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Neuroanatomy Tutorial
This is the first of 3 digital resources provided to you as part of
your Neuroanatomy lab for today. Please use these online tools
as you see fit to complete the objectives of your. The digital
movies in the next two sections can be paused, scrolled, and
explored at will. Colours of the “Internal Structures” are coded to
the provided sheets.
At the end of the digital component of the lab, the organizers
would be grateful if you could complete the quiz and feedback
sheet. Questions for the quiz are found under the “Quiz” Section
to the right. It is a timed quiz that we’d like you do do individually
if you dare.
Objectives
3D neuroanatomy is difficult to learn on brain
slices
As important as the structures themselves, the
relationship of each structure within the brain is
important
Presenting the brain in a 3D model, with the ability
to stop the video, rewing, fastforward, might make
it easier
CEREBRAL BRAIN LOBES
The cortex region of the brain the most exterior surface. It
consists of two types of matter: grey and white. It is divided
into two hemispheres (left and right) and several lobes each
with a different primary function.
The Frontal Lobe
• Blue in Figures
• Located in the anterior portion
of the cortex
• Function:
– Ability to recognize future
consequences resulting form
current actions, and make
movement decisions accordingly
Superior
A
P
Left View
Superior
L
R
Frontal View
R
• Contains Broca’s Area
A
P
L
Superior View
The Temporal Lobe
• Green in Figure
• Located in the lower lateral
portion of the cortex
• Function:
– Auditory perception and is
home to the primary auditory
complex.
Superior
A
P
Left View
Superior
L
R
Frontal View
Frontal View
R
• Contains Wernicke’s Area
A
P
L
Superior View
The Occipital Lobe
• Pink in Figure
• Located in the posterior portion
of the cortex
• Function:
Superior
A
P
Left View
Superior
L
R
– Visual perception and is home to
the primary visual cortex
Posterior View
R
A
P
L
Superior View
The Parietal Lobe
• Yellow in Figure
• Located in the superior aspect of
the cortex
• Function:
– Integrating sensory information
perceived to determine spatial
sense and navigation and
consequently contains the
somatosensory cortex
Superior
A
P
Left View
Superior
L
R
Posterior
ViewView
Posterior
R
A
P
L
Superior View
The Insular Cortex
• Purple in Figure
– Located within the lateral sulcus under an area
called the operculum – an area of the cortex
comprised of the frontal, parietal and temporal
lobes overlying this area
• Function:
Superior
– Consiousness
A
P
Left View
SULCI, GYRI AND FISSURES
The cortex is not a smooth surface, in fact it is comprised of
several fissures (Grooves extending through the cotex), sulci
(indents or valleys in the cortex) and gyri (bumps or ridges
in the cortex) which work to increase the overall surface
area of the cortex.
The Longitudinal Fissure
• Pink in Figure
• Also known as the
interhemispheric fissure
• Divides the cortex into left and
right hemispheres
Superior
L
Posterior View
R
A
Superior
P
Superior View
L
R
R
L
Frontal View
The Central Sulcus
• Red in Figure
• Found on the exterior of the cortex
• Separates the primary somatosensory cortex
within the parietal lobe from the primary
motor cortex within the
frontal lobe R
Superior
A
P
Superior View
L
A
P
Left View
The Lateral Sulcus
• Blue in Figure
• Found on the lateral aspect of the cortex
• Separates the temporal and frontal lobes
Superior
A
P
Left View
The Calcarine Sulcus
• Green in Figure
• Found on medial and posterior aspect of the
cortex in both hemispheres
• This is the area where the primary visual
cortex is concentrated
Superior
A
P
Medial View
The Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
• Purple in Figure
• Found on the medial and superior aspect of
the cortex in both hemispheres
• Separates the parietal and occipital lobes
and joins the calcarine sulcus
Superior
A
P
Medial View
The Precentral Gyrus
R
• Yellow in Figure
A
• Found anterior to the cetnral
sulcus within the frontal lobe
• Contains the primary motor cortex
• Function:
P
Superior View
L
Superior
– Plan and execute
movements
A
P
Left View
The Postcentral Gyrus
R
• Pink in Figure
• Found posterior to the central
sulcus within the parietal lobe
• Contains the primary
somatosensory cortex
• Function:
– Proprioception,
nociception
A
P
Superior View
L
Superior
A
P
Left View
AREAS OF LANGUAGE
Left Brain Only
Broca’s Area
• Purple in Figure
• Found in the Left Frontal Lobe
• Involved in Language Processing, speech
production and comprehension
• Broca’s Aphasia:
Superior
– unable to create grammatically
complex sentences and
understand their deficit A
P
Left View
Wernicke’s Area
• Green in Figure
• Found in the Left Parietal Lobe
• Wernicke’s Aphasia:
– major impairment of language
comprehension
– can speak with normal
grammar, syntax, rate,
intonation and stress, but
their language content is
A
incorrect.
Superior
P
Left View
THE CEREBELLUM
The Little Brain
The Cerebellum
Superior
• Orange in Figure
• Located at the posterior and
inferior aspect of the brain,
tucked underneath the occipital
lobe
• Function:
– Fine tune motor activity
through integrating input from
the sensory systems
– Does not initiate movement, A
only adjusts it to smooth it
L
R
Posterior View
Superior
P
Left View
INNER BRAIN STRUCTURES
The Diancephalon and Brain Stem
The Thalamus
• Yellow in the figure
• Largest structure in the diancephalon
• Situated between the cortex and midbrain
bilaterally with a small joined part in between
Superior
• Function:
– act as a relay between a
variety of subcortical areas
and the cerebral cortex
A
P
Medial View
Left Oblique View
The Hypothalamus
•
•
•
•
Pink in the figure
Situated inferior and anterior to the thalamus
Contains the pituitary gland
Function:
Superior
– link the nervous system to
the endocrine system via the
pituitary gland
A
P
Medial View
Left Oblique View
The Epithalamus
•
•
•
•
•
Red in the figure
Smallest structure in the diancephalon
Situated posterior to the thalamus
Contains the pineal glands
Superior
Function:
– secretion of melatonin
A
P
Medial View
Left Oblique View
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
• Green in Figure
• Situated between diancephalon
and pons within the brain stem
• Function:
– Contains the substantia
nigra is closely associated
with motor system
pathways of the basal
ganglia
Superior
A
P
Medial View
Left Oblique View
Superior
L
R
Frontal View
Pons
• Purple in Figure
• Situated between midbrain and
medulla within the brainstem
• Function:
– White mater tracts that
conduct signals from the
Cortex down to the
cerebellum and medulla
– tracts that carry the sensory
signals up into the thalamus
Superior
A
P
Medial View
Left Oblique View
Superior
L
R
Frontal View
Medulla Oblongata
• Blue in Figure
• Situated below the medulla
within the brainstem
• Function:
– cardiac, respiratory,
vomiting and vasomotor
centers
– deals with autonomic
involuntary functions, such
as breathing heart rate and
blood pressure
Superior
A
P
Medial View
Left Oblique View
Superior
L
R
Frontal View
THE VENTRICLE SYSTEM
Ventricles are the cavities through which
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) circulates around the brain
and spinal cord. The ventricles have three main parts
which all contribute to CSF production
Lateral Ventricles
• Orange in figure
• Located bilaterally, and are the
largest component of the
ventricular system
• Function:
A
R
L
P
– CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) produced
here passes into the 3rd ventricle
and is
used for bathing and cushioning
A
the brain and spinal cord
Superior View
Superior
P
Medial View
Superior View
Third Ventricle
• Purple in figure
• Located centrally between the
two thalami
• Function:
– Receives CSF from the lateral
ventricles
– Produces CSF and passes it into
the 4th ventricle via the
aquaduct
A
R
L
P
Superior View
Superior
A
P
Medial View
Fourth Ventricle
• Green in figure
• Located centrally as a diamond
shaped projection off of the
cerebral aquaduct
• Function:
A
R
L
P
– Receives CSF from the 3rd ventricles
– Passes CSF into the
subarachnoid space situated
A
around the brain
Medial View
Superior View
Superior
P
Cerebral white matter
• Commissural
– Connecting the two hemispheres
• Corpus callosum
• Anterior commissure
• Posterior commissure
Corpus callosum
Cerebral white matter
• Association
– Connect different areas of the hemisphere
• Superior longitudinal fasciculus = arcuate fasciculus
– Fonrtotemporal/parietal region
– Integration of speech/auditory nuclei
• Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
– Temporal and occipital lobes
•
•
•
•
Uncinate
Cingulum
Fornix
Stria terminalis
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
Uncinate
Cingulum
Cerebral white matter
• Projection
– Projection from the cortex to the thalmus, pons,
spinal cord
• Thalamic radiation
• Corticospinal tracts
Thalamic projections
• premotor cortex and frontal eye field
• somatosensory association cortex
Superior
A
P
Left View
Corpus callosum
•
•
•
•
Rostrum
Genu
Body
Splenium