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Chapter 8
Joints or Articulations
Why do we need them?
• Articulations are junctions between bones
• They bind parts of skeletal system together
• Make bone growth possible
• Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during
childbirth
• Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle
contraction
8-2
Classification of JointsStructural and Functional
• Fibrous Joints-lack a synovial cavity
and permit little to no movement
• dense connective tissues connect
bones
• between bones in close contact
• Cartilaginous Joints-lack a synovial
cavity and allow little or no movement
• hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
connect bones form a tight
connection
• Synovial Joints-have a joint cavity
• most complex
• allow free movement
• synarthrotic
• immovable
• amphiarthrotic
• slightly movable
• diarthrotic
• freely movable
8-3
Fibrous Joints
3 Types
• Syndesmosis
• Suture
• Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
• long fibers connect
bones
• amphiarthrotic
• distal ends of tibia
and fibula
8-4
Fibrous Joints
Suture
• between flat bones
(skull)
• synarthrotic
• thin layer of connective
tissue connects bones
•Metopic suture of frontal
bone usually fuses
completely
Gomphosis
• cone-shaped bony
process in a socket
• tooth in jawbone
• synarthrotic
8-5
Cartilaginous Joints
2 Types
• Synchondrosis
• Symphysis
Synchondrosis
• bands of hyaline cartilage
unite bones
• epiphyseal plate
(temporary)
• between manubrium and
first rib
• synarthrotic (immoveable)
8-6
Cartilaginous Joints
Symphysis
• pad of fibrocartilage between bones
• pubis symphysis
• joint between bodies of vertebrae
• amphiarthrotic
8-7
Synovial Joints
• diarthrotic
• joint cavity allows joint to
move freely
• synovial fluid-reduce friction, absorb
shocks, supply oxygen and remove waste
from chondrocytes
• joint capsule
• synovial membrane-inner layer
of the articular capsule
•Articular cartilage covers ends
• bursae-reduce friction, cushion movement
8-8
Types of Synovial Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
• hip
• shoulder
•Permit multiaxial movement
Condyloid Joint
• between metacarpals
and phalanges
•Oval shaped projection
fits into oval shaped
depression
8-9
Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joint or Planar Joints
Hinge Joint
• between carpals
• elbow
• between tarsals
• between phalanges
•Articular surfaces are flat to slightly
curved
8-10
Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joint
• between proximal
ends of radius and
ulna and between axis
and atlas
Saddle Joint
• between carpal and
metacarpal of thumb
•Modified condylar
joint
8-11
Types of Joint Movements
• abduction- movement away from midline
•Adduction-movement toward midline
• dorsiflexion-bend the foot at the ankle (stand on heels)
•Plantarflexion-bend foot at ankle toward inferior (stand on toes)
• flexion-decrease the angle
•Extension-increase angle of joint
•Hyperextension-continue extension beyond anatomical position
8-12
Types of Joint Movements
• rotation-bone turns on longitudial axis
•Circumduction-one end remains stationary
• supination –palm is up (hold soup)
•pronation-palm is down or facing the rear
8-13
Types of Joint Movements
• eversion-turning sole of foot laterally
• inversion-turning sole medially
• protraction-/retraction
• elevation/depression
8-14
Shoulder Joint
• ball-and-socket
• head of humerus and
glenoid cavity of scapula
• loose joint capsule
• 4 bursae reduce frictionlook up names……
• ligaments prevent
displacement
• very wide range of
movement
•Rotator cuff- supraspinatus,
infraspinatus, teres minor,
subscapularis, work together
8-15
Shoulder Joint
8-16
Elbow Joint
• hinge joint
• trochlea of humerus
• trochlear notch of ulna
• gliding joint
• capitulum of humerus
• head of radius
• flexion and extension
• many reinforcing ligaments
•Including radial collateral ligament
and ulnar collateral ligament
• stable joint
8-17
Elbow Joint
8-18
Hip Joint
• ball-and-socket joint
• head of femur
• acetabulum
•Acetabular labrum is a
fibrocartilage rim that
increases depth of socket
• heavy joint capsule
• many reinforcing ligamentslike ischiofemoral and
iliofemoral ligament
• less freedom of movement
than shoulder joint
8-19
Hip Joint
8-20
Knee Joint
• largest joint and most complex
• medial and lateral condyles of distal
end of femur
• medial and lateral condyles of
proximal end of tibia
• femur articulates anteriorly with
patella
• modified hinge joint
• flexion/extension/little rotation
• strengthened by many ligaments and
tendons-PCL, ACL, tibial collateral
ligament, fibular collateral ligament,
• menisci separate femur and tibia
• bursae include pre-patellar bursae
which is often damaged when you
bump the anterior knee
8-21
Knee Joint
8-22
Life-Span Changes
• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging
• Regular exercise can prevent stiffness
• Fibrous joints first to strengthen over a
lifetime
• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral
column diminish flexibility and decrease
height
• Synovial joints lose elasticity
8-23
Clinical Application
Joint Disorders
Sprains
• damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated
with joints
• forceful twisting of joint
Bursitis
• inflammation of a bursa
• overuse of a joint
Arthritis
• inflamed, swollen, painful joints
• Rheumatoid Arthritis-RA, autoimmune disease
•Osteoarthritis or OA-most common, wear and tear
• Gout-often strikes big toe, peanuts can aggravate this
8-24
Disorders
• Cartilage injury-usually require surgery
• Dislocation (luxation)-forced bone out of
alignment, usually downward displacement
• Partial dislocation is subluxation
• Bursitis-also known as: housemaids knee,
tennis elbow, student elbow (olecranon bursitis)
• Tendonitis-inflammation of tendon sheath, same
type symptoms as bursitis