Download Study Guide for Nervous System

Nervous System Study Guide
Ch 11 up to synapse- The Nervous System
I.
Functions of the Nervous system
II.
Organizational levels and functions of each(chart page 389)
a. CNS- Brain and Spinal Cord
i. Brain: voluntary movement, interpretation, sensory integration,
consciousness, cognition
ii. Spinal cord: conduction of afferent and efferent nerves, reflex center
b. PNS- 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 32 pairs of spinal nerves, ganglia provides
communication lines between CNS and body’s muscles, glands and sensory
receptors
i. Sensory
ii. Motor
1. Somatic
2. Autonomic
a. Sympathetic and parasympathetic
III. Histology
a. Neuroglia and glia cells- 6 types- know functions and PNS vs CNS
i. Astrocytes, microglia, ependymal, oligodendrocites, Schwann cells, and
satellite cells
b. Neurons
i. Cell body, dendrite and axon- function and structure of each
ii. Cell body- ganglia and nuclei
1. nissl body
iii. Dendrits and axons- tracts and nerves
iv. Axon
1. axon collaterals
2. axon hillock
3. terminal branches (telodendria) and synaptic knobs
v. general characteristics- extreme longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate,
irritability, conductivity
c. myelination
i. nodes of Ranvier
ii. gray matter vs white matter
d. Classification of neurons- structural and functions
IV.
Neurophysiology
a. Voltage and potential energy
b. Current and resistance
c. Role of Ion Channels
i. Leaky, voltage gated, chemical (ligand) gated
d. Resting potential characteristics (voltage and permeability to Na+, K+ and Cl-)
e. Depolarization
V.
i. Na+ rushes in to dendrite or cell body local depolarization, if threshold
stimulus is applied, starts a positive feedback loop (change of charge
causes voltage gated Na+ channels nearby to open)
f. Repolarization
i. Happening to section of neuron behind the depolarization, slower K+ gates
remain open as Na+ close, ends the positive feedback loop, brings back
towards resting potential
1. Absolute refractory period
g. Hyperpolarization
i. K+ gates remain open, cell overshoots the resting potential
1. Refractory period
ii. ATP pumps must be used to return to original resting potential
h. Graded potentials
i. Action potentials
i. Subthreshold vs Threshold
ii. Axon hillock
iii. All or none
iv. propagation
j. absolute refractory period vs refractory period
k. stimulus intensity
l. conduction velocity
i. continuous vs salutatory conduction
ii. diameter of axon
m. MS
Synapse- know what it is and how it is crossed (basics, covered during muscle phys)
a. Pre and post synaptic neurons
b. Synaptic knob
i. Electricity causes Ca2+ gates to open, Ca2+ enters causing vacuoles
containing neurotransmitters to exocytose
c. Neurotransmitters
i. Excitatory or inhibitory
Helpful websites:
Resting Potential
Action Potential
Action Potential 2
Action Potential 3
Channel gating during an action potential
Action Potential arriving at the synapthic knob
Animated Neurotransmission
Guided notes for Ch 12
Helpful websites:
Human Brain Anatomy & Functions
Online Brain dissection
Ch 13 guided notes **coming soon!
Helpful websites:
Cranial Nerves Tutorial
Cranial nerve testing