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Neuroanatomy Tutorial This is the first of 3 digital resources provided to you as part of your Neuroanatomy lab for today. Please use these online tools as you see fit to complete the objectives of your. The digital movies in the next two sections can be paused, scrolled, and explored at will. Colours of the “Internal Structures” are coded to the provided sheets. At the end of the digital component of the lab, the organizers would be grateful if you could complete the quiz and feedback sheet. Questions for the quiz are found under the “Quiz” Section to the right. It is a timed quiz that we’d like you do do individually if you dare. Objectives 3D neuroanatomy is difficult to learn on brain slices As important as the structures themselves, the relationship of each structure within the brain is important Presenting the brain in a 3D model, with the ability to stop the video, rewing, fastforward, might make it easier CEREBRAL BRAIN LOBES The cortex region of the brain the most exterior surface. It consists of two types of matter: grey and white. It is divided into two hemispheres (left and right) and several lobes each with a different primary function. The Frontal Lobe • Blue in Figures • Located in the anterior portion of the cortex • Function: – Ability to recognize future consequences resulting form current actions, and make movement decisions accordingly Superior A P Left View Superior L R Frontal View R • Contains Broca’s Area A P L Superior View The Temporal Lobe • Green in Figure • Located in the lower lateral portion of the cortex • Function: – Auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory complex. Superior A P Left View Superior L R Frontal View Frontal View R • Contains Wernicke’s Area A P L Superior View The Occipital Lobe • Pink in Figure • Located in the posterior portion of the cortex • Function: Superior A P Left View Superior L R – Visual perception and is home to the primary visual cortex Posterior View R A P L Superior View The Parietal Lobe • Yellow in Figure • Located in the superior aspect of the cortex • Function: – Integrating sensory information perceived to determine spatial sense and navigation and consequently contains the somatosensory cortex Superior A P Left View Superior L R Posterior ViewView Posterior R A P L Superior View The Insular Cortex • Purple in Figure – Located within the lateral sulcus under an area called the operculum – an area of the cortex comprised of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes overlying this area • Function: Superior – Consiousness A P Left View SULCI, GYRI AND FISSURES The cortex is not a smooth surface, in fact it is comprised of several fissures (Grooves extending through the cotex), sulci (indents or valleys in the cortex) and gyri (bumps or ridges in the cortex) which work to increase the overall surface area of the cortex. The Longitudinal Fissure • Pink in Figure • Also known as the interhemispheric fissure • Divides the cortex into left and right hemispheres Superior L Posterior View R A Superior P Superior View L R R L Frontal View The Central Sulcus • Red in Figure • Found on the exterior of the cortex • Separates the primary somatosensory cortex within the parietal lobe from the primary motor cortex within the frontal lobe R Superior A P Superior View L A P Left View The Lateral Sulcus • Blue in Figure • Found on the lateral aspect of the cortex • Separates the temporal and frontal lobes Superior A P Left View The Calcarine Sulcus • Green in Figure • Found on medial and posterior aspect of the cortex in both hemispheres • This is the area where the primary visual cortex is concentrated Superior A P Medial View The Parieto-Occipital Sulcus • Purple in Figure • Found on the medial and superior aspect of the cortex in both hemispheres • Separates the parietal and occipital lobes and joins the calcarine sulcus Superior A P Medial View The Precentral Gyrus R • Yellow in Figure A • Found anterior to the cetnral sulcus within the frontal lobe • Contains the primary motor cortex • Function: P Superior View L Superior – Plan and execute movements A P Left View The Postcentral Gyrus R • Pink in Figure • Found posterior to the central sulcus within the parietal lobe • Contains the primary somatosensory cortex • Function: – Proprioception, nociception A P Superior View L Superior A P Left View AREAS OF LANGUAGE Left Brain Only Broca’s Area • Purple in Figure • Found in the Left Frontal Lobe • Involved in Language Processing, speech production and comprehension • Broca’s Aphasia: Superior – unable to create grammatically complex sentences and understand their deficit A P Left View Wernicke’s Area • Green in Figure • Found in the Left Parietal Lobe • Wernicke’s Aphasia: – major impairment of language comprehension – can speak with normal grammar, syntax, rate, intonation and stress, but their language content is A incorrect. Superior P Left View THE CEREBELLUM The Little Brain The Cerebellum Superior • Orange in Figure • Located at the posterior and inferior aspect of the brain, tucked underneath the occipital lobe • Function: – Fine tune motor activity through integrating input from the sensory systems – Does not initiate movement, A only adjusts it to smooth it L R Posterior View Superior P Left View INNER BRAIN STRUCTURES The Diancephalon and Brain Stem The Thalamus • Yellow in the figure • Largest structure in the diancephalon • Situated between the cortex and midbrain bilaterally with a small joined part in between Superior • Function: – act as a relay between a variety of subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex A P Medial View Left Oblique View The Hypothalamus • • • • Pink in the figure Situated inferior and anterior to the thalamus Contains the pituitary gland Function: Superior – link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland A P Medial View Left Oblique View The Epithalamus • • • • • Red in the figure Smallest structure in the diancephalon Situated posterior to the thalamus Contains the pineal glands Superior Function: – secretion of melatonin A P Medial View Left Oblique View Midbrain (Mesencephalon) • Green in Figure • Situated between diancephalon and pons within the brain stem • Function: – Contains the substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of the basal ganglia Superior A P Medial View Left Oblique View Superior L R Frontal View Pons • Purple in Figure • Situated between midbrain and medulla within the brainstem • Function: – White mater tracts that conduct signals from the Cortex down to the cerebellum and medulla – tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus Superior A P Medial View Left Oblique View Superior L R Frontal View Medulla Oblongata • Blue in Figure • Situated below the medulla within the brainstem • Function: – cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers – deals with autonomic involuntary functions, such as breathing heart rate and blood pressure Superior A P Medial View Left Oblique View Superior L R Frontal View THE VENTRICLE SYSTEM Ventricles are the cavities through which Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) circulates around the brain and spinal cord. The ventricles have three main parts which all contribute to CSF production Lateral Ventricles • Orange in figure • Located bilaterally, and are the largest component of the ventricular system • Function: A R L P – CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) produced here passes into the 3rd ventricle and is used for bathing and cushioning A the brain and spinal cord Superior View Superior P Medial View Superior View Third Ventricle • Purple in figure • Located centrally between the two thalami • Function: – Receives CSF from the lateral ventricles – Produces CSF and passes it into the 4th ventricle via the aquaduct A R L P Superior View Superior A P Medial View Fourth Ventricle • Green in figure • Located centrally as a diamond shaped projection off of the cerebral aquaduct • Function: A R L P – Receives CSF from the 3rd ventricles – Passes CSF into the subarachnoid space situated A around the brain Medial View Superior View Superior P Cerebral white matter • Commissural – Connecting the two hemispheres • Corpus callosum • Anterior commissure • Posterior commissure Corpus callosum Cerebral white matter • Association – Connect different areas of the hemisphere • Superior longitudinal fasciculus = arcuate fasciculus – Fonrtotemporal/parietal region – Integration of speech/auditory nuclei • Inferior longitudinal fasciculus – Temporal and occipital lobes • • • • Uncinate Cingulum Fornix Stria terminalis Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Uncinate Cingulum Cerebral white matter • Projection – Projection from the cortex to the thalmus, pons, spinal cord • Thalamic radiation • Corticospinal tracts Thalamic projections • premotor cortex and frontal eye field • somatosensory association cortex Superior A P Left View Corpus callosum • • • • Rostrum Genu Body Splenium