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The Respiratory System Respiratory System Functions • Gas exchange: Oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide leaves • Regulation of blood pH: Altered by changing blood carbon dioxide levels • Voice production: Movement of air past vocal folds makes sound and speech Respiratory System Functions • Olfaction: Smell occurs when airborne molecules drawn into nasal cavity • Protection: Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them • Temperature regulation: Panting in some animals Parts of the Nose • Nose • Only externally visible part of the respiratory system • Job is to begin warming, purifying, and humidifying air Parts of the Nose • External Nares (nostrils) • Where air enters the nose • The openings • Nasal Cavity • Interior of the nose • Has thin-walled blood vessels to begin warming air Parts of the Nose • Nasal Septum • Midline dividing nasal cavity into two Parts of the Nose • Respiratory Mucosa • Sticky mucous • Moistens air and traps bacteria & debris • Ciliated cells move mucous back toward throat Parts of the Nose • Conchae • Mucosa-covered projections • Increase surface area & air turbulence • Provide more opportunity for warming & filtration Parts of the Nose • Hard Palate • Anterior separation of nasal & oral cavity • Supported by bone • Soft Palate • Posterior separation of nasal & oral cavity Cleft Palate • Palate does not fuse together • Can also affect the lip Parts of the Nose • Paranasal Sinuses • • • • Openings in skull bones Lighten the skull Resonance chambers for speech Produce mucus Parts of the Pharynx • Pharynx • • • • Muscular passageway for food & air “Throat” About 5 inches long Broken into 3 parts Parts of the Pharynx • Internal Nares • Opening between nasal cavity and pharynx Parts of the Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Three divisions of Pharynx • Listed from superior to inferior • After passing through, air enters larynx, food enters esophagus Parts of the Pharynx • Pharyngeal Tonsils: • AKA adenoids • High in the nasopharynx • Trap bacteria/pathogens • Palatine Tonsils • In oropharynx, end of soft palate • When you get your tonsils out, this is what is removed • Trap bacteria/pathogens • Lingual Tonsils • Base of the tongue • Trap bacteria/pathogens FYI: Tonsilitis • Catch too much bacteria; palatine tonsils can’t keep up! EEW. • http://video.about.com/coldflu/Tonsillitis.htm Larynx • AKA Voice Box • Routes air and food into proper channels • Inferior to pharynx • Formed by 8 rigid cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis) • Thyroid cartilage = Adam’s apple Epiglottis • Cartilage flap of larynx; protector! • When not swallowing: • Epiglottis flapped up • Does not block larynx • When you are swallowing: • • • • Larynx rises Epiglottis falls Larynx closed off This means that food is directed into esophagus • FYI: If anything other than air tries to enter the larynx, a cough reflex is triggered to get it out and prevent it from going into the lungs! Vocal Folds • Vocal Folds • Formed from folds in larynx membrane • Vibrate with expelled air • Glottis • Slit-like passageway between vocal folds • http://video.about.com/coldflu/Laryngitis.htm • YouTube - Video Stroboscopy of the Vocal Cords • YouTube - Mythbusters - Helium and Sulfur Hexafluoride Trachea • AKA windpipe • Has cartilage rings around it to keep it open during pressure changes • About 4 inches long • Lined with ciliated mucosa to propel mucus (with dust particles & debris) away from the lungs to the throat Primary Bronchi • Two (right & left) • Formed by division of trachea • Enters the lung, and then breaks off into secondary bronchi Mediastinum • Most central area of the thoracic cavity • Includes heart, great blood vessels, bronchi, esophagus, etc. (everything except lungs) Lungs • Site of gas exchange • Soft & Spongy, only weigh about 2 ½ pounds • Each lung divided into lobes • Left: 2 lobes • Right: 3 lobes Parts of Lungs • Apex • Narrow superior portion • By clavicle • Base • Wide inferior portion • Rests on diaphragm • Visceral Pleura • Covers surface of lung • Along with parietal pleura, provides attachment and eliminates friction Bronchial Tree • Bronchioles • All of the branching of respiratory passageways in the lungs • Divisions include • • • • • • Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Bronchioli Terminal bronchioli (end in alveoli) This image is showing the carina – the point where the primary bronchi break off from each other.
