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Warm-Up (3/7) Scientists conducted an experiment in which several bushes at the end of a forest were cut down and divided into three sections: the sunny side of the plant, the middle of the plant, and the dark side of the plant. They processed the samples to determine the levels of auxin, a protein that promotes cell growth. Their findings are listed below. Name Date Period Sunny Middle Dark Average Auxin Concentration (mg/mL) 6.02 24.34 Explain how exposure to the sun leads to diminished levels of auxin. 49.44 2E.3a: Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. 2E.3a.1: Innate behaviors are behaviors that are inherited. 2E.3a.2: Learning occurs through interactions with the environment and other organisms. 2E.3b: Responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection. 2E.3b.1: In phototropism in plants, changes in the light source lead to differential growth, resulting in maximum exposure of leaves to light for photosynthesis. 2E.3b.2: In photoperiodism in plants, change in the length of night regulate flowering and preparation for winter. 2E.3b.3: Behaviors in animals are triggered by environmental cues and are vital to reproduction, natural selection, and survival. Illustrative example: Migration 2E.3b.4: Cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of populations. Illustrative example: Biology of pollination 3E.1a: Organisms exchange information with each other in response to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior. Illustrative example: predator warnings 3E.1c: Responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection and evolution. 3E.1c.1: Natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive fitness. Illustrative example: Avoidance behavior to electric fences, poisons or traps 3E.1c.2: Cooperative behavior tends to increase the fitness of the individual and the survival of the population. Illustrative example: Herd, flock, and schooling behavior in animals Organism Behavior Organisms behave in response to stimuli. Innate behavior happens instinctively. In plants phototropism photoperiodism Organism Behavior Organisms behave in response to stimuli. Innate behavior happens instinctively. In animals North South winter is coming Organism Behavior Organisms behave in response to stimuli. Learned behavior happens through interaction with the environment. Animals learn to avoid harmful things. Organism Behavior Organisms behave in response to stimuli. Learned behavior happens through interaction with the environment. Cooperative behavior is favored by natural selection. Animals signal to each other when predators are spotted. Organism Behavior Organisms behave in response to stimuli. Learned behavior happens through interaction with the environment. Cooperative behavior is favored by natural selection. Cows herd to better avoid predators. Organism Behavior Organisms behave in response to stimuli. Learned behavior happens through interaction with the environment. Cooperative behavior is favored by natural selection. Fish school to better avoid predators and to better find mates. Critical Thinking Question #1 The yucca plant flowers once per year for two weeks during the month of March. Yucca moths, an insect, breed during the first two weeks of March every year and lay their eggs inside flowers of yucca plants. Explain how innate timing of internal stimuli in the yucca moth has evolved based on the photoperiodism of the yucca plant. Critical Thinking Question #2 The bluestripe snapper, L. kasmira, is a type of fish that exhibits schooling behavior once per year during its mating season in early spring, likely because this behavior facilitates finding of a mate for sexual reproduction. L. kasmira individuals have been found to engage in mating and courtship behavior in a laboratory environment when exposed to estrogen-like hormones which the fish are capable of producing. Explain how detection of the changing season (for example, detection of longer days or warmer temperatures) can lead to schooling behavior in an L. kasmira population. Closure On the piece of white paper from the back, answer the following question: Describe TWO examples of how organisms exchange information in response to internal changes or environmental cues. Name Date Period Scale 1 – 10