it since it can reach higher up in the trees. That giraffe has a higher chance of surviving and passing on the traits. 25. 26. Define Natural Selection. Why did the birds of the Galapagos Islands have different beaks? Organisms that are best suited to an environment survive and reproduce at a higher rate. Different islands have different foods available. The food available determines the type of beak needed. The peppered moth showed that if an environment changes, one characteristics/adaptation may be more suited 27. How was the peppered moth activity evidence for the environment than another. That of Natural Selection? adaption will cause that particular characteristic to survive and be passed on to future generations. 28. How does environment impact species fitness? 29. Brown and black mice live in a dry desert environment. Which color will have the highest population? Which is the fittest? WHY? 30. A volcano erupts in the same desert area covering it with dark black rocks. Which color will have the highest population? Which is the fittest? WHY? 31. How has evolution impacted the number of species on the planet? EXPLAIN. If the environment changes because of nature(natural disaster) or man(pollution), the species must adapt or die. Pollution caused the amount white peppered moths to be less and increased the amount of black ones. brown Brown because it can easily blend in with the sand. black Black because it can now camouflage itself with the rocks. Evolution has increased the number of species in particular because of natural selection. We can start with only one species but changes to the environment over time can cause some of their characteristics to adapt and split into multiple species.